Cellular Mobile

Communications-I
An In tr oduction
Dr. Nasir D.
Gohar
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Cell Phone Growth in Pakistan & Worldwide

 According to a Media Report (Goliath, May 25, 2005),
Cell Phones in Pakistan to Touch 15M mark in December
2005
 Another Media Report (Middle East Times, June 20,
2006) Predicts the number of Cell Phones will rise from
2.2 Billion to 3 Billion worldwide by the end of Year 2008
 According to MOBILEDIA (Jan 20, 2006)
 U.S. offers more room for growth than Russia, and Japan offers
greater future growth than South Africa
 The number of mobile subscribers worldwide reached over 2
billion by the end of 2005, and is predicted to rise to 3.96 billion by
2011
 The Asia Pacific Region will account for 50% of the total number of
subscribers worldwide by the end of this decade with a staggering
1.067 billion subscribers shared between China and India alone,
the world's two biggest mobile markets
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Several Types of Mobile Radio Systems

 Garage Door Controller [<100 MHz]
 Remote Controllers [TV/VCR/DISH][Infra-Red: 1-100 THz]
 Cordless Telephone [<100 MHz]
 Hand-Held Radio [Walki-Talki] [VHF-UHF:40-480 MHz]
 Pagers/Beepers [< 1 GHz]
 Cellular Mobile Telephone[<2 GHz]
Classification
 Simplex System: Communication is possible in only one direction :
Garage Door Controller, Remote Controllers [TV/VCR/DISH] Pagers/Beepers
 Semi-Duplex System: Communication is possible in two directions but
one talks and other listens at any time[Push to Talk System]: Walki-Talki
 Duplex System: Communication is possible in both directions at any time:
Cellular Telephone [FDD or TDD]
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Paging System: For Transmission of Brief Numeric/Alpha-

numeric/Voice Messages [Pages] to Subscriber
 To Notify/Alert the User
 Simplex Service
 Modern Paging Systems Can Send News Head-Lines, Stock Info, or Fax
 Application Dependent System Range [2 Km to World-wide]

City 1

Land Line Link Paging Terminal

PSTN
City 2

Land Line Link

PAGING CONTROL
Paging Terminal
CENTRE

City N

Paging Terminal
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Cordless Telephone System: To Connect a

Fixed Base Station to a Portable Cordless Handset
 Early Systems (1980s) have very limited range of few
tens of meters [within a House Premises]
 Modern Systems [PACS, DECT, PHS, PCS] can provide a
limited range & mobility within Urban Centers

Cordless Handset

Fixed Base
PSTN
Station
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Limitations of Simple Mobile Radio Systems

The Cellular Approach
 Divides the Entire Service Area into Several Small Cells
 Reuse the Frequency
Basic Components of a Cellular Telephone System
 Cellular Mobile Phone: A light-weight hand-held set
which is an outcome of the marriage of Graham Bell’s Plain Old
Telephone Technology [1876] and Marconi’s Radio Technology
[1894] [although a very late delivery but very cute]
 Base Station: A Low Power Transmitter, other Radio
Equipment [Transceivers] plus a small Tower
 Mobile Switching Center [MSC] /Mobile Telephone
Switching Office[MTSO]
 An Interface between Base Stations and the PSTN
 Controls all the Base Stations in the Region and Processes User ID
and other Call Parameters
 A typical MSC can handle up to 100,000 Mobiles, and 5000
Simultaneous Calls
 Handles Handoff Requests, Call Initiation Requests, and all Billing &
System Maintenance Functions
Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 The Cellular Concept

 RF spectrum is a valuable and scarce commodity
 RF signals attenuate over distance
 Cellular network divides coverage area into cells, each
served by its own base station transceiver and antenna
 Low (er) power transmitters used by BSs; transmission
range determines cell boundary
 RF spectrum divided into distinct groups of channels
 Adjacent cells are (usually) assigned different channel
groups to avoid interference
 Cells separated by a sufficiently large distance to avoid
mutual interference can be assigned the same channel group ⇒
frequency reuse among co-channel cells
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 An Example of Frequency Reuse

 Suppose we have spectrum
for 100 voice channels
 Scenario 1: a high power
base station covering entire
area – system capacity = 100
channels
 Scenario 2: divide spectrum
into 4 groups of 25 channels
each; cells (1, 7), (2, 4), (3,
5), 6 are assigned distinct
channel groups – system
capacity = 175 channels
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Frequency Reuse Factor

 Frequency Reuse Factor N = No. of Distinct Channel Groups = Maximum Cluster Size
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Frequency Reuse Example-2

 Suppose W = 25 MHz and B = 25 KHz/voice channel
 W/B = 1000 voice channels can be supported over the spectrum
 Scenario 1: a high power base station covering entire area (M = N =
1) ⇒ system capacity n = 1000 users
 Scenario 2:
 Coverage area divided into M = 20 cells with reuse factor N = 4
 Each cluster accommodate 1000 active users
 5 clusters in coverage area ⇒ system capacity n = 5000 users
 Scenario 3:
 M = 100 cells, N = 4 ⇒ system capacity n = 25000 users
 Scenario 4:
 M = 100 cells, N = 1 ⇒ system capacity n = 100000 users
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Common Air Interface (CAI)

Common Air Interface: A
Standard that defines Communication
between a Base Station and Mobile
Specifies Four Channels [Voice
Channels and Control / Setup
Channels] Reverse Channel
FVC: Forward Voice Channel
RVC: Reverse Voice Channel
FCC: Forward Control Channel Forward Channel
RCC: Reverse Control Channel
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Call Setup Procedure

Cellular Phone Codes: Special Codes are associated with each Cell
Phone to identify the phone, its owner, and service provider:
Electronic Serial Number(ESN) -A Unique 32-bit Code
Mobile Identification Number(MIN): A Subscriber’s Telephone Number
 Station Class mark (SCM): Indicates the Max Tx Power for the User
When a Cellular Phone is turned on and Initiates a Call:[see
next slide]
Monitors the Control Channels and gets hold on to the strongest one
Makes a Call Initiation Request[Dials the Called part Number, MIN , ESN and SCM
automatically transmitted]
Validation Procedure at MSC & Voice-Frequency pair Allocation
Base Station Pages the Information for the Mobile
MSC Connects the Mobile with the Called Party[Another Mobile/Landline Phone]
Call is Established and Communication Starts
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Call Setup Procedure (Cont’d)

4. Locates the
3. Receives a Call
Called Party, 7. Connects the
Initiation Request from
Allocates a VFPs Called Party[on
MSC Base Station, and
and Instructs the PSTN]/Mobile to the
Verifies that User has a
Base Stations via Mobile
Valid MIN & ESN pair
FCC
5. Pages for the Called
Mobile, the Mobiles are
FCC instructed to move to the
Allocated VFPs
respectively
2. Receives a Call
Base Station Initiation Request, with
RCC
MIN, ESN, SCM and
Called Part Number

FVC
8. Begins Voice
Transmission

RVC
8. Begins Voice
Reception
6. Receives [Called
Mobile] the Page and
Matches the MIN, the
FCC
Mobiles get ready to
move to the respective
Allocated VFPs

Mobile 1. Makes a Call Initiation

RCC Request, with MIN and
Called Part Number

FVC
8. Begins Voice
Reception

RVC
8. Begins Voice
Transmission
TIME
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Handoff and Roaming

Handoff
When a Mobile is on the edge of a Cell
RSL of the Mobile in that Cell gets bellow a set Level
Base Station of the Cell originates a Handoff request
MSC gets RSL Info from all the Candidate Cells
MSC asks the Originating Cell and the Strongest
Candidate Cell to Coordinate MSC
In Case the Handoff is Successful, the Mobile is asked
to switch to another VFP
All this happens in a matter of seconds and you hear a
little CLICK sound
Roaming
When SID of the Control Channel and that
programmed in the Mobile does not match:
The Mobile is in another Service Provider’s Area
MSC of the Cell contacts the MSC of the Mobile’s
Home System
After Verification, if the Mobile is Allowed, the new
MSC is ready to Serve.
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Comparison of Common Wireless Communication

Systems

Comparison of Mobile Communication Systems - Mobile/Base Station

Required
Coverage Hardware Carrier
System Infra- Complexity Functionality
Range Cost Frequency
Structure
Tv Remote Control Low Low Low Low Infra-Red Tx/Rx

Garage Door Contol Low Low Low Low <100 Mhz Tx/Rx

Paging System High High Low/High Low/High <1GHz Rx/Tx

Cordless Phone Low Low Moderate/Low Low/Moderate <100 MHz Transceiver

Cellular Phone High High High Moderate/High <1 GHz Transceiver

Tx = Transmitter Rx = Receiver
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Cellular Mobile Access Technologies

FDMA Assigns each Call a Separate Frequency
Works like Radio Stations
Mainly Analogue Technology-used by AMPS, NAMPS, E-TACS, NMT-450, JTACS
Not an Efficient Method for Digital Transmission

849 MHz

869 MHz
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Cellular Mobile Access Technologies

TDMA Assigns each Call a
certain Time-Slot on a Designated
Frequency

Each Mobile/User gets one-third of

a total Channel Time-Slot[6.7 ms]
Courtesy of Compression
Techniques: Speech Data in Digital
Form takes considerably less time
Optimal Frequency Usage: System
Capacity improves by three times
Operates both in 800 MHz[IS-54]
and 1900 MHz[IS-136]
Digital Access Technology use by
GSM, USDC, IDEN, PDC and PCS
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Cellular Mobile Access Technologies

CDMA Assigns a Unique Code to
each Call and Spreads it over the entire
bandwidth available
 A form of Spread Spectrum
Technology
Speech Data is sent in small pieces
over number of Discrete Frequencies
available at any time in a specified range
 Receiver uses the same unique Code
to Recover the Speech Data
GPS used for Exact Time Stamp
Can handle 8-10 Calls in the same
Channel Space as one Analogue Channel
An Access Technology for 3G Mobile
Systems[IMT-2000]
Supports both Bands [800 MHz and
1900 MHz]
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Cellular System vs. Personal Communication

System/Network (PCS/PCN)
 Personal Communication Services [PCS] is a system, very
similar to Cellular Phone Service with great emphasis on
personal services (such as Paging, Caller ID, and E-mail]
and mobility
 Originated in UK, to improve its competitiveness in the
field
 PCS has smaller Cell size, therefore, requires more infra-
structure
 PCS works in 1.85-1.99 GHz band
 PCS uses TDMA Technology but with 200 KHz Channel
Bandwidth with eight time-slots[as compared to 30 KHz
and 3 time-slots used by Digital Cellular Phone System IS-
54/IS-136]
 GSM and Cellular Digital Packet Data[CDPD] also use PCS
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Dual Band/Dual Mode Cellular Phones

Dual Band Phone: Supports both bands 800 MHz
and 1900 MHz
Dual Mode Phone: Supports both FDMA and TDMA
Access Technologies
Dual Band/Dual Mode Phone: Supports both
Bands and Both Access Technologies
Tri-Mode Phone: It can Support
FDMA/TDMA/CDMA all Access Tech. A popular version of
Tri-Mode Cellular Phone is the one which supports GSM
[800 MHz as well as 1900 MHz (USA version)] as well as
FDMA.
 Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

 Trends in Cellular radio and Personal

Communications
 PCS/PCN: PCS calls for more personalized services
whereas PCN refers to Wireless Networking Concept-any
person, anywhere, anytime can make a call using PC.
PCS and PCN terms are sometime used interchangeably
 IEEE 802.11: A standard for computer communications
using wireless links[inside building].
 ETSI’s 20 Mbps HIPER LAN: Standard for indoor
Wireless Networks
 IMT-2000 [International Mobile Telephone-2000
Standard]: A 3G universal, multi-function, globally
compatible Digital Mobile Radio Standard is in making
 Satellite-based Cellular Phone Systems
 A very good Chance for Developing Nations to
Improve their Communication Networks