Train Competence

Our clients purchase a compression solution and not an assortment of hardware.

Compressors, drivers, controls and other auxiliaries are designed and perfectly matched to meet the clients' compression requirements. Interaction between the components - particularly the main rotating parts - is well-known and fully mastered as a result of decades of experience in this field and can be predicted reliably.

Siemens manages the interfaces and guarantees the system's performance as required and specified. Our clients purchase a compression solution and not an assortment of hardware.

Electric Drives

Siemens is a world market leader in high-power electric motors and high-performance drive systems - we are number one in megawatt size high-speed electric compressor drivers.

Combining this expertise with the process and compression know-how of former Demag Delaval puts us into a unique position in the oil and gas industry.Our expertise extends beyond the drive system to the electrical infrastructure. From the process plant's intake structure or substation to the UCP and DCS interfaces, we design and guarantee E&I systems for turnkey compression solutions. Power systems analysis and harmonic studies are part of our service offerings, and the industrial and commercial power plant business is second nature to Siemens.

Networking & Partnering

We at Siemens place great emphasis on long-term quality relationships with our business partners.

We value all of our business partners, be they our clients seeking compression solutions or members of our supply chain network contributing to such solutions.

Such relationships can take many forms, such as establishing consortia with internal and external supply chain partners to serve a long-term field development project, risk and reward sharing, firm supply agreements and alliances or preferred partner agreements. Siemens has comprehensive experience with all these different relationship models, which are all based on trustful cooperation between equal partners.

These models focus on economically and technically sound compression solutions on the basis of TCO (total cost of ownership) as opposed to the adversarial, purely CAPEX-driven approach taken by many industry players in the past.

Total Cost of Ownership The value leaders

Siemens is the first and only manufacturer in the industry to develop an economic evaluation model that goes far beyond considering just CAPEX and - at best - energy efficiency in evaluating compression systems options.

The Siemens TCoO model takes into consideration all cost aspects of a compression system's _________ service. lite -(CAEEX,-OP-EX,MAl NTEX,DISgEX), cAt-SiBmeRs-we-0esigR-GGmF>re&siGn -systems solutions that are the most economical from a life cycle perspective.

Refineries

Steam turbines drive about half of the compressors used in the cracking~nd refinin stage~e believe that Siemens Power Generation has more customer testimonials regarding its high-power mechanical-drive steam turbines than any other manufacturer.

Refinerie$,..Convert crude oil into transportation fuels and lube oil. State-of-the-art refineries not only have atmosph~;'ic~alid vac-uu-rTi -ciistTIfafion proce-sses, oufalsoa- cracking section to utilize residual crude oil remaining after distillation. The most common cracking process is known as Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC).

Cracking

Catalyst regeneration is part of the fluid catalytic process and i requires large a~w Vq_Il!I!l§.l.§j~L pre~s~E3..§._of.5:!QRXQXiIDp.t~y..5 bar . This application uses a?Sl~l-floJLcoJ1lP~ss0.m dnven either by steam turbines or electric motors depending on sources of energy available.<::r:be modular design of Siemens Ax-type compressors is based on finely graded machine elements and flow components that have proven their reliability over many years of opera!iQfD

Besides axial flow com.l2r~sso.~ FCC plants use radial flow compressors for wet gas applications. The

basic model consists of the single-sha ,cen n ugal, MH series compressor. eatures one Irnm'cod'ferjlnd

a horizontally split casing that facilitates servlcing:~Th"'e mnerentlYflexTDle CfeSlgn complies fully with APr6411

specifiGaTI5nsan-d-soar gall requirements. ----~ .. -----------.-.---.---

"" ---, '~+""'- ""-><-'''''',f''

Using Siemens turbo machines, one of the world's largest FCC plants, located in the Virgin Islands, is

. operating to the customer's utmost satisfaction. .

(Siemens is one of the leading manufacturers of axial-flow regeneration, air and centrifugal wet gas compressors for FCC facilities. Siemens also has substantial experience in hydrocracking and coking process s.

Refining

Oct9-ne enhancement (platforming) requires ba!~I-ttE!e re.Q.YQi;. q,o.Q1~E!.~~lQr hY9!2gen-!is;:b.ggs. Naturally, Siemens Process Compression also supplies this "c assic" refinery compressor.

Modern environmental laws require low- sulfur content in fuels, especially diesel fuels. Hydrotreating (HDS) reduces this sulfur content. In this field, Siemens again has tremendous experience with barrel-type, 100- bar recycle compressors. These compressors are driven by electric motors using conventional and hydraulic gears, thus offering considerable advantages especially when retrofitting existing plants.

The Siemens MV series, a barrel-tXt2e COmRrEl.~SOr with a verticall s lit casing, is, the ideal_sQlutioQ to compress gases having light molecular weights or to acmeve very hlqfi Iscnarg~ pcessures as required in refinery apptica Ions. The CO'n'i'P ete y mOOulariZea:-,;\P1 617-compli'ant deSign offers a variety of sealing systems for a wiBe range of applications.

-

Petrochemical Plants

A characteristic feature of petrochemical processes is the extensive use of turbocompressors

Siemens Power Generation is a leading producer of state-of-the-art compression solutions for [2etrochemical Qlants that wocess l19uid Sl_Tl<ig?~e.£u.~_~'{d~~9.<:L9.on~~in~!22Lefi~0Iyolefins, ~mmoni9-' methS!.tiO~ and' oth~r chemicals. .' .- ... ~ ~ .~,,-.

________ &:ost ofJhe_[mtroch_!3micaLQrocesse~ are higbly_exojhermal whikb_providSl-.SufficJent steam fto _Q~rate _

mechanical-drive steam turb:n~his fact explains why petrochemical plants frequently use steam turbines

to drive turbo compressors ~

As a leading manufacturer of both steam turbines and compressors, Siemens Power Generation is ideally positioned to provide its customers with the best technical solutions tailored to their individual needs.

Olefin plants

In olefin plants/s~cial cracking furnaces crack napQ!ha or .~atural9,,~s t9. oPJainetby.I2!J~~92l~pY!§;'ub Afterthe cracking process, "crack gas compressors" compress the process as resultin in discharge

pressures of uR to 4Q..9.er. . -

Compressors vary in frame-size and set-up, depending on processes involved, plant capacity, and feedstock. Typically, a crack gas comeressor c0!2s~sts ?.!..!!:!,~~~aslng2...§nd a t~taL ~!.!~~~~s ~t~~2.~·

P ogyleoa an,d ethyleo~es CllJL§G arated in a cr o..genic rQ~~ first refrigeration loop operates at a temperature of approx. - 40° C and uses propylene or propane. as the refrigerant gas. The ~ond refrigerant loop operates at a temperature of approx. - 105° C and uses ethylene as the refrigerant ga~oth loo~s rELct~.2.,Sor.n ressoIS to Jec ,Gle.,~r~ ... r.efrige.!!:n..!~.:...Due to specific process requirements, these "recycle' compressors are equipped with sideiO'aOs and/or extractions.

P.LP'c.sl, esused i le.Jl!:1pI .. ts are ~hly exothermal. Therefore, the condensing or backpressure steam

turbines of the HNK~K, HNG or NG seriesareti'SeCras mechanical drivers for the compressor trains. The modular design of the Siemens steam turbines are in full compliance with API 612 requirements.

Customers select thecompressors and steam turbines they require from our standard production series. Thus, they take advantage of our accumulated expertise and experience as reflected by thousands of our compressors and turbines still in operation.

Siemens Power Generation has received orders to manufacture compressor trains for enormous plants up to 1,400,000 mtpy, that include a crack gas compressor with a driver rating of 70 MW. The propane and propylene refrigeration compressors manufactured by Siemens Power Generation are some of the largest in the world, having inner casing-diameters up to 2.7 m long and drivers rated up to 55 MW.

The high availability of more than 350 compressor trains used in crack gas, propylene refrigerant and ethylene refrigerant applications, amounting to a total installed power output of more than 1,700,000 kW are evidence of sound design concepts and superior quality assurance standards.

Polyethylene and polypropylene plants

&ulyethylene and polypropylene are obtained by processes whereby ethylene and propylene are recycled over cata!~o comply with the stringent process requirements, especially according to UCC and Unipol specifications, Siemens developed ~~~ntrifu al compressors~,.gesined in accordance with API 617 guidelines. These units offer optimum meCR'a1ii'Cal'8,iiCfOperational relia illty, resulting in low operating costs. To extend the operating range and improve performance during partial load conditions, the PV compressors are equipped with adjustable inlet guide vanes. Th,~se co_mpre?~<2.r~e al~ys* d.i1:.Ei1.ftty_drive..D.J~,)I,.,.,Qle,c.t~is !Jlplg[ Wi1bQ.lJ!JJ§iJ;!g~g,.n.Y g~flr~.

Siemens' advanced "dry-dry" concept combines dry gas seals with active magnetic bearings, thereby excluding any risk of catalyst contamination since the complete train is oil-free.

This advanced concept makes Siemens a technological leader in this industry sector, further underlined by the number of machines in operation to the full satisfaction of our customers. Siemens' expertise and references regarding this technology are unique in the compressor business.

Ammonia plants

-·--·----+t"le-mest-GemmeA pmGessAoe*traotammenia-is-tt"le-steam-r.efermiA§-prooess-l;Ising-natural gas as· - --------feedstock. An additional feed gas co gressor is often l'l8cessary to provide the requisite process

_______ ~ressure. The Siemens _QI'oduQtQOrtfoliQ'Qff'eJ~eJ1b~lil multi-.sta~ba[[el-fY-CO"m]resSOE ~W~.:.------

cC!§Jr...9J· tagJ_ql1 g~{il§.d cag,~r de ending 9.n !bIilJJresswr_a.i~pse ~g!;!ire : --

(ine production of the syn!hegl~ 9c!'s re~. cQns~er~bJ.~._rlltr..o~r.JJ2~~Q,b.2-if!2.I].E!'~SQ(~...e.!!:..Ls e.!Jrich~.9 .Y:ill.tL7Q,%q"IJllJ9.oon1.,~!;l a~ve, providin th~r~.9'y~~~ss. r~ssure. Steam turbines normally drive these types of compressor. For this application, Siemens is in the pFivT'eged position of being able to offer a slug!§;,~tt..sb&.lwR.eIl.e_b iQ~.w.lly.g.e=ared s0l!.!tj.Q~ ing •• Ei!.t,Q,er . e Qr tli\LO.,.9i,l§iD.g~.;.. The inteqrall~.geared solution is well suited for direct steam turbine drive through a stub shaft. -,~.

...... ~- .... -'-.- .. "-"---"""--.~~

( f/l1'.1~ 1 co.t H,,_ f, "",k ~P>I""'''''''. ~ tyoJl..wvr.'

The synthesis gas produced must be compressed to 180 - 220 bar entailing a process whereby it is recycled over a catalyst. This application uses a two-casing, s nthesis as. . ~~u.B...Cind recyq,~ ~..T.Ere~~. As a unique feature only provided by Siemens, the single recycle stage is integrated as a separate process stage into the make-up HP compressor casing.

To achieve better product extraction, an ammonia refrigeration compressor cools the catalyst. This twocasing compressor operates at a discharge pressure of 16 - 20 bar.

Single-shaft, centrif~WtL~riE!~ .. qg,IJ.JJ2~~orizorta~ s lit casJrw§...so.£L.M~.§l~ 90~I!UJL~rs wittL~..J:tic.alLy~lit c,asjng~are~~tand.£iJ.Q. ~0111tions.~~rl_9_i.u9 on the a lication. The design is flexible and fully compliant with API 617 specifications. Both the synthesis gas and ammonia compressors are driven by condenslnq or backpressure steam turbines of the HK, NK, HG or NG series. The modular design of the Siemens steam turbines comply fully with API 612 requirements.

Thanks to its outstanding product portfolio, Siemens can provide all machines with related auxiliary equipment from a single source, thus benefiting the customer.

Methanol plants

fThe most common process to produce methanol is the steam reforming process using natural gas as 'leredstock similarly to the ammonia proces An additioDgUeedgas c_o,mres r is often necessary to provide reguiredru.Q.QflS§J2r~s~~~~.~. The Siemens product portfolio offers either a ~eltYRe compressor CZ!. a~~lug_L~-¥.~s.ing, int~.9.[aJly_g~ateJj QQI']Jp,lits§.or Q~pending on the pressure increase required.

Cl::ligher synthes'is gas production often requires additional C02 enrich men ; This particular process step uses a singJe-casing, injj.n.e..QQ~..f,£l!l ressQr~it.~~~l..qtSQ.Ua,(9§.P[Sl,~?j,jr.~gf 2.q~ bar.and isgriv~n¥bYSl: . .§.t~~ turbine.

State-of-the-art methanol synthesis gas make up and recycle compressors feature a single-body, barrel design, with discharge pressures of 80 - 90 bar. The recycle stage is an integral part of the make-up compressor. To extend the operating range and to improve performance during partial load conditions, the recycle stage is equipped with adjustable inlet guide vanes.

Siemens is one of the leading manufacturers for such trains, supplying huge plants producing up to 5000 mtpd with drivers rated up to 45 MW. Our many years of experience and knowledge based on implementing and operating compressors and steam turbines in the methanol business enable us to take on these megaprojects with confidence. Siemens will continue to use its extensive capabilities to create perfect solutions for its customers.

Gas to Liquids (GTL)

In a GTL (gas to liquids) facility, several different plants are combined:

~ir separati()!l~IJ..i!.;{~S~)_~,§uBg!y' ~ygen ~ parti':ll_~~?-!l?J:1~~f natu!:_al gas; an airg..Q!J]Eress~Q,~_

u[li!s_an, !?,§u:!se<t1Q.r.2lL~(;l9.!lQn.· """ ~.~

A Fischer- Tropsch unit for synthesis into paraffins.

A hydrocracking unit to convert e heavy paraffins into interim distillates.

With the exception of air separation, all rocess steps are exothermal. Therefore, drivers consist of steam

turbines. - ---~-

We have built the largest air compressors and the largest mechanical drive steam turbines ever made .

.. . __ . __ ~ __ \lYJ!b__()ur~~~erien_ge in hy.c:tr_c:>gacking and other refinery processes, Siemens PGI is your ideal partner

for this new GTL technology. -- ------- -----.----------.---------- ---- -.--.---.

Air Separation

Cryogenic ASUs cover an oxygen output range from 25 to 4,000 mt/pd (used as size scale). Selecting the proper ASU process cycle depends primarily on the desired product. The main parameters consist of the 02/N2/Ar ratio, quantity, purity, phase and required pressure. The internal compression cycle is the most commonly used application.

Internal compression can achieve oxygen pressures up to 40 bar. Higher pressures require an additional oxygen compressor.

Siemens PGI is the world's market leader for air-separation compression trains, having built more than 1,500 compressors for this application.

We have built the largest, i'ltEtg[",ally, g,~~r,!3dl~iU;:2mpressors in the world with volume flows of up to 450,000

m3/h and driver ratings up to 45 MW. ,,~~-.

Siemens PGI also has also been contracted to manufacture the largest air compressor ever used for an ASU. It is an axial-radial, in line compressor producing 720,000m3/h at approx. 54 MW.

qOfT1l?resmsordrbL~ . SUs are norm'!!ly electricjnotors, Steam turbines can function as drivers only if the

ASU is an integral part of a petrochemical plant (such as GTL).

Standard plants

Siemens is the world market leader in compression trains for air separation.

Standard Plants have fixed output tonnage stages,.a predefined combination of products, and a maximum number of standard components. The focus is on low cost and short delivery.

To meet these requirements, Siemens PGI has developed the CVK line for Main Air Compression and the CHVK line for Booster Air Compression.

Both product lines offer pre-engineered solutions having a reasonable number of options. Customer benefits include shorter delivery times and lower investment costs.

Customized plants

Siemens is the world market leader in compression trains for air separation.

Custom Plants are built to individual specifications and have more complex product combinations. They are mainly used as tonnage plants in combination with downstream petrochemical plants, IGCC power or steel plants that consume oxygen. The largest plants currently being built are in the 4,000-mtpd range.

Siemens PGI offers a complete product portfolio for optimum solutions in such plants. They include:

Integrally geared, VK series compressors with up to eight compression stages, centrifugal, in line, MH series compressors, and axial- radial flow, AR series compressors for Main Air Compression. Integrally geared, HVK series compressors with up to eight compression stages and centrifugal, inline MV series compressors for Booster Air Compression and nitrogen compression.

Integrally geared, VK series compressors with up to six compression stages and centrifugal, inline, MH/MV series compressors for oxygen production.

Mechanical, drive steam turbines with the highest ratings ever achieved worldwide.

Pure Terephtalic Acid (PTA) s~me~;-~~·;p~;;;j'0n7eii[<a.Q§lq!J u$'!Jj,s for PTA

CErA is a white powder that is the basis for polyester yarn, tire cords, audio- and videocassette tapes and a -resTfi to-moLira-PET 5ottJes.-lt.,i§_pt<iau~e..d b ·oxiaizff.1.g",R§l.JixYl~ne.al.!iledll,!!ifpl~,~~The nitrogen portion of the air is left as tail gas at pressures of up to 20 bars and temperatures of up to 6000 C and is utilized to

----recover~energy~IA~pJac~b;e;itltagt:ally;g~Wd~qmJ~,~SSOT.:aS-tb-e:-:§tSlndqrd-c_QmpTE~:ssQJ;.,w!PJion~--~-Having invented and produced the integrally geared compressor since 1949, Siemens has a wealth of

experience at its disposal. In fact, Siemens PGI has become one of the major compressor manufacturers for

the PTA industry.

With its multistage, radial expansion, PRT-type turbine, Siemens PGI can offer a unique solution for energy recovery. This particular turbine has lived up to its reputation for ruggedness and reliability

over years of operation. Compressor trains in PTA plants can also include a steam turbine working as a main or auxiliary drive.

With the steam turbine in its portfolio, Siemens can provide the PTA industry with complete trains, normally broken down into individual packages, which include all rotating equipment, intercoolers, heaters and oil consoles.

Siemens PGI has built and successfully shipped complete packages weighing more than 400 tons and measuring up to 45 m in length.

Other Applications

There are many other process applications where Siemens compression trains operate successfully.

Chlorine production

Chlorine is obtained by subjecting chlorides to electrolysis. They are then cleaned, dried, and compressed to be fed into a process or liquefied. Chlorine inside the compressor must be bone dry in order to avoid

corrosion. _- ..".--~~ _,_ AA ----

e_""-~-""~

Qhlorine is an important base material for many applications such as PVC or paper ProduC~)

Siemens has substantial experience in chlorine compression and numerous references attesting to its expertise. The workhorses in chlorine compression are the ce.o.1t:ifug.aWQlir.le~c_QmgJ§.~ors. However, Siemens also has references fo single- and multistage, integrally geared, chlorine compressors for that fun~>

CO production

CO is an important component in the manufacture of certain pl_g,§iicrnaterials, such as isocyanates and polyurethanes. CO is obtained from a steam reforming gas mixture subjected to cryogenic separation .

...._ ~~.,>. "" ~ ~- ...... <- -"" ... " ,.'''''' '"'._ • ... _"i:;:;:... .. ''' __ .. ~

CO compression. '

CF.ive-stage, integrally geared compressor with two process stag~s~""

, Refrigeration loop approx. 30 bars, product extraction at about 1 0-15'~ars.

Driver: electric motor

Metal making

Steel production

A)iJ.al fl ' compr€l~s..QL,~'Leil by ste~m turb~'1es or el,?s:tdg_(ilotor.§~ Non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper)

Si~gle-stage integrally .9~!i~d blo~e~:. driven by electrjs,.,rn~tor. Corex

Single-stage, integrally geared corex gas blower, driven by electric motors.

, .. ""."" " ,\"""';...,,<e,-

Ethylene Oxide

To produce ethylene oxide, ethylene and oxyqen mustbe made to react using a catalyst. Since only 5-10% ot1fiegaSrnixtu're reacts in th'e firsfcycle, a comp'ressor ';'aintains a permanent recyCle-flow must. Ethylene

~~~,~~ ,~

oxide and its C02 byproduct are permanently removed from the loop, while fresfi etllyleme ana oxygen are

fed in. The compressor'srecycle gas is an ethylene-rich gas. Reaction pressure is typically 15 -20 bar and ___ r~.g1Jlre§Clslngle $t<3,g8 compressor.

Some processes also use a dual loop reactor system for better product conversion. For the single loop

'~----=o=pfion, Siemens PGI can offer a single-stage, Integrally geared compressor solution from oDrSEZ senes.---~~-For the dual loop process, we offer a two-in-one solution. It consists of an integrally geared HVK-type

compressor having two stages that work independently in two different loops. Siemens has an impressive

number of references for either option.

Oil & Gas Fields

Most ofthe earth's known hydrocarbon reserves are located in remote areas where environmental conditions are very demanding on people and equipment. Such adversity poses no problem for us as we continue to provide our clients with innovative and dependable compression solutions, customized to each situation's unique characteristics, be it on- or offshore.

Siemens and Demag Delaval have always been at the forefront of technological development and innovative business concepts. With the acquisition of Demag Delaval, consisting of two prominent brand names that combine over two centuries of evolution in turbomachinery, Siemens has now become a leading supplier of compression solutions to the global oil and gas industry.

Our main focus is customer satisfaction and creation of value. We can achieve these objectives by contributing to our industry's ability to serve its customers faster, more flexibly and more economically, with greater environmental awareness and applied corporate citizenship while raising the standards for health and safety, all at the same time.

We highly value quality relationships with our business partners since they allow us to better

. understand our clients' processes and future requirements. Ultimately, they enable us to pursue the innovation needed to meet the challenges of the future.

As' a result, we have advanced programs in place for:

The re-injection of acid and dirty wellhead gas at discharge pressures of up to 1000 bars, thereby saving our clients millions of dollars in process equipment usually required to treat this gas prior to injection and to dispose of the elementary sulfur generated in the process.

Seal-less compression: it greatly reduces the risk of gas emissions and represents the "zero environmental impact" compression solution tor decades to come, while also generating greatly improved operating figures.

All-electric LNG: this is a dramatic a paradigm shift for LNG base-load plants, which will result in highly improved plant economics and environmental compatibility.

As part of the Siemens family and its global, innovation-oriented network, we have the technological capabilities and financial resources to continuously pursue improvements in this industry sector for the benefit of all our shareholders, Clients', owners, employees, the communities we live in, and the global environment.

~·paration, Collection & Treatment

Once at the wellhead, the product is always a mixture of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.CAf1eLgas/liquidseparation by incremental depressurl_zation, the gaseous components are collected and recompressed for further proces§.i!1g.)

Depending on chemical composition and intended usage, the gas stream may be treated for H2S, CO2, He, and water removal prior to separation of the more valuable components, such as NGULPG, from the remaining methane by means of refrigeration.

Compression solutions at a glance:

Gaslliquid separation

·-------Recompres-Slon ana-expoft---·-------------·--·_--------------·-------- ... --------

Gathering

Refrigeration

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Siemens sets the world standard in ultra-high-pressure turbocompresslon.

Geology and physics limit the amount of oil that can be economically recovered from a given field and prevent oil recovery from reaching 100%. Ever since oil became a key commodity in the world economy, scientists and engineers have relentlessly developed methods to increase recoverability and push production rates higher. Turbocompressors playa crucial role in some of these techniques.

A common recovery technique is gas injection. After gas/oil separation, the associated gas is reiniected i!J1QJbEl.L!'?_~IY..Qlr...aL!1jgh pressure. Thu2.t reservoir .QL~.sure..s increase, as do producfion

~J.Q.wtJg__dtes. When associated_~~S:iS=ln:~~su£p~X' .. !2!!.':9~~n .~~.!:.!~a:~'§'ri2~LlE~IQJ~@

Ins ea . .

A similar effect is achieved by gas lift. With the help~~2mpr2~~~9., .. associated..mi§' is il'!t~cted into t~ produc!lon £2lun.:!!:!,&dif~!§ill!1f~1i§ and.Eressu@..§..iQ orderto de.£~~e the specific weight 5fffi8 production column, thereby leading to an increase in flow velocity.

~> ~" .... m __ iffl'.,~. ..'};"",_~ '''-'''''.~~'tiil.,....,~~ <!i\I~"M(~'~M< .~.,,,,,,,~ '~~'_ ''''''"''-';-_~~. ~;. ~'"",,·..ti'''f'i,m,~,.!<..:;v ~

Ultra-high-pressure gas injection

Siemens sets the world standard in ultra-high-pressure turbocompression. Our R&D has developed and successfully tested a unit supplying 900 bar of discharge pressure using nitrogen. These R&D activities have allowed us to develop programs that enable us to reliably predict rotor dynamic behavior in ultra-high-pressure environments expertise exclusively available from Siemens.

!compression solutions at a glance: /Gas injection

/Gas lift

Offshore

Siemens is the market leader in shipboard compression systems.

The offshore production of oil and gas places tough demands on compression system solutions that must contend with: severe weather conditions, corrosive environments, unpredictable gas compositions, ship and platform motion, and limited availability of space, all combined with short delivery times to achieve the earliest possible ROI for these capital-intensive investments.

Siemens has a long and successful history of supplying compression solutions for offshore installations, be they fixed or tension-leg platforms, semi-submersibles or floating production systems. Depending on client requirements, Siemens offers a wide selection of products, ranging from skid-mounted electric motor or gas turbine-driven compression trains all the way to complex process modules. Siemens also assumes responsibility for the unit's performance as specified in the contract.

Floating Production Systems

F.E§Os are the fastest growing segment in offshore oil and gas applications for early production, marginal field development or deep-water production is . The nature of the business requires very short project cycle-times (6-10 months) and compact process modules due to limited space on deck.

As the market leader for shipboard compression systems, Siemens has proven that it can ~~--~----r8l1a1)ry~coofainate tnese~complexactlvlties-Detween its own6pera1ions-:-supPliers,moaUTe~- - - -

manufacturers and FPSO shipyards, consistently meeting required, short suspense deadlines.

Transport and Storage

Siemens has a long history and reputation as a supplier of pipeline compression solutions that are driven by both gas turbines and electric motors.

Ge most common method to transport natural gas from the field to consumer markets is by pipeline, whereby turbocompressors are used at predeter~ed intervals to compensate for pipeline losses and to keep the gas flowing at a steady rat~;J,

In consumer markets, supply and demand patterns usually 00 not match, with demand peaking in the winter heating season and being rather flat in the summer.

Therefore, utility companies with highly developed natural gas supply infrastructures need to maintain elaborate networks of underground gas storage facilities with turbocompressors performing the key functions of loading natural gas into storage at times of supply surplus and feeding the gas back into the pipeline grid during peak demand.

Siemens has a long history and reputation as a supplier of pipeline compression solutions that are driven by both gas turbines and electric motors. As natural gas and electricity markets are being further deregulated, many future pipeline applications in developed areas with sufficient electrical infrastructure will find electric-motor-driven pipeline solutions economically and environmentally superior to traditional gas turbine- or gas engine-driven alternatives. Siemens is particularly well suited to serve this application with its undisputed expertise in electric drives having either fixed- or variable- speed modes.

Compression solutions at a glance: ~ipeline compression

atural gas storage loading/unloading

Gas Plants

To market gaseous hydrocarbons instead of re-injecting them to improve liquids production, ~s mixt~g~~r.atlQn rJ1JJ§.t be treated for the removal of H2S, CO2, other toxic components aod.water before the valuaIiJe and rTlarketabJe component's'can""6e'15hysre'ally"sep'a~ated by meas"ofrefri 51e'r~tro'iL-

__ .. "'~._ .. __ 1 ~I~·"_ ""'""'""*~

(JY1arketable products are typically methane, ethane, propane and butane, which are either further processed in petrochemical processing plants close to the field or sold separately as natural gas or LPG (liquid petroleum gas) fuel)

Compression solutions at a glance:

~sboosting v1iefrigeration cycle v~ecompression

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

W!1~n__ciist_anc~ and tq_pogr,!phybeJ:JOCee_n RJQ_duc_tiQulieLds andconsumer markets do not allow for the economic transport of natural gas by pipeline, the gas can be reduced to

______ _!L600t~_ of_Lt§_1r~~_yolum_~_Qy iigI.J~!Cl~!LQ_~~ ._. . _

Huge base-load LNG plants liquefy purified natural gas in cryogenic heat exchangers and store it in tanks before loading it on specially designed tankers that shuttle between the LNG plant and consumer regions. There, the liquid product is regassified, recompressed, and fed into the buyer's natural gas pipeline grid.

Compression solutions at a glance:

Closed loop refrigeration cycles Boil-off gas recompression Flash gas compression

Fuel gas compression Recompression

All-Electric Driven LNG Plants

In the extremely safety-minded and highly competitive LNG industry, an evolution is emerging that dramatically improves the reliability and productivity of base-load LNG plants. In the "all-electric driven LNG plant concept", the traditional gas turbine drivers for the huge refrigeration compressors are replaced by variable-speed electric motor drivers rated up to 1 00 MW and having speeds up to 3600 rpm.

Siemens has developed complete electric-driven compression solutions for world-class, on- and offshore LNG liquefaction plants. The solutions include the associated electric infrastructure and the dynamic interaction between supply system and load, thus providing owners/operators with highly persuasive economic and operational benefits.

As an enhanced service feature, Siemens can assume unit responsibility for such compression and electrical supply systems to guarantee their performance.

Boil-Off Gas Compression

With a market share exceeding 50%, Siemens is the world market leader in turbocompressors for boil-off gas applications in LNG base load plants and receiving terminals. Siemens has pioneered the use of turbocompressors for this originally recip-focussed application, resulting in much more reliable and economic solutions.

Siemens has done groundbreaking metallurgical development work in this field to allow the safe and reliable operation of machines at temperatures varying between -162°C and +60 DC.

In a solution available only from Siemens, the use of inlet guide vanes in front of the first compressor stage enables maximum efficiencies to be achieved, even at partial loads and for particularly wide operating ranges.