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Load Flow Analysis

The document discusses load flow analysis in power systems. Load flow analysis determines the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus to obtain real and reactive power flows, using numerical methods due to the nonlinear problem. It identifies known and unknown variables depending on the bus type - load buses have unknown voltage magnitude and angle, generator buses have unknown voltage angle, and the slack bus has no unknowns. The number of equations must equal the number of unknowns to solve the system.

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Darshani Ariyawansa
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
122 views

Load Flow Analysis

The document discusses load flow analysis in power systems. Load flow analysis determines the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus to obtain real and reactive power flows, using numerical methods due to the nonlinear problem. It identifies known and unknown variables depending on the bus type - load buses have unknown voltage magnitude and angle, generator buses have unknown voltage angle, and the slack bus has no unknowns. The number of equations must equal the number of unknowns to solve the system.

Uploaded by

Darshani Ariyawansa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Load flow analysis The goal of a power flow study is to obtain complete voltage angle and magnitude information

for each bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and voltage conditions. Once this information is known, real and reactive power flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance. The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus. A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarilyselected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the Slack Bus. In the power flow problem, it is assumed that the real power PD and reactive power QD at each Load Bus are known. For this reason, Load Buses are also known as PQ Buses. For Generator Buses, it is assumed that the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude |V| is known. For the Slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude |V| and voltage phase are known. Therefore, for each Load Bus, both the voltage magnitude and angle are unknown and must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must be solved for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus. In a system with N buses and R generators, there are then 2(N 1) (R 1) unknowns. In order to solve for the 2(N 1) (R 1) unknowns, there must be 2(N 1) (R 1) equations that do not introduce any new unknown variables. The possible equations to use are power balance equations, which can be written for real and reactive power for each bus. The real power balance equation is: In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (ie: reactive, real, and apparent) rather than voltage and current. It analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation. There exist a number of software implementations of power flow studies. In addition to a power flow study, sometimes called the base case, many software implementations perform other types of analysis, such as short-circuit fault analysis and economic analysis. In particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per kilowatthour delivered. Power flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line. Commercial power systems are usually too large to allow for hand solution of the power flow. Special pupose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide laboratory models of power systems; large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods.

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