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Creep Phenomena

Creep is the time-dependent permanent deformation of a material under sustained stress, usually at elevated temperatures. It occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The secondary creep stage accounts for most of a component's lifetime and exhibits a steady-state creep strain rate that is dependent on stress and temperature based on an Arrhenius relationship. Creep data can be extrapolated to lower temperatures using the Larson-Miller parameter, which relates temperature, time, and stress into a single value for a given material.

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314 views

Creep Phenomena

Creep is the time-dependent permanent deformation of a material under sustained stress, usually at elevated temperatures. It occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The secondary creep stage accounts for most of a component's lifetime and exhibits a steady-state creep strain rate that is dependent on stress and temperature based on an Arrhenius relationship. Creep data can be extrapolated to lower temperatures using the Larson-Miller parameter, which relates temperature, time, and stress into a single value for a given material.

Uploaded by

عزت عبد المنعم
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Creep Phenomena

Creep
Creep is a time-dependent permanent deformation of a material subject to a sustained (constant) stress or load. For metals, creep only becomes a concern at temperatures above 0.4 Tm (K). In metals, grain boundary sliding is one mechanism that causes creep. Hence, large grains are preferable for creep resistance. Other mechanisms include diffusion and dislocation motion.

Creep Demonstration

Lo

L t=0

TIME

Creep
Stress

Strain

Time

Creep Strain
The creep strain is defined as Lt/Lo, where Lt is the time-dependent permanent deformation. Creep strain rate, de/dt, is a function of the applied stress and the absolute temperature. Creep occurs in 3 stages: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Secondary creep is stable and slow and accounts for most of the creep life of a component.

Creep Curve
Rupture Lifetime, tr

Creep Strain

Primary

Secondary Creep dt de

Tertiary

Instantaneous Strain (Hookes law)

Time (t)

Effects of Stress and Temperature


T3>T2>T1; S3>S2>S1
T3 or S3 T2 or S2 T1 or S1

Creep Strain

T<0.4Tm

tr3

tr2

Time (t)

tr1

Steady State Creep Strain Rate


The secondary creep strain rate s is approximately steady state, and is function of the sustained stress, S:
s = K1 S n Qc K1 = K 2 exp( ) RT
K1, K2 are material dependent constants n is a mechanism dependent exponent Qc is the activation energy for creep T is the absolute temperature (K) R is the Gas constant

Creep tests at low temperatures are often too timeconsuming to conduct in practice. Hence, methods have been devised to extrapolate creep data measured at high temperature to lower temperatures. One method employs the Larson-Miller parameter, , which is a constant for a material subjected to given stress.

Data Extrapolation

Where C is constant, T is in Kelvin and tr is the rupture lifetime in hours. r

= T (C + log t )

Larson-Miller Parameter for an Iron Alloy


1000

Stress (MPa)

100

10 12 17 22 27 32

T (20 + log t r ) x10 ( K h)


3

Try it!
For the Iron alloy (S-590) shown, determine the sustained stress that will allow a rupture life of 250 hrs at a temperature of 800C.

OK...
= T (C + t r ) = (800 + 273){20 + log(250)} = 24000 K h

From the graph:


1000

Stress (MPa)

Stress = 130 MPa

100

10 12 17

22 24

27

32

T (20 + log t r ) x10 ( K h)


3

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