John E. McMurry Robert C.

Fay

General Chemistry: Atoms First

Chapter 6 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Alan D. Earhart Southeast Community College Lincoln, NE

Lecture Notes

Copyright 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Balancing Chemical Equations

A balanced chemical equation shows that the law of conservation of mass is adhered to. In a balanced chemical equation, the numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the reaction arrow are identical. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) left side: 2 Na 2 Cl 2NaCl(s) right side: 2 Na 2 Cl
Chapter 6/2

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) left side: 1 Hg 2N 6O 2K 2I HgI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) right side: 1 Hg 2I 2K 2N 6O

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Chapter 6/3

Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the unbalanced equation using the correct chemical formula for each reactant and product. H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

2. Find suitable coefficientsthe numbers placed before formulas to indicate how many formula units of each substance are required to balance the equation.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

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Chapter 6/4

Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Reduce the coefficients to their smallest wholenumber values, if necessary, by dividing them all by a common divisor. 4H2(g) + 2O2(g) 4H2O(l)

divide all by 2

2H2(g) + O2(g)

2H2O(l)

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Chapter 6/5

Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Check your answer by making sure that the numbers and kinds of atoms are the same on both sides of the equation. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

left side:
4H 2O

right side:
4H 2O

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Chapter 6/6

Chemical Symbols on a Different Level

2H2(g) + O2(g) microscopic: 2H2O(l) 2 molecules of hydrogen gas react with 1 molecule of oxygen gas to yield 2 molecules of liquid water.

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Chapter 6/7

Chemical Symbols on a Different Level

2H2(g) + O2(g) microscopic: 2H2O(l) 2 molecules of hydrogen gas react with 1 molecule of oxygen gas to yield 2 molecules of liquid water. 0.56 kg of hydrogen gas react with 4.44 kg of oxygen gas to yield 5.00 kg of liquid water.

macroscopic:

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Chapter 6/8

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

Chapter 6/9

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

Molecular Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule. Formula Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of any compound, molecular or ionic. C2H4: 2(12.0 amu) + 4(1.0 amu) = 28.0 amu

HCl:

1.0 amu + 35.5 amu = 36.5 amu

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Chapter 6/10

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

One mole of any substance is equivalent to its molecular or formula mass. C2H4: 1 mole = 28.0 g 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 28.0 g

HCl:

1 mole = 36.5 g

6.022 x 1023 molecules = 36.5 g

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Chapter 6/11

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

How many moles of chlorine gas, Cl2, are in 25.0 g? 25.0 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 70.9 g Cl2

= 0.353 mol Cl2

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Chapter 6/12

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

How many grams of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, are in 0.705 mol? 0.705 mol NaOCl x 40.0 g NaOCl 1 mol NaOCl = 28.2 g NaOCl

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Chapter 6/13

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry: The relative proportions in which elements form compounds or in which substances react. aA + bB
Grams of A Moles of A

cC + dD
Moles of B Grams of B

Molar Mass of A

Mole Ratio Between A and B (Coefficients)

Molar Mass of B

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Chapter 6/14

Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), best known as household bleach, are prepared by reaction of sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas: 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

How many grams of NaOH are needed to react with 25.0 g Cl2?
Grams of Cl2 Moles of Cl2 Moles of NaOH Grams of NaOH

Molar Mass

Mole Ratio

Molar Mass
Chapter 6/15

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Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry

Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), best known as household bleach, are prepared by reaction of sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas: 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

How many grams of NaOH are needed to react with 25.0 g Cl2?
25.0 g Cl2 x 1 mol Cl2 2 mol NaOH x 40.0 g NaOH x

70.9 g Cl2

1 mol Cl2

1 mol NaOH

= 28.2 g NaOH
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Yields of Chemical Reactions

Actual Yield: The amount actually formed in a reaction. Theoretical Yield: The amount predicted by calculations. Actual yield of product Theoretical yield of product

Percent Yield =

x 100%

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Chapter 6/17

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

Limiting Reactant: The reactant that is present in limiting amount. The extent to which a chemical reaction takes place depends on the limiting reactant. Excess Reactant: Any of the other reactants still present after determination of the limiting reactant.

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Chapter 6/18

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

At a high temperature, ethylene oxide reacts with water to form ethylene glycol, which is an automobile antifreeze and a starting material in the preparation of polyester polymers: C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) C2H6O2(l)

Because water is so cheap and abundant, it is used in excess when compared to ethylene oxide. This ensures that all of the relatively expensive ethylene oxide is entirely consumed.

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Chapter 6/19

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

At a high temperature, ethylene oxide reacts with water to form ethylene glycol, which is an automobile antifreeze and a starting material in the preparation of polyester polymers: C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) C2H6O2(l)

If 3 moles of ethylene oxide react with 5 moles of water, which reactant is limiting and which reactant is present in excess?
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Chapter 6/20

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

At a high temperature, ethylene oxide reacts with water to form ethylene glycol, which is an automobile antifreeze and a starting material in the preparation of polyester polymers: C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) C2H6O2(l)

Chapter 6/21

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

Lithium oxide is used aboard the space shuttle to remove water from the air supply according to the equation: Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s)

If 80.0 g of water are to be removed and 65.0 g of Li2O are available, which reactant is limiting? How many grams of excess reactant remain? How many grams of LiOH are produced?

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Chapter 6/22

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

Li2O(s) + H2O(g) Which reactant is limiting? Amount of H2O that will react with 65.0 g Li2O: 2LiOH(s)

65.0 g Li2O

1 mol Li2O
29.9 g Li2O

1 mol H2O
1 mol Li2O

= 2.17 moles H2O

Amount of H2O given:

80.0 g H2O

1 mol H2O
18.0 g H2O

= 4.44 moles H2O Li2O is limiting

Chapter 6/23

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Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s) How many grams of excess H2O remain? 2.17 mol H2O x 18.0 g H2O = 39.1 g H2O (consumed)

1 mol H2O

80.0 g H2O - 39.1 g H2O = 40.9 g H2O initial consumed remaining

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Chapter 6/24

Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants

Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s) How many grams of LiOH are produced? 2.17 mol H2O 2 mol LiOH x 23.9 g LiOH x = 104 g LiOH

1 mol H2O

1 mol LiOH

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Chapter 6/25

Concentrations of Reactants in Solution: Molarity

Molarity (M): The number of moles of a substance dissolved in each liter of solution. In practice, a solution of known molarity is prepared by weighing an appropriate amount of solute, placing it in a container called a volumetric flask, and adding enough solvent until an accurately calibrated final volume is reached. Solution: A homogeneous mixture.

Solute: The dissolved substance in a solution.

Solvent: The major component in a solution.
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Chapter 6/27

Concentrations of Reactants in Solution: Molarity

Molarity converts between mole of solute and liters of solution: Moles of solute Molarity = Liters of solution 1.00 mol of sodium chloride placed in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution would have a concentration equal to: 1.00 mol 1.00 L

= 1.00

mol L

or 1.00 M

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Chapter 6/28

Concentrations of Reactants in Solution: Molarity

How many grams of solute would you use to prepare 1.50 L of 0.250 M glucose, C6H12O6? Molar mass C6H12O6 = 180.0 g/mol 1.50 L 0.250 mol x = 0.275 mol 1L 0.275 mol x 180.0 g 1 mol = 49.5 g

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Chapter 6/29

Chapter 6/30

Diluting Concentrated Solutions

concentrated solution + solvent initial final Mi x Vi = Mf x Vf Since the number of moles of solute remains constant, all that changes is the volume of solution by adding more solvent. dilute solution

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Chapter 6/31

Diluting Concentrated Solutions

Sulfuric acid is normally purchased at a concentration of 18.0 M. How would you prepare 250.0 mL of 0.500 M aqueous H2SO4? Mi = 18.0 M Vi = ? mL Vi = Mf x Vf = Mf = 0.500 M Vf = 250.0 mL 0.500 M 250.0 mL x = 6.94 mL

Mi

18.0 M

Add 6.94 mL 18.0 M sulfuric acid to enough water to make 250.0 mL of 0.500 M solution.
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Solution Stoichiometry
aA + bB
Volume of Solution of A Moles of A

cC + dD
Moles of B Volume of Solution of B

Molarity of A

Mole Ratio Between A and B (Coefficients)

Molar Mass of B

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Chapter 6/33

Solution Stoichiometry
What volume of 0.250 M H2SO4 is needed to react with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH? H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Volume of Solution of H2SO4 Moles of H2SO4

Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Moles of NaOH Volume of Solution of NaOH

Molarity of H2SO4

Mole Ratio Between H2SO4 and NaOH

Molarity of NaOH

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Chapter 6/34

Solution Stoichiometry
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Moles of NaOH available: 50.0 mL NaOH x 0.100 mol 1L x 1L 1000 mL = 0.00500 mol NaOH Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Volume of H2SO4 needed: 0.00500 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4 1 L solution 1000 mL x x x 2 mol NaOH 0.250 mol H2SO4 1L 10.0 mL solution (0.250 M H2SO4)
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Titration
Titration: A procedure for determining the concentration of a solution by allowing a carefully measured volume to react with a solution of another substance (the standard solution) whose concentration is known.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Once the reaction is complete you can calculate the concentration of the unknown solution.

How can you tell when the reaction is complete?

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Chapter 6/36

Titration

buret

standard solution (known concentration)

Erlenmeyer flask

unknown concentration solution An indicator is added which changes color once the reaction is complete
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Titration
48.6 mL of a 0.100 M NaOH solution is needed to react with 20.0 mL of an unknown HCl concentration. What is the concentration of the HCl solution? HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Volume of Solution of NaOH Moles of NaOH

NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Moles of HCl Volume of Solution of HCl

Molarity of NaOH

Mole Ratio Between NaOH and HCl

Molarity of HCl

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Chapter 6/39

Titration
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Moles of NaOH available:

48.6 mL NaOH 0.100 mol 1L x x = 0.00486 mol NaOH 1L 1000 mL Moles of HCl reacted: 0.00486 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl = 0.00486 mol HCl x 1 mol NaOH Concentration of HCl solution: 0.00486 mol HCl 1000 mL = 0.243 M HCl x 20.0 mL solution 1L
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Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Percent Composition: Expressed by identifying the elements present and giving the mass percent of each. Empirical Formula: It tells the smallest whole-number ratios of atoms in a compound. Molecular Formula: It tells the actual numbers of atoms in a compound. It can be either the empirical formula or a multiple of it. Multiple =

Molecular mass
Empirical formula mass
Chapter 6/41

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Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

A colorless liquid has a composition of 84.1 % carbon and 15.9 % hydrogen by mass. Determine the empirical formula. Also, assuming the molar mass of this compound is 114.2 g/mol, determine the molecular formula of this compound.
Mass percents Moles Mole ratios Subscripts

Molar masses

Relative mole ratios

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Chapter 6/42

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Assume 100.0 g of the substance:

Mole of carbon:
84.1 g C x Mole of hydrogen: 15.9 g H x 1 mol H 1.0 g H = 15.9 mol H 1 mol C 12.0 g C = 7.01 mol C

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Chapter 6/43

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Empirical formula: C7.01H15.9 smallest value for the ratio C7.01H15.9 = C1H2.27
7.01 7.01

C1H2.27
need whole numbers Molecular formula: multiple = 114.2 57.0 =2

C1x4H2.27x4 = C4H9

C4x2H9x2 = C8H18
Chapter 6/44

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Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis

Combustion Analysis: A compound of unknown composition (containing a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen) is burned with oxygen to produce the volatile combustion products CO2 and H2O, which are separated and weighed by an automated instrument called a gas chromatograph. hydrocarbon + O2(g) xCO2(g) + yH2O(g)

carbon hydrogen

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Chapter 6/45