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Electric Machines and The Power Conversions Electric Machines and The Power Conversions For Renewable Systems

This document discusses electric machines and power conversions for renewable energy systems connected to DC grids. It covers several topics: 1) Grid connection considerations including energy flow direction, safety, isolation, and regulation. 2) Power control methods including current control loops and voltage control loops to deliver power from a renewable source to the grid. Current and voltage loops use PI controllers with feedforward and anti-windup techniques. 3) Transmission line effects including line impedance modeling and compensation for power losses on the line. 4) Conducted EMI reduction including lowering voltage ripples and adding filters to reduce current harmonics to levels required by standards. 5) Modeling of renewable energy sources and

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Fayyaz Kashif
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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59 views

Electric Machines and The Power Conversions Electric Machines and The Power Conversions For Renewable Systems

This document discusses electric machines and power conversions for renewable energy systems connected to DC grids. It covers several topics: 1) Grid connection considerations including energy flow direction, safety, isolation, and regulation. 2) Power control methods including current control loops and voltage control loops to deliver power from a renewable source to the grid. Current and voltage loops use PI controllers with feedforward and anti-windup techniques. 3) Transmission line effects including line impedance modeling and compensation for power losses on the line. 4) Conducted EMI reduction including lowering voltage ripples and adding filters to reduce current harmonics to levels required by standards. 5) Modeling of renewable energy sources and

Uploaded by

Fayyaz Kashif
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Electric Machines and the Power Conversions Electric Machines and the Power Conversions

for Renewable Systems


Dc Grid Connections
Jung-Ik Ha
Assistant Professor
School of Electrical Engineering School of Electrical Engineering
Seoul National University
Background
Renewable Energy System and Grid Connections
Considerations
Energy Flow
(Negative) Unidirectional
Bidirectional
Safety: Grounding
Non Isolation Non-Isolation
Isolation
Regulation: Filtering egu at o : te g
EMI
Page 2
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Grid ConnectedBuckConverter
Page 3
Buck Converter
Basic Form
Uni-Directional
DC LOAD
Bi-directional
Synchronous Rectification
Operation States Operation States
On: Charging
Off: Fly-wheeling y g
Page 4
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Delivery
Grid Connection
Power Delivery
Power Control
Voltage Control Mode
V (Vflt ) Vd Vo (Vflt ) Vdc
Voltage Source Voltage Source
No Current Limit No Current Limit
. Converter : C
out
. Filter : C
flt
, L
flt flt flt
. Line : R
line
, C
line
, L
line1
, L
line2
Disturbance
Power Circulation
Page 5
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Delivery
Grid Connection
Object: Power Delivery
In Renewable System
Power Control
C t C t l Current Control
Transmission Line
Additional Filtering Additional Filtering
RES Model Considerations
Page 6
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Control
Current Based Power Control
o g
av
V P I / *
*
=
I
g
dt
dI
L V V
L
o i
=
DC RES
r
V
i
V
o
V
Averaged Assumption in T
( )
DT
}
1
( )
i r
v s f v =
i
DT
i r
DV dt v
T
V = =
}
0
1
di
R di 1
dt
di
L Ri V V
o r
+ =
( )
o r
V V
L
i
L
R
dt
di
+ =
1
( ) A
( )
o r
V V B Ax x + =

Page 7
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Control
Current Based Power Control
Closed Loop
I
Assumptions
: Vo= Vi=0 @t=0~T
Output Feedforward Output Feedforward
: Vff=Vo
( )
o r
V V B Ax x + =

i
R di
'
1
i
G = =
1
r
v
L
i
L dt
'
+ =
R Ls v
G
r
p
+
'
PI Control
s
K
K G
i
p c
+ =
s
K s K
G
i p
c
+
=
Page 8
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Control
Current Based Power Control
Closed Loop
PI Control
Pole-Zero Cancellation
( )
K
R K
p
( ) R Ls
Ls
K
G
p
c
+ =
K
L
K
p
i
=
Ls
K
G
p
o
=
L K Ls K
i e
c
c
p
p
p
p
s L K s
L K
Ls K
Ls K
i
i
e
e
+
=
+
=
+
=
1
*
sw c
e e * 5 / 1 <
: Decoupling of Discrete System
T t v v 0 @ 0 1 = << A << A
Page 9
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
T t v v
o i
.. 0 @ 0 , 1 = << A << A
Power Control
Vin Consideration
Anti-windup
Integration Problem
: Vo* Saturated Fast Recovery
V P I / * *
dc
V P I / * * =
L
I I e = *
in o
DV V u = = *
Page 10
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Control
Vin Consideration
Li i d I
Vin Consideration
Anti-windup
Limited Integrator
Limited Integrator
High Feedback Gain
Uin = Limit + Kp*e
g
Hard Limit Imposed
Tracking Anti-windup Tracking Anti-windup
with unrestricted control signal
Recursive Problem
Page 11
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Power Control
Vin Consideration
Anti-windup
Tracking Anti-windup
Back Calculation
One Step Delay One-Step Delay
Ks = 1/Kp
(multiplied by 1/3~3) (multiplied by 1/3 3)
Page 12
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Transmission Line
Line Consideration
: Ideal Voltage Source Case
Model
Original
Exact Model
I
Line
+I
Line
Check Point: I
Line
On State
Off State
Page 13
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Transmission Line
Line Consideration
Approximated Model
1 << A
line
I designed V
o
: A
( ) t tri V V
rp o
e = A
Line Drop
sL R
V
i
o
+
A
= A
L j R
V
i
o
e +
A
~ A
Line Drop
Delivered Power Offset, Losses
Approximated Model pp
R Loss: Pr = R*I^2
G Loss: Pg = G*V^2
Line Loss Compensation Required
P = P1 + Pr + Pg
Page 14
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Current Harmonics Control
Conducted EMI
AC Case
2~40
th
Order Harmonics Limits: Differential Mode
IEC61000-3-2,12, IEEE519
150kHz(450kHz) 30MHz: Differential and Common Modes 150kHz(450kHz)~30MHz: Differential and Common Modes
CISPR 22(FCC)
DC Case DC Case
No Regulation Currently.
Standards for Vehicles, Ships, and Others in the Restricted Grids
Page 15
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Current Harmonics Control
Countermeasure: Reduction of Conducted EMI
Lower Voltage Ripples
C: Higher Co, Lower ESR
L: Higher Lc, Lower R
Higher Switching Frequency Higher Switching Frequency
Additional Filter(s)
Page 16
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
RES Model
Renewable Energy System Model
Voltage Source
Same
Power Source
Control Object
VDC
Vo
Vin
Is
Vr
Control Object
Vin Vi*
.Ex) Dual Stage Cascade Control .Ex) Dual Stage Cascade Control
Exact Models
Page 17
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
RES Model
Dual Stage Cascade Control
Inner Loop: Current Control
Model
Feedforward
dt
di
L Ri V V
o r
+ =
Feedforward
o ff
V V =
u ff r
V V V + =
dt
di
L Ri V
u
+ =
sL R V
i
u
+
=
1
( ) i i Gc V
u
=
*
( ) i i
sL R
Gc
i
+
=
*
Gc
sL R
Gc
i
i
+
=
*
Gc i
=
*
Pole-Zero Cancellation
sL R +
sL R
Gc
i
+
+ 1
Gc sL R i + +
*
K K
( ) sL R
sL
K
Gc
p
+ =
K
s
L
K
K
sL
K
i
i
p
p
p
p
+
=
+
=
1
*
L
K
p
c
= e
Page 18
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
L
s
sL
+ + 1
RES Model
Dual Stage Cascade Control
Outer Loop: Voltage Control
dV C
2
Model
Feedforward: Pin
o in
in in
P P
dt
dV C
=
2
2
ff
P P =
Feedforward: Pin
IP Control
in ff
P P =
( )
o
in
in in
i
in p
V
P
V V
s
K
V K i +
(

+ =
* *
o

( )
(

+ =
in in
i
in p o
in in
V V
s
K
V K V
dt
dV C
*
2
2
( ) ( )
o in in in
i
in p o
V i P V V
s
K
V K V
* *
=
(

+
Bias Point Details
Taylor 1
st
:
( )
0
2
0
2
2
in in in in
V V V V + =
( )
(

+ =
in in
i
in p o in in
V V
s
K
V K V sV C
*
Page 19
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
RES Model
Dual Stage Cascade Control
Outer Loop: Voltage Control
Transfer Function
2
0 i i
i o
i
V C
K V
V e
Gains
2
2
0 0
2
0
*
2
n n
n
in in
i o
in in
p o
in in
in
in
s s
V C
K V
s
V C
K V
s
V C
V
V
e ,e
e
+ +
=
+ +
=
Gains
o
in in
n p
V
V C
K
*
2,e =
o
in in
n i
V
V C
K
*
2
e =
Bandwidths
( ) | |
2
1
2 4 4 2 1
2 4 2
+ + , , , BW ( ) | | 2 4 4 2 1
2 4 2
+ + = , , , e
n
BW
Page 20
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
EMI Measurement
LISN: Line Impedance Stabilization Network
Configuration
Example Example
Page 21
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
EMI Measurement
LISN: Line Impedance Stabilization Network
Measurement Gain
Common and Differential Modes Common and Differential Modes
Page 22
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
HW5 Grid Buck Converter Design : Due to 4/7
Consider the Converter Designed in HW4
You can change parameters in order to improve the performance.
1) Using Power Source Model Design Controller 1) Using Power Source Model, Design Controller.
Line Inductance=50uH, Cap=0, R=0, G=inf,
2) Discuss about the Step Response: Vin* = 100V, Pin=90 step(t1) +10
W, Compare the results with/without the Feed forward Control.
3) Discuss about the Steady-State performance: Vin* = 100V, Pin=100W
4) Vin* = 100V, Pin=100W ) ,
A. FFT of Current Ripples @150k~30MHz?
B. Adjust Co to reduce the peak harmonic component to 1/2.
C D i d I t Filt ith t Adj ti C t d th k C. Design and Insert Filter without Adjusting Co to reduce the peak
harmonic component to 1/2. (option)
5) FFT of the Differential Mode Current in the LISN @150k~30MHz, Vin*
= 100V, Pin=100W? Neglect Line Impedance.
Page 23
ENERGYCONVERSION___________
Page 24
ENERGYCONVERSION___________

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