ENERGY MANAGEMENT

“Re-thinking Your Relationship with Energy,”

Jose Rinu
Roll no-5769

Energy management-an overview

Management is a process involving planning, directing and controlling the various

activities to maximize the productivity. In the same context Energy Management is
the science involving planning, directing and controlling the supply and
consumption of energy to maximize productivity and comforts and minimize the
energy cost and pollution with conscious, judicious and efficient use of energy.
The basic objective of energy management function is to see that energy needs of
the various organisations are satisfactorily met at minimum cost at present and in
future to extend possible. Strong commitment from top management is essential
for a successful energy management program which includes managerial decision
making. However, managing energy does not necessarily require a formal system;
by following simple techniques any firm can improve their enrgy consumption
performance. Energy strategy spans a number of the key functions within a firm
and therefore requires cooperation and commitment from all. Senior management
provide the leadership and set direction; finance are involved to ensure that most
appropriate purchasing decisions are made; production, as the key user, ensures
that energy is used appropriately; engineering ensure that plant is operated and
maintained efficiently and HR are involved to facilitate training and help generate
a culture of energy awareness.

It typically involve the setting up of an energy management team with participants

from each of the functions mentioned above. This team would support a dedicated
energy manager with responsibility for the coordination of energy management
activities. Depending on the size of the business, this may or may not be a full-
time, dedicated post. The team in association with senior management would
establish an energy management policy, which should include general aims and
specific energy cost reduction targets, timetables and budgetary limits, the methods
to be employed and the organization of management resources. The energy
manager should set up a
system to collect, analyze and report on energy consumption and costs. This can
consist of reading meters on a regular basis and the analysis of utility bills
i.e. gas, fuel oil and electricity. Business opportunity, potential risks and company
positioning are key drivers for company’s energy management.

Steps involved in the process

First look

This first step involves a thorough, organization-wide assessment of the

importance of energy to the company in relation to its overall needs, risks, goals,
image and reputation, and of potential business opportunities through energy-
related products or services. Properly implemented, the assessment can provide
clear direction as to the potential inherent in a strategic approach to energy
planning and management. The key question posed by the assessment process is
“what are the business opportunities related to energy?” This framework provides
the context for evaluating energy as more than simply a cost of operation.
Companies that have embarked on such an evaluation have asked themselves very
fundamental questions about how energy relates to:
• Potential business opportunities;
• Potential business risks; and
• The overall “positioning” of the company
The bottom line is that while cost is an increasingly important factor, companies
evaluate the importance of energy from multiple perspectives. Other factors such
as risk management, reputation, and even product-line issues may carry weight as
well.
As Howard Stanley of Corning, Inc. observes: “Cost and consumption are key
elements of managing energy. You have to gather your data and implement
strategies to affect the factors you can control. Even if your energy dependence is
low, if energy is important to your company, then a review is justified.” The
outcome of this step is a decision: to go forward with a more strategic approach to
energy management, or not.

Outlay

The design and planning process begins with an assessment of a company’s actual
energy needs versus “business as usual” practices and an investigation into the
most promising solutions for meeting those needs. Taking this approach—asking
the fundamental question of “how much energy do we need?”—encourages
thinking beyond the familiar and the comfortable and exploring possibilities for
innovation. It is important that process design and planning consider all factors that
could inhibit success, from corporate culture to appropriate scale to resources,
funding and organization.

Opportunity valuation

This step is the “nuts and bolts” of the energy strategy and management planning
process because it is where real opportunities can be realized. It is where the “real
work gets done,” but because of its potential size and complexity, especially in
larger, diversified and energy intensive businesses, if not well mapped out and
systematically approached, significant opportunities may be missed, or momentum
may be lost that will be difficult to regain. Essential to this third and crucial step in
the process is a baseline that reflects the types, quantities, and costs of energy used
in each significant component of the business. Ideally this will include facilities,
operations, transportation, distribution, and in some cases even the energy required
by the product itself, especially if that issue is increasing in importance in a
business sector. Also, for certain companies, this will include an assessment of new
or
expanded energy-related products and services that may benefit the company.

• Energy efficiency reduces the amount of energy used, reducing both cost and
environmental impact.
• Energy supply management can help to control costs and assure reliability.
• Energy related products and services can help existing products to be more
competitive in the marketplace or create new markets. Factors influencing Energy
opportunities at a given point in time are shown in Fig
At any point in time, in addition to the cost of energy, a range of factors influence
the opportunities that are available. Because these influencing factors, including
energy cost, are dynamic, a strategic approach to energy planning and management
must be dynamic and iterative rather than static. Only in this way will
opportunities be continuously identified and realized.

Implementation

This fourth and final process step follows a classic management system model and
involves determining and setting in place an organizational structure that will
ensure that the program is integrated into the overall company management culture
and that the new energy management goals are achieved. Regardless of the
framework decided upon, certain management principles and tools must be in
place to achieve significant results.
These include:
• Leadership at the very top of the company with a clear commitment to results;
• Clearly stated goals and measurable objectives at appropriate levels;
• Clear accountability for results, whether in a single or multiple executives;
• Sufficient resources to enable achievement of the objectives and goals;
• Periodic review and updating of goals, objectives and resource commitments; and
• Recognition of progress and reward for achievements.

Opportunities and Challenges In Industrial Energy

Management
In the wake of increasing energy saving goals, longer program planning horizons, and
greater flexibility in program design, industries are encountering both opportunities and
challenges in supporting the energy management needs of their commercial and
industrial customers.
Sustainable development efforts to eradicate poverty, improving living standards and
conserve natural resources must be balanced against high rates of population growth,
shrinking natural resources and the structure of economic growth and development in
the ESCWA region.
ESCWA region and identifies opportunities for improving the contribution of the
energy sector to sustainable development in the region.

Given recent trends in energy and the environment, industrial customers are
increasingly recognizing the connections among energy performance, profitability, and
future competitiveness. This environment has opened up opportunities for members to
identify customers willing to make energy performance a management priority, to help
those customers integrate energy into their management systems, and to position
industrial programs to support continuous energy improvement. An additional
opportunity lies in developing and supporting a significant culture change that
encourages customers to routinely use energy management projects in their ongoing
efforts to improve energy performance.

The challenges come in making the case to management to adopt recommendations

coming out of energy audits, then supporting and funding implementation of these
projects. In addition, industrial energy efficiency programs achieve most of their
savings through custom projects, which require greater expertise to assess and
implement. Premium efficiency motors, variable speed drives, and even lighting can be
the source of modest savings through regular plant assessments, but greater savings,
needed to meet program goals, are often found tied to important industrial systems and
processes, which are more complex to analyze and evaluate.

While energy management can include a whole host of measures and approaches,
helping customers build systems to report and manage energy consumption and
continuously improve energy performance are common themes, as efficiency program
administrators come together. The consensus view is that energy management is an
opportunity for programs, a way to identify lessons from early program efforts, and an
avenue for exploring how existing energy management resources can be used.

INITIATIVES

Energy efficiency refers to the physical performance of specific end uses or energy
services such as lighting, heating, cooling, and motor drive. Greater energy efficiency is
achieved by replacing, upgrading, or maintaining existing equipment to reduce the
amount of energy needed. Energy efficiency is usually
measured by the output quantity per unit of energy input (miles per gallon or lumens per
watt, for example). Because energy is one of several factors of production (labor,
capital, and materials are others), energy efficiency improvements contribute to greater
energy productivity and economic efficiency.
• Energy conservation refers to measures taken to reduce energy consumption.
Conservation measures include substituting more energy-efficient equipment to produce
the same level of energy services with less electricity and changing consumer behavior
to cut energy use. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with energy efficiency.

l Demand-Side Management (DSM) refers to utility-led programs intended to affect

the timing or amount of customer electricity use. These include energy efficiency
programs aimed at reducing the energy needed to serve customer needs and programs
that shift electricity demand to reduce peak loads or to make more economic use of
utility resources. All utility DSM programs fit into one or both of following:
1) programs affecting the way energy-using equipment is operated, and

2) programs that focus on the installation of improved technologies. A variety of DSM

mechanisms are in effect, including audit and information programs, rebates and other
consumer financial incentives, direct installation programs, technical assistance, and
energy performance contracting.

• Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) is a teohnique used by utilities and State energy
regulatory agencies to develop flexible plans for providing reliable and economic
electric power supply for customer needs. The process includes explicit comparisons of
both supply-and demand-side resource options to meet a range of future electricity
demand scenarios. Utility planners compare the lifetime capital and operating costs,
availability, reliability, and environmental impacts of the various supply-and demand-
side resource options in a consistent manner to develop an overall plan to meet
Identified future needs at least cost. There are several competing methodologies for
defining what resource chokes constitute “least-coost” mix. The IRP process usually
includes public participation and comment and may require approval of State regulators
before adoption. After adoption, the plan is used to guide utility chokes in acquiring
new resources. IRP is sometimes also referred to as least-cost planning.

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

In a scenario where India tries to accelerate its development process and cope with
increasing energy demands, conservation and energy efficiency measures are to play a
central role in our energy policy. A national movement for energy conservation can
significantly reduce the need for fresh investment in energy supply systems in coming
years. It is imperative that all-out efforts are made to realize this potential.
VITAL STATS

Energy conservation is an objective to which all citizen in the country can

contribute. Whether a household or a factory, a small shop or a large commercial
building, a farmer or a office worker, every user and producer of energy can and
must make this effort for his own benefit, as well as that of the nation.
Progress Made in Energy Conservation in India

The progress made by India in energy conservation can be seen in the following
three areas:
 Policy and institutional,
 End-users, and
 Technology.
Policy and Institutional

Recognizing the fact that efficient use of energy and its conservation is the least-cost
option to mitigate the gap between demand and supply, Government of India has
enacted the Energy Conservation Act -2001 and established Bureau of Energy

Efficiency

The Act provides for institutionalizing and strengthening delivery mechanism for
energy efficiency services in the country and provides the much-needed coordination
between the various entities.

Important features of Energy Conservation Act include:

Standards and Labeling

 Evolve minimum energy consumption standards for notified equipment and
appliances.
 Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of equipment and appliances not
confirming to standards.
 Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers to make informed choice.

Designated Consumers

 Schedule to EC Act provides list of 15 energy intensive industries and other

establishments to be notified as designated consumers (DC). DCs to appoint or
designate energy managers.
 Get energy audits conducted by accredited energy auditors and Implement
techno-economic viable recommendations.
 Comply with norms of specific energy consumption fixed, and
Submit report on steps taken.

Energy Conservation Building Codes

 Central Government to prepare guidelines on ECBC.

 To be modified by States to suit local climatic conditions.
 To be applicable to new buildings having connected load of 500 KW or more.

Promotional Provisions to support EC Act

Various promotional provisions in support of the EC Act have, been initiated by the
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, which are briefly explained below:

 Indian Industry Program for Energy Conservation (IIPEC).

This voluntary program of sharing of best practices, undertaking and specific energy
consumption targets has full acceptance in the 8 sectors of industry including
aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, fertilizer, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, refinery and
textile sector. Best practices have been recorded and published through CDs and also
incorporated in BEE’s website which is being updated periodically for use of designated
consumers. Participating Industrial units have taken voluntary targets for saving energy
of worth Rs 400 crores annually.

Energy Efficiency Policy in India – Significant Developments

  1965 - Energy Survey Committee of India (ESCI)
 1974 - Fuel Policy Committee (FPC)
 1979 - Working Group on Energy Policy (WGEP)
 1983 - Advisory Board on Energy (ABE)
 1987 – Advisory Board on Energy Efficiency in Prime

Recent Policy Initiatives

 2001- Energy Conservation Act (ECA) – Bureau of Energy

Efficiency operationalised in 2002

 2008 - National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency in the National Action Plan on Climate Change

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency recently

proposed an Energy Efficiency Action Plan

 Perform Achieve and Trade scheme - market-based

mechanism to enhance energy efficiency
 Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) – CDM
roadmap, Standards and Labeling, ESCO promotion,
capacity-building
 Financing Energy Efficiency- Tax exemptions, Revolving fund,
Partial Risk Guarantee Fund
 Power Sector Technology Strategy – fuel-shifting, focus on
new as well as old plants, IGCC demonstration plants,
Development of know-how for advanced super-critical boilers

In India, Energy Service Companies and local governments are

teaming up to increase energy efficiency and save money.

With India’s energy demand expected to more than double by 2030, there is a
pressing need to develop innovative ways to conserve energy. As major energy
consumers, local governments in India are key players in promoting and
implementing energy conservation measures and technologies.
Enter Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), which provide energy efficiency-
related services on a performance contracting basis, instead of the traditional
fee for service model. Municipalities in several states across India are
partnering with ESCOs to implement energy conservation measures. The
trend for municipalities to use the ESCO model began within the last decade
as a way to save both energy and money without the up-front costs of typical
energy efficiency investments.

The increasing preference for commercial energy has led to a sharp increase
in the demand for electricity and fossil fuels. Use of Fossil Fuels has resulted
in emission of huge quantity of carbon dioxide causing serious environmental
damages. There is still a considerable potential for reducing energy
consumption by adopting energy efficiency measures at various sectors of our
country. Energy efficiency will not only reduce the need to create new
capacity requiring high investment, but also result in substantial
environmental benefits. With the enactment of the Energy Conservation Act,
2001, a legal framework is now available for promoting energy efficiency in all
sectors of the economy efficient use of energy and its conservation will succeed
as a programme if opinion leaders and captains of industry take the lead in
supporting the conservation programme.

POTENTIAL OF INDIA

The Industrial Sector consumes about half of the total commercial energy
available in India, 70 % of which is in energy-intensive sectors - fertilizers,
aluminium, textiles, cement, iron and steel, and paper - 15-25% of this is
avoidable
 5 - 10% energy saving is possible simply by better housekeeping measures
 Another 10-15% is possible with small investment like low cost retrofits, use
of energy efficient devices and controls etc. (TERI. 1996, Bhattacharjee,
S.2000)

The quantum of saving is much higher if high cost measures are included
(major retrofit, process modifications etc.)
Industry and transport sectors have the highest potential for energy savings
Sector 2011 2021 2031
Industry 44% 42% 41%
Transport 41% 44% 47%
For instance:
 In 2001, DSCLES, one of the first ESCOs in India, worked with the New
Delhi Municipal Council on a high-efficiency electrical lighting pilot
project that now saves 252,000 kWh per year. The project produces
savings of INR 20 (50,000 $US) and 149 million tones of avoided CO2
emissions per year. DSCLES financed the initial investment of IRN 30
lakhs (75,000 $US), which means the project’s payback period is
approximately 18 months.

 Asian Electronics replaced approximately 12,000 tube lights at

Sachivalaya Complex for the government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, which
reduced the lighting load by 64% without sacrificing illumination levels.

 The Gujarat Urban Development Company (GUDC) intends to implement

energy efficiency programs in street lighting and water pumping
systems in 150 municipalities across the state through performance
contracts. In response, ESCOs from throughout India have submitted
project proposals, which will be evaluated based on the ESCO’s
capabilities and the total energy savings. GUDC is requiring a minimum
energy savings of 20% for both water pumping and street lighting
projects.

 In the state of Tamil Nadu, a municipal energy efficiency program

partnering with ESCOs is underway in 29 cities.

ESCO projects follow either a guaranteed savings model and/or a shared

savings model. In a guaranteed savings model, the customer provides
financing and the ESCO guarantees the performance of a project. The ESCO
is paid a fixed fee if the guaranteed savings is achieved through the upgrade.
In the shared savings model, an ESCO provides financing through its own
funds or a loan, and the client and ESCO share the energy savings based on a
predetermined ratio. For municipalities, the shared savings model offers an
avenue for energy efficiency projects without the upfront investment. In the
end, the savings from these projects lead to a payback period of 18 to 24
months.
The appeal of the shared savings model for government energy conservation
projects is clear. ESCOs guarantee a percentage of savings, thus taking away
the performance risk from the municipality. And since ESCOs provide
project financing, municipalities avoid financial risk as well.
State and municipal government efficiency projects so far are just the tip of
the iceberg. According to data from the Indian Ministry of Power, the
investment potential for energy savings in municipalities amounts to 325
million $US with annual savings of 3.7 billion kWh.
As part of the Accelerating Clean Energy Markets in India (ACEM) project,
WRI is analyzing the ESCO industry in India. Powering Up: The Investment
Potential of Energy Service Companies in India gives a comprehensive overview
of the Indian ESCO industry and its investment potential.

STILL TO BE DONE

(INDIAN POINT OF VIEW)

A JOURNEY OF THOUSAND MILES STARTS WITH A SINGLE STEP

Residential Electricity Use by Application

Energy saving in homes

 Using renewable energy devices/systems such as solar water heaters,

solar cookers, solar
lanterns, solar home systems, solar generators, and other devices

 Retrofitting some components of solar passive architecture, for

example, sunshades, double glazed windows, smart glazing, window
overhangs, roof treatments, ventilation,
evaporative cooling, and day lighting, depending on the climatic zone `
where the house is constructed

 Adopting energy conservation devices, for example, LEDs (light-

emitting diodes)/CFLs (compact fluorescent lights) instead of
incandescent bulbs, electronics chokes and fan
regulators, sensors for automatically switching lights on or off, automatic speed
regulating fans/motors, energy-efficient electrical appliances such as fans,
refrigerators, air conditioners, coolers, room heaters, and water pumps among
others
SOLAR WATER HEATER

A solar water heater is a device that uses heat energy of the sun to provide hot
water for various applications. In homes, it is useful for bathing, washing, cleaning,
and other chores. A domestic solar water heater, with a capacity of 100 lpd (litres
per day), is sufficient for a family of four or five members. It can easily replace a
2-Kw electric geyser and can save up to 1500 units of electricity a year. It tariff
and hot water use in a year. After this, the hot water is available almost free of cost
during the remaining lifespan of thesystem, which is about 15–20 years.

The system is generally installed on the terrace and requires minimum

maintenance. It works automatically and one does not have to operate any part of
the system. Typically, a surface area of 3 sq m is required to install it. The system
can also be installed on a south-facing windowsill if space is not available on the
terrace. It pays back the cost in three to five years depending on the electricity

The life of FPC-based systems is generally 15–20 years, and they are costlier than
ETC-based systems. There are 57 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)-approved
manufacturers of these systems, and they have had a stable market in the country
for the last many years.
ETC-based systems are relatively new and could be more reliable for colder
regions and regions that have hard water. The life of these systems is, however,
less since their collectors comprise glass tubes, which are fragile.

The cost of solar water heaters, with a capacity of 100 lpd, varies between Rs 18
000 and Rs 25 000. To offset the initial high price, loans at 2% are offered to users
through banks/financial institutions. The list of such banks/financial institutions is
available on the Ministry’s website. In addition, some state governments also
provide state subsidy. For example, Delhi Transco Ltd offers Rs 6000 as rebate on
installation of the system. A few governments also provide rebate in property tax
and in electricity tariff if a solar water heater has been installed at home.

SOLAR COOKER

A solar cooker is a device that uses heat energy from the sun to cook food. Two
types of solar cookers are available in the market— box type and dish type. A box
solar cooker, suitable for a family of four or five, can cook food in two to three
hours. The cooker has to be kept outside in the sun and can cook up to four items at
once. It is available with electrical backup, so it can be used even in non-sunshine
hours. It costs Rs 1500–2500 depending on its
features, and can save up to four LPG cylinders a year. Food cannot be fried in the
box solar cooker.
A dish solar cooker can cook food in lesser time than a box solar cooker. It can
even be used for preparing chapaties and frying. It can, however, be used to cook
only one item at a time. It costs Rs 5000–6000. A subsidy of 30% is available on
these cookers through State Nodal Agencies, whose list is available in annexure.

SOLAR LANTERN

It is a portable device for lighting. It is available with a 10 W SPV (solar

photovoltaic) module, 7W CFL, maintenance-free lead acid battery, and
electronics. The lantern can provide light for a minimum of three hours daily and
covers a range of 360°. Solar lanterns that follow MNRE specifications cost Rs
2500–3000. Imported models are also available at a lower price

SOLAR HOME SYSTEM

Some models of solar home systems are listed below.

 18 W module with one light (cost: Rs 5000 approximately)
 37 W module with two lights or one light and one fan
(cost: Rs 10 000 approximately)
 74 W module with two lights and one fan or four lights

SOLAR INVERTER/POWE PACK

Solar inverters can effectively replace small generators, which run on kerosene and
petrol and cause pollution and noise. Installed in homes and small establishments,
these inverters could power lights, fans, computers, and other electronic devices.
The solar inverter comprises a solar photovoltaic panel, battery, and an inverter. It
costs about Rs 2–3 lakh/kWp (kilowatt peak).

RETROFITTING SOLAR PASSIVE FEATURES

Passive architectural features are mostly integrated at the design stage of new
homes. However, in case your home is still deficient on some concepts, you can
retrofit certain features to achieve thermal and visual comfort and to reduce energy
consumption.
SUNSHADES

These are generally installed at the top of windows/doors to obstruct sunrays from
entering the building during summers and allowing them in during winters. This
helps protect the building from over heating during summers, and keeps it warm
during winters, thereby reducing the electricity consumed by room coolers/heaters.
Windows on the east, west, and south of the house
should be adequately protected by chajjas and sunshades. In case such features are
absent, provide awnings or other shading devices to protect windows from direct
sunlight.

DOUBLE GLASSED WINDOWS

Insulation that helps reduce heat gain into, and heat loss from, a building. Double
glazed windows with air gaps can act as a good Sunshades
Double glazed windows insulation. The insulating air gap lowers the heat gain of
the building. It should be used for air-conditioned spaces. BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency) has recommended specifications for glazing in air-conditioned spaces
in the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 (www.bee-nic.in). Most homes
usually have single clear glass. Double glazed windows, with sun control
(coatings, shading, and so on), should preferably replace single glazed windows to
reduce energy used for air-conditioning.

ROOF TREATMENT

Roofs are exposed to maximum incident solar radiation. So it is important that the
roof of your house should be protected to minimize solar gain. Some
simple roof treatments that can be applied to existing homes to reduce summer heat
gain are as follows:
 Whitewashing the roof before the onset of the summer.
 Spraying water on the roof. Sprinkling water at regular
intervals reduces heat gain through roof.
 Using shining and reflecting material, for example,
light-coloured broken china mosaic, heat reflecting paints,
and other reflective material, on the rooftop.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

When water stored in a water body evaporates into the surrounding air, it lowers
the ambient temperature. This phenomenon is known as evaporative cooling. The
presence of a water body such as a pond, lake or sea near the building or even a
fountain in the courtyard can provide the cooling effect. The most commonly used
system is a desert cooler, which comprises water,
evaporating pads, a fan, and a pump. External cooling through humidification can
also be achieved by keeping surfaces of roofs moist using sprays or lawn
sprinklers. Evaporative cooling is very effective in the hot and dry climatic zone,
where humidity is low.

LAND SCAPING

Landscaping provides a buffer against heat, sun, noise, traffic, and airflow. It
is also effective in diverting airflow or exchanging heat in a solar-passive
design. Deciduous trees, such as amaltas, champa, and similar varieties, provide
shade in the summer and sunlight in the winter when their leaves fall. So planting
such trees to the west and south-west of a building is a natural solar passive
strategy. Evergreen trees provide shade and wind control round the year. They are
best placed to the north and north-west of a building. Natural cooling, without air-
conditioning, can also be enhanced by planting trees to channel south-easterly
summer breezes in tropical climates.

PASSIVE HEATING

In places in cold climatic zones, for example Shimla, where temperatures outside
are lower than they are inside, heat flows away from buildings through their
external envelopes and due to air exchange. In such climates, passive heating
measures are adopted to provide thermal comfort and also to reduce the demand
for conventional heating. If your house faces south, construct sunspaces adjacent to
south-facing walls. A sunspace can be constructed by using double glazing. The
space between the glazing and the living space should have a thermal mass, which
will capture solar heat during daytime and release it into the space during night
time. The sunspace glazing should be protected by curtains and blinds so that heat
does not escape out at night.

EFFICIENT LIGHTING

Lighting in a home is generally responsible for 20% of the monthly

electricity bill. Efficient lighting reduces energy consumption, thereby saving
energy and money, without compromising on the quality of light. Lighting
improvements are the surest way of cutting energy bills. Using new lighting
technologies can reduce energy use in the house by 50% to 75%. Lighting controls
offer further energy savings by reducing the amount of time that lights are on
without being used.

Indoor lighting
Use fluorescent tubelights and energy-efficient CFLs in fixtures at home for high-
quality and high-efficiency lighting. Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient
than incandescent (standard) bulbs and last up to six times longer. Although
fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps cost a bit more than incandescent bulbs,
they pay for themselves by saving energy over their lifetime.
A 15 W CFL can replace a 60 W incandescent bulb and a 20 W CFL can replace
100 W bulb. The average cost of a CFL is Rs 100, and the excess investment is
easily paid back in a year’s time. A 36 W triphosphor tubelight, provides 32%
more light than an ordinary tubelight and can be used in larger spaces. T5
tubelights are also good replacement for ordinary tubelights. They save about 40%
energy and last twice as long as ordinary tubelights. The cost of a T5 tubelight
varies between Rs 450 and Rs 500.

Outdoor lighting
Many homeowners use outdoor lighting for decoration or security. Outdoor lights
can be powered by small PV (photovoltaic) modules that convert sunlight directly
into electricity. Consider PV-powered lights for areas that are not close to an
existing power supply line. Solar outdoor lights also come as stand alone fixtures.

Direct gain method An 11 W CFL, with a 74 W photovoltaic module and a 12

V/75 AH battery, costs Rs 22 000–24 000. When fully charrged, the battery
can power the light from dusk to dawn.

Efficient air conditioners

ACs (air conditioners) are used to cool or heat a room and usually consume the
highest energy among all home appliances. Window ACs and split ACs are most
commonly used. These are available in different sizes— 0.75 tonne, 1tonne, 1.5
tonne, and 2 tonne. Insulation of the walls, roof, and efficient
windows in the room would allow you to pick an AC with lesser tonnage.

Selecting the right size

The energy consumption of an AC depends on its size. Therefore, select an AC
that suits your requirements. A 1-tonne AC is appropriate for a 150 sq ft room,
while a 2-tonne AC is sufficient for a room, which is 300 sq ft in area.
Selecting an efficient AC
The efficiency of an AC affects energy consumption as much as the size of the AC
does. Select an efficient AC, preferably one that has a BEE Star label. The number
of stars on the BEE(Bureau of Energy Efficiency) label indicates the efficiency of
an AC; the higher the number of stars the more efficient the appliance. For
instance, a BEE 4-star rated 1.5-tonne AC would consume 194 units of electricity
in a month compared to an inefficient AC of the same
size that would consume 278 units during the same period. An efficient 1.5-tonne
AC would cost about Rs 16 500, whereas an ordinary AC would cost about Rs 15
000. The additional Rs 1500 invested on the efficient AC will be recovered in less
than six months due to savings in the electricity bill. In case of the non-availability
of the BEE star label, check the EER (energy efficiency ratio) mentioned on the
AC. An EER of 8 is equivalent to a 1-star BEE label and an EER of 10.6 and
above is equivalent to 5-star BEE label.

Efficient air conditioners

Installing an AC
While installing an AC, ensure that the exterior (or back) of the AC is not exposed
to direct sunlight and is away from heat sources such as chimneys. Efficient
airflow across the exterior would ensure efficient operation of the AC. Make sure
that air does not escape through doors and windows by sealing them properly. This
would help in reducing energy consumption. To optimize the efficiency of the AC
ensure that equipments such as televisions, computers or lamps are placed away
from it.

Operating an AC
The energy consumed by an AC is also affected by its operation. Set the
temperature higher to reduce energy consumption. It is estimated that a
temperature setting of 23 C consumes 10% more energy than a temperature setting
of 26 C. A few ACs equipped with the ‘sleep’ mode enable savings during
operation.

Maintaining an AC
Regular maintenance of ACs helps in improving their efficiency. Clean the filters
of the AC at least once in 15 days to ensure efficient airflow and cooling. Also, to
enable the AC to operate efficiently, the exterior part (or back) of the AC should be
free from dust, preventing blockage.
REFRIGERATORS

Refrigerators are one of the highest consumers of electricity in houses. However,

they have become significantly efficient in the past few years, and are still
improving. A typical refrigerator has a lifespan of 15–20 years. The cost of running
it over that time period is several times the initial purchase price. So buy the most
efficient model available; investing a little more in a refrigerator with higher
efficiency offers solid payback. A BEE 5-star rated refrigerator that costs more
initially will have lower operation costs because of better construction and
insulation, and will pay for itself in less than four years compared to a 2-star
refrigerator.

ENERGY SAVERS

Passive design
 Use light colours to paint the interior of home for effective day
Lighting.
 Incorporate solar passive designs in buildings at the time of
construction.
 In summers, draw curtains over windows facing south, west, and
south-west or use sun films.
  Install double pane windows—heat escapes through a single
glass pane almost 14 times faster than through a well-insulated
wall.
 Control heat, air, and moisture leakage by sealing windows and
natural materials.
 Use reflective tiles or insulation on the roof to keep the interior

Lighting

 Switch off lights and fans when there is nobody in the room.
 CFLs use 75% less electricity and offer similar amount of light as
incandescent bulbs. If you replace 25% of the lights in high-use
areas with CFLs, you can save up to 50% in lighting energy bills.
 Electronic ballasts can reduce power consumption by 20%. You
can cut consumption by 10%–50% with slim tube lights that are
star-rated by BEE.
 Use artificial lighting only when there is inadequate natural light
in a space.
 Ensure that the type of lamp used in a space complements the
tasks being performed in that space. This is commonly referred
to as task lighting. For instance, do not use two wall-mounted
bulbs where a single table lamp will suffice.
 Use dimmer switches. They allow lighting levels to be adjusted
according to the occasion or task and reduce the energy
consumption of the lamp.
 Use outdoor lights with timers or photocells so that they turn off
automatically in daylight.
 Replace electromagnetic (copper) ballasts (chokes) with
electronic ballasts.
 Don't replace tube lights with CFLs. A CFL is a point source, that
is, it emits light from a single point, whereas a tube light is a line
source and emits light over a larger linear spread.
 Don't use dark-coloured surfaces in workrooms. These reduce
the reflected light levels and increase the number of lamps
required to illuminate the space.
 Avoid switching lights on and off frequently. This affects the
lifespan of the lamps.

Electronic devices and appliances

 Look for BEE-star labels on electrical appliances.
 Use electronic devices with occupancy sensors which switch on
or off automatically by sensing if the room is occupied.
 Switch to evaporative coolers from air conditioners during
hot/dry summer months.
 Buy split ACs instead of window ACs. They cost more, but they
are more energy efficient and consume lesser electricity.
 Do not install AC units on walls that are exposed to direct
sunlight through a major part of the day during summers. In
other words, avoid installing the AC on the west and south walls.
 Do not apply dark colours on the external surfaces (roof and
walls) of the house. Dark colours absorb more heat than light
colours, leading to increased use of the AC.
 Do not expose the condenser (the part that faces outside) of split
units on the terrace/roof to direct sunlight.
 Ensure that walls do not surround the AC unit on all sides. The
condenser of the unit must have enough space around it for air
to circulate and to help the refrigerant dissipate its heat easily.
 When using ACs avoid overcooling of the room to a degree
where quilts need to be used.
 An easy way to cut down on the energy required by an AC is to
set the thermostat at the highest possible point, and turn on the
ceiling fan. This shall create air movement, circulate the cooled
air more effectively, and help your sweat to evaporate easily
without greatly increasing electricity use.
 With each degree that the temperature setting of an AC above
° 22 C, 3% – 5% less energy is used. Set the temperature of the AC
° at 25 C for the most comfort at the least cost.
 Clean an AC unit’s filter periodically to enable efficient airflow
and cooling.
 Do not use remote controls for switching off televisions and
ACs. Switching them off from the mains saves electricity.
 Switch off electrical appliances when not in use. Low power
gadgets such as chargers, adaptors, inverters, televisions, and so
on consume substantial power even in the standby mode.
 If computers must be left on, turn off the monitors; monitors
alone use more than half the system’s energy. Setting computers,
monitors, and copiers to ‘sleep’ mode when not in use helps cut
 energy costs by about 40%.
 Activate and standardize ‘power down’ on new and existing PCs.
 Purchase flat-screen LCD monitors.
 Do not use screensavers when computer monitors are not active.
Let them switch to the sleep mode or turn them off instead.
 Allow enough space for air circulation around refrigerators.
 Avoid opening refrigerator doors frequently as it leads to
energy loss.
 Allow hot food items to cool to room temperature before putting
them in refrigerators.

SHOULD KNOW FACTS

Recycled paper uses less natural resources and less toxic chemicals in paper
making process.

It has been reported that One Tonne of paper made from 100% wastepaper
* Saves about 15 trees
* Saves about 2,500 Kwh of energy
* Saves about 20,000 liters of water
* Reduces about 25 kilograms of air pollutants.

CFL’s
 
  Today in India at least 80 per cent of electricity is wasted – because of the
kinds of lamps, bulbs and other implements we use that consume more
electricity

CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lights) reduce electricity costs. A CFL bulb gives
five times more light than conventional electric bulbs.CFL burning hours are
more than 8 times the normal ones.Fluorescent tube lights, compact
fluorescent lights, consume less electricity and do not produce too much
heat.Instead of using 60 W bulbs, if you would use 15 W CFL bulbs; you can
save at least 45 W electricity consumption per hour. Per month you can save
up to 11 units of consumption. You can reduce costs.CFL bulbs last for at
least 5 to 8 months.
By saving energy and electricity consumption this way, you will help light up
those villages that have no electricity
 
Details 60 W bulbs 15 W CFL Saving
Cost of Bulb Rs. 10 116 -
Wattage  60 15 45
6 months, thousand 4 years, 8,000
Burning Hours -
hours hours
Per year Electricity
115 36 79
consumption
Per year cost per unit @
Rs.316.25 / - Rs.99.00 / - Rs.217.25 / -
Rs. 2.75
Total cost for four years Rs.1265.00 / - Rs.396.00 / - Rs.869.00/-
 
Source: Non Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra
Pradesh Ltd

ALTERNATE SOURCES

COAL
India has vast reserves of coal and participation of the private sector in
captive mining, across different user industries, is an immediate opportunity
for investment. 38 coal fields with mineable reserves in excess of 2,800 million
tonnes1 have been identified and are in the process of being allocated,
involving a total capital requirement of around USD 1.5-2 billion. Investment
activity is also seen in other parts of the value chain including washeries.

OIL

A number of private investors have entered this segment attracted by the

government’s policies for upstream exploration and production. Six rounds of
competitive bidding under the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP),
have taken place and around 185 blocks were awarded and reserves estimated
at 700 MMT2 of oil and gas have been discovered. There is a huge potential in
refining due to the strategic advantages of low cost and location, and is
already a net exporter of products. At present, the downstream marketing
sector is also open to private participation.

GAS

Gas discoveries of around 700 bcm2 in the last decade point towards a
tremendous promise. While in the near term, potential for LNG may be
limited due to inability of key sectors such as power to absorb high
international prices, in the longer term there would be place for LNG as the
share of Natural Gas in India’s energy mix increases. On the demand side, an
emerging area is auto-CNG and piped gas which together account for
7percent of total gas demand in the last five years. In the next few years, at
least 30 cities have been identified for city-wide gas coverage by private and
public sector players. The draft gas pipeline policy gives support to the
development of a national gas grid meant to create a common gas market
across the country.

NUCLEAR

India has one of the largest reserves of the nuclear fuel - thorium. However,
the nuclear energy programme will continue to be uranium - based until
commercial production based on thorium becomes feasible. If the Indo-U.S.
nuclear deal goes through, there will be a boost to nuclear energy and private
participation in this sector would be expected.

HYDRO

India is endowed with a hydroelectric potential of about 150,000 MW3.

However, only 17 percent of the hydroelectric potential has been harnessed so
far; with another 5 percent under various stages of development. Private
participation in the hydro sector will be important to meet the target of an
additional 45,000 MW of hydro capacity within the next ten years. Various
policy measures are being contemplated to encourage private participation
which seek to address issues such as mitigating geological risks, resettlement
and rehabilitation of project affected persons through Public Private
Partnership initiatives and incentives for performance. The revised hydro
policy is currently under discussion by the Government of India.

RENEWABLE SOURCES

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are an important element of India’s power

policy aimed to meet the power needs of remote areas in an environmentally
friendly way. Certain forms of renewable energy sources (such as wind
energy,small-hydro and biomass) have taken off. Strong private participation
is seen insectors like wind power, in response to the policy and initiatives.

Key Issues Facing the Sector

 High capital costs and low plant factors raise the cost of renewable
energy,which discourages adoption by financially weak state
governments.
However, technological evolution and the huge power deficit make
an active choice for power utilities
 Private sector interest is dependent on regulatory certainty on tariff and
other conditions
 Increased competition for land use in certain renewable technologies
need to be managed
 Lack of grid presence or transmission capacity in remote areas where
renewable energy opportunities exist, is a major constraint in power
evacuation.

WHERE WE ARE HEADING

Given the present growth rate of 5 percent in coal production, India’s

extractable reserves would be exhausted in 459 years, and hence there is a
greater need to look at sustainable and cleaner fuels. Recent discoveries hold
promise for India’s gas reserves and coal bed methane. On the nuclear front,
advanced technology needs to be infused before being put for commercial use.
Renewable energy, especially as wind and solar power is expected to grow
rapidly and supplement the short term requirements. Over the longer term, it
is expected to gain strategic importance as a sustainable fuel that would help
build self-reliance in energy sources. The following figure details the estimated
energy reserves in the country.
COMPARING WITH THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION

Thus with current global energy requirements and the shortage of

resources,energy management is indeed one of the areas which we should
concentrate on immediately.