Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

10 Variations
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Activity 4. (a) ∵ x:4 = 5:2

x 5
=
Activity 10.1 (p. 263) ∴ 4 2
1. (a) $25x 2 x = 20
x = 10
(b) $30y

(b) ∵ 8 : 6 = 16 : x
2. (a) T = 25 x + 30 y 8 16
=
(b) (i) No, T does not vary directly as x. It varies ∴ 6 x
partly as x only. 8 x = 96
(ii) No, T does not vary directly as y. It varies
partly as y only. x = 12

(c) ∵ ( x + 1) : ( x − 1) = 3 : 2
x +1 3
=
Follow-up Exercise ∴ x −1 2
2 x + 2 = 3x − 3
p. 238
x=5
21
=$ / cup p. 242
1. (a) Cost rate 6
= $3.5 / cup y∝x
1. (a) ∵
∴ y = kx, k ≠ 0
20 km By substituting x = 8 and y = 24 into the
=
(b) Travel rate 20 equation, we have
h
60 24 = k × 8
= 60 km/h k =3
∴
y = 3x
$24 (b) When = 6,
x
=
(c) Cost rate 30
dozen y = 3× 6
12
= 18
= $9.6 /dozen

2. ∵ z∝x
30 cm
= ∴ z = kx, k ≠ 0
50 cm
2. (a) 30 cm : 50 cm 3 By substituting x = 4 and z = 12 into the equation,
= we have
5 12 = k × 4
= 3:5
k =3
∴
z = 3x
= 1250 mL : 500 mL x = 32,
1250 mL When z = 3 × 32
=
(b) 1.25 L : 500 mL 500 mL = 96
5
=
2
3. ∵ ( y − 4) ∝ x
= 5:2
∴ y − 4 = kx, k ≠ 0
By substituting x = 8 and y = 8 into the equation,
3. The required ratio we have
= 35 min :1 hr :1 hr 15 min
= 35 min : (1 × 60) min : (1 × 60 + 15) min
= 35 min : 60 min : 75 min
= 35 : 60 : 75
= 7 : 12 : 15

1
 10 Variations

8 − 4 = k ×8 ∴ Percentage change in y
4 1.3 y0 − y0
k= = × 100%
8 y0
1 (1.3 − 1) y0
= = × 100%
2 y0
∴
1 = 30%
y−4 = x
2 ∴ y is increased by 30%.
1
y = x+4
2 3. (a) ∵ C ∝ r2
When y = 10, ∴ C = kr 2 , k ≠ 0
1
10 = x + 4 By substituting r = 6 and C = 20 into the
2 equation, we have
1
6= x 20 = k (6) 2
2
x = 12 20
k=
36
5
p. 243 ∴ =
9
1. ∵ y ∝ x2 5
C = r2
9
∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
C = 45,
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y (b) (i) When
respectively. 5
45 = r 2
∴ New value of x = (1 + 10%) x0 9
∴ r = 81
2
= 1.1x0
y = k (1.1x 0 ) 2 r =9
New value of 2
∴ The radius of the hemisphere is 9 cm.
= 1.21kx 0 r = 0.18 × 100 = 18,
(ii) When
= 1.21 y 0
5
1.21 y0 − y0 C = (18) 2
y= × 100% 9
y0 = 180
∴ Percentage change in
(1.21 − 1) y0 ∴ The cost of painting a hemisphere is
= × 100%
y0 $180.
= 21%
p. 251
∴ y is increased by 21%.
1. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
2. (a) ∵ y∝ x k
∴ y= ,k ≠0
∴ y = k x, k ≠ 0 x
By substituting x = 16 and y = 8 into the By substituting x = 1 and y = 3 into the
equation, we have equation, we have
k
8 = k ( 16 ) 3=
1
8 = 4k
k =3
∴ k=2 ∴ 3
y=
y=2 x x
(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y x = 3,
respectively. (b) When
3
∴ New value of x = (1 + 69%) x0 y=
3
= 1.69 x0
=1
= 2 1.69 x 0
New value of y
= 1.3( 2 x 0 ) 2. ∵ z varies inversely as x.
= 1.3 y 0 k
∴ z= ,k ≠0
x
1
By substituting x = 1 and z = into the equation,
3
we have

2
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

1 k
=
3 1
1
k=
∴ 3
1
z=
3x
z = 2,
When
1
2=
3x
6x = 1
1
x=
6

3. ∵ y2 varies inversely as x.
k
∴ y = ,k ≠0
2

x
By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the equation,
we have
k
32 =
4
k = 36
∴ 36
y2 =
x
y = 5,
When
36
52 =
x
25 x = 36
36
x=
25

p. 253

1
1. (a) ∵ y∝
x2
k
∴ y= 2,k ≠0
x
By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the
equation, we have
k
4=
22
k = 16
∴ 16
y= 2
x

(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

respectively.
∴ New value of x = (1 + 25%) x0
= 1.25 x0
16
=
(1.25 x0 ) 2
New value of y  16 
= 0.64 2 
 x0 
= 0.64 y0

3
 10 Variations

∴ Percentage change in y
0.64 y0 − y0
= × 100%
y0
(0.64 − 1) y0
= × 100%
y0
= −36%
∴ y is decreased by 36%.

1
2. ∵ y∝
x
k
∴ y= ,k ≠0
x
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
∴ New value of x = (1 − 36%) x0
= 0.64 x0
k
y=
0.64 x0
New value of  k 
= 1.25 
 x 
 0 
= 1.25 y0
∴ Percentage change in y
1.25 y0 − y0
= × 100%
y0
(1.25 − 1) y0
= × 100%
y0
= 25%
∴ y is increased by 25%.

3. Let T be the number of days that the food can last and
n be the number of people trapped on an isolated
island.
1
∵ T∝
n
k
∴ T = ,k ≠0
n
By substituting n = 10 and T = 30 into the equation,
we have
k
30 =
10
k = 300
∴ 300
T=
n
n = 12,
When
300
T=
12
= 25
∴ The food can last for 25 days if 2 more people
go ashore on the island.

4
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

p. 261 ∴ Percentage change in z

0.5z 0 − z 0
1. (a) z = kx 2 y 3 = × 100%
z0
kd = −50%
(b) s=
t ∴ z is decreased by 50%.
kb3
(c) a2 =
c p. 269

1. (a) y = k1 x + k 2 x 2
2. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x2 and y.
k2
∴ z = kx 2 y , k ≠ 0 (b) a = k1 +
c2
By substituting x = 2 , y = 9 and z = 24 into k2
(c) A = k1B 2 +
the equation, we have B
24 = k (2) 2 9
k=2 2. (a) ∵ z partly varies directly as x and partly
∴ varies directly as y.
z = 2x 2
y
∴ z = k 1 x + k 2 y , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
y = 16
(b) When x = 3 and , By substituting x = 2 , y = 1 and z = 4 into
z = 2(3) 2 16 the equation, we have
= 72 4 = k1 (2) + k2 (1)
2k1 + k2 = 4 …… (1)
3. (a) ∵ x varies directly as y and inversely as z2. By substituting x = 4 , y = 3 and z = 11 into
ky the equation, we have
∴ x= 2,k ≠0
z 11 = k1 ( 4) + k 2 (3)
By substituting x = 4 , y = 2 and z = 1 into 4k1 + 3k2 = 11 …… (2)
the equation, we have ( 2) − (1) × 2, k 2 = 3
k (2)
4= By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
12
2k1 + 3 = 4
k=2
∴ 1
2y k1 =
x= 2 2
z ∴ 1
y=3 z = x + 3y
(b) When and z = 2 , 2
2(3)
x= 2
2 y=2
(b) When x = 3 and ,
3
= 1
2 z = (3) + 3( 2)
2
15
x =
z∝ 2
4. ∵
y
kx 3. (a) ∵ P partly varies directly as x and partly
∴ z= ,k ≠0
y varies inversely as x.
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z k
∴ P = k 1 x + 2 , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
respectively. x
∴ New value of x = (1 − 25%) x0 By substituting x = 1 and P = 2 into the
= 0.75 x0 equation, we have
y = (1 + 50%) y0 k
New value of 2 = k1 (1) + 2
1
= 1.5 y0
k1 + k 2 = 2 …… (1)
k (0.75 x 0 )
z = By substituting x = 2 and P = 7 into the
1.5 y 0 equation, we have
New value of kx
= 0.5  0 
k
7 = k 1 ( 2) + 2
 y0  2
= 0.5 z 0 4k 1 + k 2 = 14 …… (2)
( 2) − (1), 3k1 = 12
k1 = 4

5
 10 Variations

By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have 1

3= x
4 + k2 = 2 4
k 2 = −2 x = 12

∴ 2 When y = 6,
P = 4x −
x 1
6= x
4
(b) When x = 4 , x = 24
2 When x = 40,
P = 4( 4) −
4 1
31 y = (40)
= 4
2 = 10
When x = 60,
4. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
1
directly as n. y = (60)
C = k 1 + k 2 n, where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0 4
∴
= 15
By substituting n = 10 and C = 1750 into the
equation, we have
1750 = k1 + k 2 (10)
(b) ∵ y varies directly as x.
k1 + 10k2 = 1750 …… (1) ∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0
By substituting n = 25 and C = 3625 into the By substituting x = 3 and y = 6.6 into the
equation, we have equation, we have
3625 = k1 + k 2 ( 25) 6.6 = k × 3
k1 + 25k 2 = 3625 …… (2) k = 2.2
( 2) − (1), 15k 2 = 1875 ∴
y = 2.2 x
k 2 = 125 When = 2.2,
y
By substituting k2 = 125 into (1), we have 2.2 = 2.2 x
k1 + 10(125) = 1750 x =1
k1 = 500 When x = 6,
∴
C = 500 + 125n y = 2.2(6)
= 13.2
(b) When n = 20 , When y = 17.6,
C = 500 + 125( 20) 17.6 = 2.2 x
= 3000 x = 8
3000
=$
The cost per head 20 When y = 19.8,
= $150 19.8 = 2.2 x
x=9

Exercise 2. (a) (i) ∵ y varies directly as x.

20
=
∴ Variation constant 30
Exercise 10A (p. 245)
2
Level 1 =
1. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x. 3
∴ y = kx, k ≠ 0 (ii) The equation connecting x and y is
By substituting x = 32 and y = 8 into the 2
y= x.
equation, we have 3
8 = k × 32
1 (b) (i) ∵ y varies directly as x.
k= −20
4 ∴ Variation constant =
∴ 10
1
y= x = −2
4
When y = 3, (ii) The equation connecting x and y is
y = −2 x .

6
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

3. (a) (b) When V = 32 ,

1
32 = d 3
2
∴ d 3
= 64
d =4

6. (a) ∵ y∝ x
∴ y = k x, k ≠ 0
2
By substituting x = 16 and y = 2 into the
3
equation, we have
2
2 = k 16
3
8
= k ( 4)
3
∴ 2
k=
3
2
y= x
3

(b) When x = 9 ,
2
y= 9
3
2
= (3)
(b) From the graph, when x = 8 , y = 12 3
=2
4. (a) ∵ A varies directly as l 2.
7. ∵ ( y − 1) ∝ 3 x
∴ A = kl 2 , k ≠ 0
y −1 = k3 x, k ≠ 0
By substituting l = 4 and A = 48 into the ∴
equation, we have y −1
3
=k
48 = k (4) 2 x
48 = 16k For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2), we have
∴ k =3
y1 − 1 y −1
A = 3l 2 = 2
3
x1 3
x2

(b) When l = 3 , By substituting x1 = 27 , y1 = 7 and x2 = 64 into

the equation, we have
A = 3( 3 ) 2
= 3(3) 7 −1 y −1
= 32
=9 3
27 64
6 y2 − 1
=
5. (a) ∵ V varies directly as d 3 . 3 4
V = kd 3 , k ≠ 0 8 = y2 − 1
∴
y2 = 9
1
By substituting d = 5 and V = 62 into the
2 i.e. When x = 64 , y = 9
equation, we have
1 8. ∵ y ∝ x2
62 = k (5)3
2
∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
125
= k (125) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
2
respectively.
∴ 1
k=
2 ∴ New value of x = (1 − 75%) x 0
= 0.25 x 0
1 3
V = d
2

7
 10 Variations

y = k (0.25 x 0 ) 2
New value of 2
= 0.0625kx 0
= 0.0625 y 0
∴ Percentage change in y
0.0625 y 0 − y 0
= × 100%
y0
(0.0625 − 1) y 0
= × 100%
y0
= −93.75%
∴ y is decreased by 93.75%.

8
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

9. ∵ S ∝ t Level 2
∴ S = kt , k ≠ 0
13. (a) ∵ ( y + 2) ∝ x
3
By substituting t = × 60 = 45 and S = 45 into ∴ y + 2 = kx , k ≠ 0
4
the equation, we have By substituting x = 3 and y = 13 into the
equation, we have
45 = k ( 45) 13 + 2 = k (3)
k =1 k = 5
∴ ∴
S = t y + 2 = 5x
When t = 25 , i.e. y = 5x − 2
S = 25 (b) When x = 2 ,
∴ The train travels 25 km in 25 minutes. y = 5( 2) − 2
= 8
10. ∵ C ∝ x2
∴ C = kx 2 , k ≠ 0 (c) When y = 3x ,
3x = 5 x − 2
By substituting x = 4 and C = 96 into the
equation, we have 2x = 2
x = 1
96 = k ( 4) 2
k = 6 14. (a) ∵ y 2 ∝ ( x − b)
∴
C = 6x 2
∴ y 2 = k ( x − b), k ≠ 0
When x = 3 ,
By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into the
C = 6(3) 2
equation, we have
= 54
2 2 = k ( 3 − b)
∴ The cost of painting a cube of side 3 cm is $54. ...... (1)
4 = k ( 3 − b)
11. ∵ ( y − 1) ∝ x 3 By substituting x = 9 and y = 4 into the
equation, we have
∴ y − 1 = kx 3 , k ≠ 0
4 2 = k (9 − b)
By substituting k = 1 and x = 1 into the equation, ...... (2)
16 = k (9 − b)
we have
y − 1 = (1)(1) 3
16 k ( 9 − b)
y = 2 =
4 k (3 − b)
By substituting k = 1 and x = 2 into the equation, 9 −b
we have (2) ÷ (1), 4 =
3− b
y − 1 = (1)( 2) 3 12 − 4b = 9 − b
y = 9 3b = 3
∴ The two possible pairs of x and y are x = 1 , b =1
y = 2 or x = 2 , y = 9 . (or any other
reasonable answers)
4 = k (3 − 1)
(b) From (1),
12. ∵ y varies directly as x. 2k = 4
∴ y = kx , k ≠ 0 k = 2
y + 2 kx + 2 ∴ y2 = 2( x − 1)
=
x + 2 x + 2
k ( x + 2 ) − 2k + 2 (c) When y = 6 ,
=
x + 2 6 2 = 2( x − 1)
2 − 2k 18 = x − 1
= k +
x + 2
x = 19
2 − 2k
Obviously, k + is not a constant.
x + 2
∴ ( y + 2) does not vary directly as ( x + 2) . 15. (a) ∵ y ∝ x2
∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
By substituting x = t and y = 2 into the
equation, we have
...... (1)
2 = kt 2

9
 10 Variations

By substituting x = t + 1 and y = 8 into the 1

∴ The distance apart from the lightning is
equation, we have 3
...... (2) km when the time between the thunder and
8 = k (t + 1) 2
lightning is only 1 second.

8 k (t + 1) 2 18. (a) Let $V be the value of the diamond and W carats

=
2 kt 2 be the weight of the diamond.
(t + 1) 2 ∵ V ∝ W3
4 =
t2 ∴ V = kW 3 , k ≠ 0
(2) ÷ (1), 4t = t + 2t + 1
2 2
By substituting W = 2 and V = 6400 into the
equation, we have
3t − 2t − 1 = 0
2

6400 = k ( 2) 3
(3t + 1)( t − 1) = 0
k = 800
1 ∴
t = − or t = 1 V = 800W 3
3
When W = 3.5 ,
V = 800(3.5) 3
(b) When t = 1 ,
= 34 300
from (1), 2 = k (1)
2

∴ The value of a diamond weighing

k = 2
3.5 carats is $34 300.
∴ y = 2x 2
(b) Original value = $6400
16. ∵ v ∝ t
New value = $[2 × 800(1)]
∴ v = kt , k ≠ 0 = $1600
By substituting t = 2.5 and v = 25 into the $(6400 − 1600)
equation, we have Percentage loss = $6400
× 100%
25 = k ( 2.5)
= 75%
k = 10
∴
v = 10t
19. (a) The number of kilocalories and the weight of
When t = 5.5 ,
the potato chips are in direct variation.
v = 10(5.5)
= 55 (b) ∵ E ∝ W
∴ The speed of the body is 55 m/s after it has ∴ E = kW , k ≠ 0
fallen for 5.5 s.
By substituting W = 200 and E = 1000 into
the equation, we have
17. (a) ∵ t ∝ d
1000 = k ( 200)
∴ t = kd , k ≠ 0
k = 5
By substituting d = 5 and t = 15 into the ∴
E = 5W
equation, we have
15 = k (5)
(c) When W = 70 ,
k = 3
∴ E = 5(70)
t = 3d
= 350
∴ If Sally has eaten 70 g of potato chips, she
(b) (i) When d = 3 ,
has taken 350 kcal.
t = 3(3)
= 9 20. (a) ∵ V ∝ m
∴ It takes 9 seconds for you to hear the ∴ V = k 1 m, k 1 ≠ 0
thunder from lightning that is 3 km ∵ m ∝ t
away.
∴ m = k 2 t, k 2 ≠ 0
(ii) When d = 8 ,
t = 3(8) V = k1 m
= 24 = k 1 (k 2 t )
∴ It takes 24 seconds for you to hear = k1 k 2 t
the thunder from lightning that is = k 3 t (where k 3 = k 1 k 2 ≠ 0)
8 km away.
∴ V varies directly as t.
(c) When t = 1 ,
1 = 3d
1
d =
3

10
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

V + m = k1 k 2 t + k 2 t When x = 28,
(b) = ( k 1 k 2 + k 2 )t 56
y =
= k 4 t (where k 4 = k 1 k 2 + k 2 ≠ 0) 28
= 2
∴ (V + m ) varies directly as t.
When x = 56,
21. (a) ∵ V ∝ (m + t ) 56
y =
∴ V = k 1 ( m + t ), where k 1 ≠ 0 56
∵ m ∝ (t + V ) = 1
∴ m = k 2 (t + V ), where k 2 ≠ 0
V = k 1 (m + t ) (b) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
= k 1 {[(k 2 ( t + V )] + t} k
∴ y = , k ≠ 0
x
= k 1 k 2 t + k 1 k 2V + k 1 t
By substituting x = 12 and y = 5 into the
(1 − k 1 k 2 )V = ( k 1 k 2 + k 1 )t equation, we have
k k + k1 k
V =  1 2 t
 5 =
 1 − k1 k 2  12
k1 k 2 + k1 k = 60
V = k 3 t (where k 3 = ≠ 0) ∴
1 − k1 k 2 60
y =
x
∴ V varies directly as t.
When x = 2,
m = k 2 (t + V ) 60
y =
(b) m = k 2 [t + k 1 ( m + t )] 2
= 30
m = k 2 t + k1 k 2 m + k1k 2 t
(1 − k 1 k 2 )m = ( k 2 + k 1 k 2 ) t When y = 15,
k + k1 k 2 60
15 =
m =  2 t
 x
 1 − k1 k 2 
x = 4
k 2 + k1 k 2
m = k 4 t (where k 4 = ≠ 0) When x = 6,
1 − k1 k 2
∴ m varies directly as t. 60
y =
6
Exercise 10B (p. 254) = 10
Level 1 When y = 6,
1. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
60
k 6 =
∴ y = , k ≠ 0 x
x
x = 10
By substituting x = 4 and y = 14 into the
equation, we have When y = 4,
k 60
14 = 4 =
4 x
k = 56 x = 15
∴
56
y =
x 2. (a) (i) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
When x = 2, = 30 × 12
∴ Variation constant
56 = 360
y =
2
= 28 (ii) The equation connecting x and y is
360
y = .
When x = 7, x
56
y =
7 (b) (i) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
= 8 ∴ = 5×5
Variation constant
= 25
When x = 8,
56 (ii) The equation connecting x and y is
y =
8 25
y = .
= 7 x

11
 10 Variations

3. (a) 6. (a) ∵ ( y + 2) varies inversely as x2.

k
∴ y + 2 = 2 , k ≠ 0
x
1
By substituting x = and y = 25 into the
3
equation, we have
k
25 + 2 = 2
1
 
 3
27 = 9k
k = 3
3
∴ y + 2 = 2
x
(b) From the graph, when x = 24 , y = 7.5 3
i.e. y = 2 − 2
x
4. (a) ∵ F varies inversely as d 2 .
k (b) When y = x 2 ,
∴ F = 2 , k ≠ 0
d 3
1 x2 = − 2
By substituting d = 4 and F = into the x2
4
x4 = 3 − 2x 2
equation, we have
1 k x 4 + 2x 2 − 3 = 0
= 2
4 4 (x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 3) = 0
k = 4 x 2 = 1 or x 2 = −3 (rejected)
∴
4 x = ±1
F = 2
d By substituting x = 1 into y = x 2 , we have

(b) When d = 2 , y = 12 = 1
4 By substituting x = −1 into y = x 2 , we have
F = 2
2 y = ( −1) 2 = 1
=1
∴ The value of y is 1 when y = x 2 .

5. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as 3 x . 1

7. ∵ y ∝
k x2
∴ y = 3 , k ≠ 0
x k
∴ y = 2 , k ≠ 0
1 x
By substituting x = 27 and y = into the
6 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
equation, we have respectively.
1
= 3
k ∴ New value of x = (1 − 20%) x 0
6 27 = 0.8 x 0
1 k
k = y =
∴ 2 (0.8 x 0 ) 2
1 New value of
y = 3  k 
2 x = 1.5625 2 
 x0 
1 = 1.5625 y 0
(b) When x = ,
8 ∴ Percentage change in y
1 1.5625 y 0 − y 0
y = = × 100%
1 y0
2 3
8
(1.5625 − 1) y 0
1 = × 100%
= y0
1
2   = 56.25%
2
= 1 ∴ y is increased by 56.25%.

12
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

8. Let h cm be the height of the cylinder and A cm2 be

the base area of the cylinder.
1
∵ h ∝
A
k
∴ h = , k ≠ 0
A

By substituting A = 2 and h = 30 into the

equation, we have
k
30 =
2
k = 60
∴
60
h =
A

When h = 15 ,
60
15 =
A
A = 4

∴ The base area of the cylinder is 4 cm2 when the

height is 15 cm.

Level 2

1
9. (a) ∵ y ∝
x + a
k
∴ y = , k ≠ 0
x + a
By substituting x = 4 and y = 25 into the
equation, we have
k
25 =
4 + a
k ...... (1)
5 =
4 + a
By substituting x = 8 and y = 625 into the
equation, we have
k
625 =
8+ a
k ..... (2)
25 =
8+ a

k
25 8 + a
=
5 k
4 + a
(2) ÷ (1), 4 + a
5 =
8+ a
40 + 5a = 4 + a
4a = −36
a = −9

k
(b) From (1), 5 = 4 + ( −9)
k = −25
25
∴ y = −
x − 9

13
 10 Variations

(c) When y = 4 ,
25
4 = −
x − 9
2 x − 18 = −25
2 x = −7
7
x = −
2

10. (a) Let $V be the value of the flat and A years old
be the age of the flat.
1
∵ V ∝
A
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
A

By substituting A = 4 and V = 1 500 000 into

the equation, we have
k
1 500 000 =
4
k = 6 000 000
∴
6 000 000
V =
A

The age of the flat in 2004 is ( 4 + 4) years old,

i.e. 8 years old.
When A = 8 ,
6 000 000
V =
8
= 750 000

∴ The value of the flat in 2004 is $750 000.

(b) When V = 2 000 000 ,

6 000 000
2 000 000 =
A
A = 3

∴ The flat was worth $2 000 000 in 1999.

1
11. ∵ V ∝
P
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
P
k
i.e. P = , k ≠ 0
V
Let V0 and P0 be the original volume and pressure of
the gas respectively.
∴ New volume = (1 − 10%)V 0
= 0.9V 0
k
=
0.9V 0
New pressure 10  k 
=  
9  V0 
10
= P
9 0

14
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

∴ Percentage change in pressure

10
P0 − P0
= 9 × 100%
P0
 10 − 1 P
 9  0
= × 100%
P0
1
= 11 %
9
1
∴ The pressure is increased by 11 %.
9

1
12. (a) ∵ p ∝
n
k
∴ p = , k ≠ 0
n
By substituting n = 1600 and p = 2.5 into the
equation, we have
k
2.5 =
1600
k = 100
∴
100
p =
n

(b) When p = 4 ,
100
4 =
n
n = 25
n = 625
∴ 625 bottles are available on the island
when the retail price is $4.

(c) When n = 2500 ,

100
p =
2500
= 2
∴ The retail price is $2 when the number of
bottles available on the island is 2500.

1
13. (a) ∵ V ∝
T
k
∴ V = , k ≠ 0
T
By substituting T = 1.8 and V = 265 into the
equation, we have
k
265 =
1.8
k = 477
∴
477
V =
T
When T = 2.5 ,
477
V =
2.5
= 190.8
∴ The average speed of the helicopter is
190.8 km/h when its travelling time is
2.5 hours.

15
 10 Variations

(b) When V = 210 , 16. (a) The length of the rectangle and the width of the
477 rectangle are in inverse variation.
210 = 1
T (b) ∵ l ∝
T = 2.27 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) w
∴ The travelling time of the helicopter is k
∴ l = , k ≠ 0
2.27 h when its average speed is 210 km/h. w
By substituting w = 20 and l = 45 into the
14. Let n be the number of workers and T be the number equation, we have
of months needed to complete the job. k
1 45 =
∵ n ∝ 20
T k = 900
k ∴
∴ n = , k ≠ 0 900
T l =
w
By substituting T = 21 and n = 56 into the
equation, we have
(c) When w = 18 ,
k 900
56 = l =
21 18
k = 1176 = 50
∴
1176 ∴ The length of the rectangle is 50 cm when
n =
T its width is 18 cm.
When T = 7 ,
1176 (d) When the rectangle becomes a square, l = w .
n =
7 When l = w ,
= 168 900
w =
168 − 56 = 112 w
∴ An additional 112 workers has to be employed w 2 = 900
to complete the same job in 7 months. w = 30 or w = −30 (rejected)
∴ The length of the rectangle is 30 cm when
1
15. (a) ∵ n ∝ it becomes a square.
d
k 1 1
∴ n =
d
, k ≠ 0 17. (a) ∵ ( x + y ) ∝  + 
x y
By substituting d = 40 and n = 800 into the
k
equation, we have x + y = ,k ≠ 0
1 1
k ∴ +
800 = x y
40
kxy
k = 32 000 x + y =
∴ x + y
32 000
n = ∴ ( x + y ) 2 = kxy
d
( x + y ) 2 ∝ xy
(b) When d = 80 ,
32 000 ( x + y ) 2 = kxy , k ≠ 0
n =
80
x 2
+ 2 xy + y 2 = kxy
= 400 (b)
∴ The front wheel of a bicycle with a x 2 + y 2 = ( k − 2) xy
diameter of 80 cm would make 400 1
xy = (x 2 + y 2 )
revolutions in travelling 1 km. k − 2
∵ k ≠ 0
(c) When n = 200 , 1
32 000 ∴ ≠ 0
200 = k − 2
d 1
d = 160 By letting k ′ = , we have
k − 2
∴ The diameter of the front wheel of a
xy = k ′( x 2 + y 2 ), k ′ ≠ 0
bicycle is 160 cm if it makes only 200
revolutions in travelling 1 km. ∴ xy ∝ ( x 2 + y 2 )

16
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

Exercise 10C (p. 261) 3(4) 2

Level 1 12 =
t
1. (a) ∵ P varies jointly as m and n.
∴ P = kmn, k ≠ 0 t =4
By substituting m = 3, n = 5 and P = 120 into t = 16
the equation, we have
120 = k (3)(5)
u3
k =8 5. (a) ∵ w∝
v2
∴ P = 8mn
ku 3
∴ w = 2 ,k ≠ 0
(b) When m = 4 and n = 6, v
P = 8(4)(6) By substituting u = 6, v = 3 and w = 2 into the
equation, we have
= 192
k (6)3
2= 2
3
2. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x and y2.
1
∴ z = kxy2, k ≠ 0 k=
By substituting x = 3, y = 2 and z = 3 into the 12
equation, we have u3
∴ w=
3 = k (3)(2) 2 12v 2
1
k= (b) When w = 3u 3 ,
4
1 2 u3
∴ z = xy 3u 3 =
4 12v 2
36v 2 = 1
(b) When x = 5 and y = 4, 1
1 v2 =
z = (5)(4) 2 36
4 1
= 20 v=±
6

3. (a) ∵ a varies directly as b and inversely as c2.

6. ∵ C ∝ d 2t
kb
∴ a = 2 ,k ≠ 0 ∴ C = kd 2 t , k ≠ 0
c
By substituting a = 1, b = 3 and c = 3 into the Let d0, t0 and C0 be the original values of d, t and C
equation, we have respectively.
k (3) ∴ New value of d = (1 + 40%)d 0
1= 2 = 1.4d 0
3
k =3 New value of t = (1 − 20%)t 0
3b = 0.8t 0
∴ a= 2
c New value of C = k (1.4d 0 ) 2 (0.8t 0 )
(b) When b = 2 and c = 2,
3( 2) = 1.568kd 0 2 t 0
a= 2 = 1.568C0
2
3 1.568C 0 − C0
=
2 ∴ Percentage change in C = C0
× 100%

= 56.8%
4. (a) ∵ 2
y varies directly as u and inversely as t . ∴ C is increased by 56.8%.
2
ku Level 2
∴ y= ,k ≠ 0
t pq
7. (a) ∵ W ∝
By substituting u = 2, t = 9 and y = 4 into the r2
equation, we have kpq
k (2) 2 ∴ W = 2 ,k ≠ 0
4= r
9 By substituting p = 4, q = 3, r = 2 and W = 15
k =3 into the equation, we have
3u 2
∴ y=
t

(b) When u = 4 and y = 12,

17
 10 Variations

k (4)(3)
15 =
22 M 1M 2
10. ∵ F∝
k =5 d2
5 pq kM 1M 2
∴ W = 2 ∴ F= ,k ≠ 0
r d2
Let (M1)0, (M2)0, d0 and F0 be the original values of
(b) When W = 6, p = 3 and r = 5, M1, M2, d and F respectively.
5(3)q New value of M 1 = 0.5( M 1 )0
6= ∴
52 New value of M 2 = 0.5( M 2 ) 0
q = 10 New value of d = 2d 0
k[0.5( M 1 ) 0 ][0.5( M 2 ) 0 ]
8. ∵ T ∝ wn New value of F =
(2d 0 ) 2
∴ T = kwn, k ≠ 0
 k (M 1 )0 (M 2 )0 
T = 0.0625 
i.e. w = , k ≠ 0 d0
2
kn  
Let T0, n0 and w0 be the original values of T, n and w = 0.0625 F0
respectively. new value of F
∴ New value of T = 2T0 The required ratio =
original value of F
New value of n = 3n0
2T0 0.0625 F0
New value of w = ∴ =
k (3n0 ) F0
1
2  T0  =
=   16
3  kn0 
 = 1 : 16
2
= w0
3
A
2 11. (a) ∵ n∝
w0 − w0 d
∴ w= 3 × 100% kA
Percentage change in w0 ∴ n= ,k ≠ 0
d
1
= −33 % By substituting A = 1500, d = 50 and n = 12 000
3 into the equation, we have
1 k (1500)
∴ w is decreased by 33 % . 12 000 =
3 50
k = 400
9. (a) ∵ V ∝ r 2h 400 A
∴ n=
∴ V = kr h, k ≠ 0
2
d
By substituting r = 3, h = 4 and V = 108 into the
equation, we have (b) When A = 1200 and d = 80,
400(1200)
108 = k (3) 2 (4) n=
80
k =3
= 6000
∴ V = 3r 2 h

(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h

and V respectively. V
12. ∵ x∝
∴ New value of r = 0.5r0 P
New value of h = 2h0 kV
∴ x= ,k ≠ 0
V = 3(0.5r0 ) 2 (2h0 ) P
New value of 2 Let x1 min, V1 cm3 and P1 W be the time required to
= 0.5(3r0 h0 )
boil the first kettle of water, the volume of water in
= 0.5V0 the first kettle and the power of the stove to boil the
new value of V first kettle of water, and x2 min, V2 cm3 and P2 W be
The required ratio = the time required to boil the second kettle of water,
original value of V
the volume of water in the second kettle and the
0.5V0 power of the stove to boil the second kettle of water
∴ =
V0 respectively.
1
=
2
= 1: 2

18
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

kV1 k1 3 x
x1 =  (1) z=
∴ P1 2
 k2 
kV  
x2 = 2  (2)  x 
P2 1
x2
x1 kV1 P2 = k1 x 3 ×
= × k2
2

x2 P1 kV2
7
x1 V1 P2 k1
= (x 3 )
(1) ÷ (2), x = V × P k2
2
2 2 1

9 9 13 ∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.

= × k1
x2 13 12 ∴ 2 is also a non-zero constant.
x2 = 12 k2

The time required to boil the second kettle of k1

∴ By letting k 3 = 2 , we have
water is 12 min. k2
7

y z = k3 x 3 , where k3 is a non-zero constant.

13. ∵ z ∝
x z 3 = k3 x 7 , where k3 is a non-zero constant.
ky
∴ z = 1 , where k1 is a non-zero constant … (1) i.e. z 3 ∝ x 7
x
1
∵ y∝ Exercise 10D (p. 270)
x Level 1
k2 1. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies
∴ y= , where k2 is a non-zero constant.
x directly as x2.
k2 ∴ z = k1 + k 2 x 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
i.e. x = , where k2 is a non-zero constant … (2)
y By substituting x = 2 and z = 4 into the equation,
By substituting (2) into (1), we have we have
ky 4 = k1 + k 2 ( 2) 2
z= 1
k2 k1 + 4k2 = 4  (1)
y 13
k1 2 By substituting x = 3 and z = into the
= (y ) 2
k2 equation, we have
∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants. 13
= k1 + k 2 (3) 2
k1 2
∴ is also a non-zero constant. 13
k2 k1 + 9k 2 =  (2)
k1 2
By letting k3 = , we have 5
k2 5k 2 =
(2) – (1), 2
z = k3 y 2 , where k3 is a non-zero constant.
1
k2 =
i.e. z ∝ y2 2
1
By substituting k2 = into (1), we have
2
3
x 1
14. ∵ z ∝ k1 + 4  = 4
y2 2
k1 3 x k1 = 2
∴ z= , where k1 is a non-zero constant … (1)
y2 1 2
∴ z = 2+ x
1 2
∵ x∝
y
(b) When x = 4,
k2 1
∴ x= , where k2 is a non-zero constant. z = 2 + ( 4) 2
y 2
k2 = 10
i.e. y = , where k2 is a non-zero constant … (2)
x
By substituting (2) into (1), we have 2. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as s and partly
varies directly as s3.
∴ w = k1s + k2s3, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting s = 6 and w = 56 into the
equation, we have

19
 10 Variations

56 = k1 (6) + k 2 (6) 3 square of c.

6k1 + 216k 2 = 56 k2
∴ a = k1 b + , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
c2
3k1 + 108k 2 = 28  (1)
By substituting b = 1, c = 1 and a = 3 into the
By substituting s = 12 and w = 436 into the equation, we have
equation, we have k
436 = k1 (12) + k2 (12)3 3 = k1 1 + 22
1
12k1 + 1728k 2 = 436 k1 + k 2 = 3  (1)
3k1 + 432k 2 = 109  (2) 5
324k2 = 81 By substituting b = 4, c = 2 and a = into the
2
(2) – (1),
1 equation, we have
k2 =
4 5 k
= k1 4 + 22
1 2 2
By substituting k2 = into (1), we have 8k1 + k 2 = 10  (2)
4
1
3k1 + 108  = 28 (2) – (1), 7 k1 = 7
4 k1 = 1
1 By substituting k1 = 1 into (1), we have
k1 =
3 1 + k2 = 3
1 1 3 k2 = 2
∴ w= s+ s
3 4 2
∴ a= b+
c2
(b) When s = 2,
1 1 (b) When b = 16 and c = 3,
w = (2) + (2)3
3 4 2
a = 16 + 2
8 3
=
3 38
=
9
3. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies
inversely as the square root of y. 5. (a) ∵ E is partly constant and partly varies
k directly as x.
∴ z = k1 + 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
y ∴ E = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 300 and E = 680 into the
By substituting y = 1 and z = 8 into the equation,
equation, we have
we have
680 = k1 + k 2 (300)
k
8 = k1 + 2 k1 + 300k 2 = 680  (1)
1
By substituting x = 450 and E = 845 into the
k1 + k 2 = 8  (1)
equation, we have
By substituting y = 4 and z = 7 into the equation, 845 = k1 + k2 (450)
we have
k1 + 450k2 = 845  (2)
k
7 = k1 + 2
4 (2) – (1), 150k 2 = 165
2k1 + k 2 = 14  (2) k 2 = 1.1
(2) – (1), k1 = 6 By substituting k2 = 1.1 into (1), we have
By substituting k1 = 6 into (1), we have k1 + 300(1.1) = 680
6 + k2 = 8 k1 = 350
k2 = 2 ∴ E = 350 + 1.1x
2
∴ z = 6+ (b) When x = 380,
y
E = 350 + 1.1(380)
(b) When y = 25, = 768
∴ The daily expenditure of hiring a taxi is
2
z = 6+ $768 for travelling a distance of 380 km.
25
32 6. Let $C be the cost of holding a class picnic and n be
= the number of students in the class.
5
∵ C is partly constant and partly varies directly as
n.
4. (a) ∵ a partly varies directly as the square root ∴ C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
of b and partly varies inversely as the By substituting n = 40 and C = 2000 into the

20
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

equation, we have 2 = 5 + k2 (−1) + k3 (−1) 2

2000 = k1 + k 2 ( 40)
k 2 − k3 = 3  (1)
k1 + 40k 2 = 2000  (1) By substituting x = 2 and y = 5 into the
By substituting n = 38 and C = 1940 into the equation, we have
equation, we have 5 = 5 + k 2 ( 2) + k3 (2) 2
1940 = k1 + k 2 (38)
2 k 2 + 4 k3 = 0
k1 + 38k2 = 1940  (2)
k 2 + 2 k3 = 0  (2)
(1) – (2), 2k 2 = 60 3k3 = −3
k 2 = 30 (2) – (1),
k3 = −1
By substituting k3 = –1 into (1), we have
By substituting k2 = 30 into (2), we have
k2 − (−1) = 3
k1 + 38(30) = 1940
k2 = 2
k1 = 800
∴ C = 800 + 30n ∴ y = 5 + 2x − x2
When n = 43,
C = 800 + 30( 43) (b) When y = –3,
= 2090 − 3 = 5 + 2x − x2
∴ The cost for a class of 43 students is $2090. x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0
7. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
inversely as n. x = − 2 or x = 4
k
∴ C = k1 + 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
n y = 5 + 2x − x2
By substituting n = 2000 and C = 225 into the
equation, we have = −( x 2 − 2 x − 5)
k (c) = −( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 − 5)
225 = k1 + 2
2000 = −( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 6
2000k1 + k 2 = 450 000 …… (1) = 6 − ( x − 1) 2
By substituting n = 5000 and C = 210 into the
equation, we have ∴ The maximum value of y is 6.
k
210 = k1 + 2 9. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as l and partly
5000
varies directly as w2.
5000k1 + k2 = 1 050 000  (2)
∴ C = k1l + k2w2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
(2) – (1), 3000k1 = 600 000 By substituting l = 1, w = 20 and C = 200 000
k1 = 200 into the equation, we have
By substituting k1 = 200 into (1), we have 200 000 = k1 (1) + k 2 ( 20) 2
2000(200) + k2 = 450 000 k1 + 400k 2 = 200 000 …… (1)
k2 = 50 000 By substituting l = 1.5, w = 10 and C = 150 000
50 000 into the equation, we have
∴ C = 200 + 150 000 = k1 (1.5) + k 2 (10) 2
n
150 000 = 1.5k1 + 100k 2
(b) When n = 8000, 200
k1 + k 2 = 100 000 …… (2)
50 000 3
C = 200 +
8000 1000
= 206.25 (1) – (2), 3 k 2 = 100 000
∴ The cost of producing a copy of the video
k 2 = 300
game is $206.25.
By substituting k2 = 300 into (2), we have
Level 2 200
k1 + (300) = 100 000
8. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly 3
as x and partly varies directly as x2. k1 = 80 000
∴ y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2 , k3 ≠ 0 ∴ C = 80 000l + 300w2
By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the
equation, we have (b) When l = 2 and w = 15,
5 = k1 + k2 (0) + k3 (0) 2 C = 80 000(2) + 300(15) 2
k1 = 5 = 227 500
By substituting x = –1 and y = 2 into the ∴ The cost of building a road is $227 500
equation, we have when the length is 2 km and the width is

21
 10 Variations

15 m. 10. (a) ∵ S is partly constant and partly

varies directly as A.
∴ S = k1 + k2A, where k1, k2 ≠ 0
By substituting A = 300 000 and S = 7000 into
the equation, we have
7000 = k1 + k 2 (300 000)
k1 + 300 000k2 = 7000  (1)
By substituting A = 400 000 and S = 9000 into
the equation, we have
9000 = k1 + k 2 ( 400 000)
k1 + 400 000k2 = 9000  (2)
100 000k 2 = 2000
(2) – (1),
1
k2 =
50
1
By substituting k2 = into (1), we have
50
 1 
k1 + 300 000  = 7000
 50 
k1 = 1000
1
∴ S = 1000 + A
50

(b) When A = 350 000,

1
S = 1000 + (350 000)
50
= 8000
∴ Her income for that month is $8000.

(c) When S = 20 000,

1
20 000 = 1000 + A
50
1
19 000 = A
50
A = 950 000
∴ The amount of her sales should be
$950 000.

11. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies

inversely as n.
k
∴ C = k1 + 2 , where k1, k2 ≠ 0
n
By substituting n = 1000 and C = 53 000 into
the equation, we have
k
53 000 = k1 + 2
1000
1000k1 + k 2 = 53 000 000 …… (1)
By substituting n = 2000 and C = 58 000 into
the equation, we have
k
58 000 = k1 + 2
2000
2000k1 + k 2 = 116 000 000 …… (2)
1000k1 = 63 000 000
(2) – (1),
k1 = 63 000
By substituting k1 = 63 000 into (1), we have
1000(63 000) + k2 = 53 000 000
k2 = −10 000 000

22
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

10 000 000 (b) When x = 20,

∴ C = 63 000 −
n P = 800(20) − 5( 20) 2
= 14 000
(b) When n = 4000,
10 000 000
C = 63 000 − P = 800 x − 5 x 2
4000
= 60 500 = −5( x 2 − 160 x)
(c)
∴ The cost of printing 4000 copies of the = −5( x 2 − 160 x + 802 − 802 )
school magazine is $60 500.
= 32 000 − 5( x − 80) 2
12. (a) Let L0 cm and Le cm be the original length and When x = 80, P attains its maximum value.
the extended length of the spring respectively. ∴ The price of the magazine is $80 in order
∵ Le ∝ W to obtain the maximum profit.
∴ Le = kW, k ≠ 0
10.1 − L0 = k (2)  (1) Revision Exercise 10 (p. 274)
11.3 − L0 = k (3.5)  (2) Level 1
1. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x2.
11.3 − L0
( 2) ÷ (1), = 1.75 ∴ y = kx 2 , k ≠ 0
10.1 − L0
11.3 − L0 = 17.675 − 1.75 L0 By substituting x = 3 and y = 36 into the
equation, we have
0.75 L0 = 6.375
36 = k (3) 2
L0 = 8.5
k=4
∴ The original length of the spring is 8.5 cm. ∴
y = 4x2
(b) By substituting L0 = 8.5 into (1), we have
10.1 − 8.5 = 2k 4
(b) When y = ,
k = 0.8 25
∴ Le = 0.8W 4
= 4x2
∵ L = L0 + Le 25
∴ L = 8.5 + 0.8W 1
x2 =
25
(c) When L = 2(8.5) = 17, 1
17 = 8.5 + 0.8W x=±
5
W = 10.625
∴ The weight of the load is 10.625 kg when
the length of the spring is double that of 2. (a) ∵ ( y + 2) ∝ x
the original length. ∴ y + 2 = k x, k ≠ 0
13. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x and z varies directly By substituting x = 9 and y = 7 into the
as x2. equation, we have
∴ y = k1x and z = k2x2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0 7+2 = k 9
∵ P=y+z 9 = 3k
∴ P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 ≠ 0 ∴ k =3
By substituting x = 160 and P = 0 into the
equation, we have y+2=3 x
0 = k1 (160) + k2 (160) 2 i.e. y =3 x −2
k1 + 160k2 = 0  (1)
By substituting x = 80 and P = 32 000 into the (b) When y = 10 ,
equation, we have
10 = 3 x − 2
32 000 = k1 (80) + k 2 (80) 2
3 x = 12
k1 + 80k 2 = 400  (2)
x =4
(1) – (2), 80k2 = −400
k2 = −5 x = 16
By substituting k2 = –5 into (1), we have
k1 + 160( −5) = 0 3. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
k1 = 800 k
∴ y= ,k≠0
x
∴ P = 800x – 5x2
By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the
equation, we have

23
 10 Variations

k (b) When a = 3 and c = 4 ,

3=
4 3b
3=
k = 12 2( 4) 2
∴
12 3b = 96
y=
x b = 32

(b) When y = 5 ,
12 7. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as x and partly
5=
x varies directly as y.
12 w = k 1 x + k 2 y , where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0
x= ∴
5
By substituting x = 4 , y = 9 and w = 13 into
4. (a) ∵ x varies inversely as ( 2 y + 3) . the equation, we have
k 13 = k1 4 + k 2 9
∴ x= ,k≠0
2y + 3 2k1 + 3k 2 = 13 ...... (1)
By substituting x = 6 and y = 10 into the By substituting x = 9 , y = 16 and w = 18 into
equation, we have the equation, we have
k 18 = k1 9 + k 2 16
6=
2(10) + 3
3k1 + 4k 2 = 18 ...... (2)
k = 138
∴ (1) × 3 − (2) × 2, k 2 = 3
138
x= By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
2y + 3
2k1 + 3(3) = 13
(b) When x = 8 , k1 = 2
138 w = 2 x +3 y
8= ∴
2y + 3
16 y + 24 = 138 (b) When x = 16 and y = 25 ,
16 y = 114 w = 2 16 + 3 25
57 = 23
y=
8
8. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies
5. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x2 and y. inversely as x.
∴ z = kx 2 y, k ≠ 0 k
∴ y = k1 + 2 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 5 , y = 2 and z = 100 into x
the equation, we have By substituting x = 10 and y = 251 into the
100 = k (5) 2 (2) equation, we have
k
k=2 251 = k1 + 2
∴ 10
z = 2x2 y 10k1 + k2 = 2510 ...... (1)
By substituting x = 1 and y = 260 into the
(b) When x = 2 and y = 3 ,
equation, we have
z = 2( 2) 2 (3) k
260 = k1 + 2
= 24 1
k1 + k 2 = 260 ...... (2)
6. (a) ∵ a varies directly as b and inversely as c2. (1) − (2), 9k1 = 2250
kb k1 = 250
∴ a= 2,k≠0
c
By substituting k1 = 250 into (2), we have
By substituting a = 1 , b = 6 and c = 3 into the
250 + k2 = 260
equation, we have
k (6) k2 = 10
1= 2
3 10
∴ y = 250 +
3 x
k=
∴ 2
3b
a= 2
2c

24
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(b) When x = 5 , k (1.2 x0 ) 2

z=
10 (0.9 y0 )
y = 250 +
5 New value of  kx 2 
= 252 = 1.6 0 
 y 
 0 
= 1.6 z0
9. ∵ y∝ x
∴ y = k x, k ≠ 0 1.6 z0 − z0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y ∴ Percentage change in z = × 100%
z0
respectively.
= 60%
∴ New value of x = (1 + 69%) x0 ∴ z is increased by 60%.
= 1.69 x0
y = k 1.69 x0 x2
12. ∵ z∝
New value of y
= 1.3k x0
kx 2
= 1.3 y0 ∴ z= ,k ≠ 0
y
1.3 y0 − y0
∴ Percentage change in y = × 100% Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
y0 respectively.
= 30% ∴ New value of x = 2x0
∴ y is increased by 30%. New value of y = 0.5 y0

1 k (2 x 0 ) 2
10. ∵ y ∝ 2 z =
0.5 y 0
x
New value of 2
k  kx 
∴ y = 2 ,k ≠ 0 = 8 0 
x  y0 
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y = 8z0
respectively.
8 z0 − z0
∴ New value of x = (1 + 50%) x0 ∴ Percentage change in z = × 100%
= 1.5 x0 z0
= 700%
k
y= ∴ z is increased by 700%.
(1.5 x0 ) 2
New value of 4  k  13. Let $C be the value of the circular gold plate and d be
= the diameter of the circular gold plate.
9  x0 2 
∵ C ∝ d2
4
= y0 ∴ C = kd 2 , k ≠ 0
9
4
y0 − y0 Let $C1 and d1 be the value and the diameter of the
y = 9 × 100% smaller circular gold plate, and $C2 and d2 be the
∴ Percentage change in y0 value and the diameter of the larger circular gold
5 plate.
= −55 % 2
9 ∴ C1 = kd1 ...... (1)
5 C2 = kd 2
2
...... (2)
∴ y is decreased by 55 % .
9 2
C1 kd
= 12
x2 C2 kd 2
11. ∵ z∝ 2
y C1  d1 
= 
kx 2 C2  d 2 
∴ z= ,k ≠ 0 (1) ÷(2),
y 2
2000  2 
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z = 
C2 3
respectively.
2000 4
∴ New value of x = (1 + 20%) x0 =
= 1.2 x0 C2 9
C2 = 4500
y = (1 − 10%) y0
New value of ∴ The value of the larger plate is $4500.
= 0.9 y0

25
 10 Variations

14. Let T be the time taken to drink a bottle of cola and d 7590 = k1 + k2 (750)
be the diameter of the straw. k1 + 750k 2 = 7590 ...... (2)
1
∵ T∝ 2 600k2 = 3840
d (2) − (1),
k 32
k2 =
∴ T = 2 ,k ≠ 0 5
d
32
By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
Let T0 and d0 be the original values of T and d 5
respectively.  32 
k1 + 150  = 3750
∴ New value of d = 2d 0  5 
k k1 = 2790
T =
( 2d 0 ) 2 32
New value of ∴ C = 2790 + n
 k  5
= 0.25 2 
 d0 
(b) When n = 200 ,
= 0.25T0
32
0.25T0 − T0 C = 2790 + (200)
∴ Percentage change in T = × 100% 5
T0 = 4070
= −75% ∴ The cost of making 200 coats is $4070.
∴ The time taken is decreased by 75%.
17. ∵ y varies inversely as x.
15. Let $C be the cost of the gold coin, T mm be the k
thickness of the gold coin and d cm be the diameter ∴ y= ,k≠0
x
of the gold coin.
By substituting x = 15 and y = 20 into the equation,
∵ C ∝ Td 2
we have
∴ C = kTd 2 , k ≠ 0 k
20 =
15
Let $C1, T1 mm and d1 cm be the cost, the thickness
k = 300
and the diameter of the first gold coin, and $C2, ∴
T2 mm and d2 cm be the cost, the thickness and the 300
y=
diameter of the second gold coin respectively. x
2
∴ C1 = kT1d1 ...... (1) Take x = 5 ,
C2 = kT2 d 2
2 300
...... (2) y=
5
2
C1 kT d = 60
= 1 12
C2 kT2 d 2 Take x = 10 ,
2 300
C1 T1  d1  y=
= ×  10
C2 T2  d 2 
= 30
2
16 3  4  ∴ The ordered pairs (5, 60) and (10, 30) lie on the
(1) ÷(2), 27 = 4 ×  d  graph. (or any other reasonable answers)
 2
16 64 18. (a) ∵ The expenditure ($E) of the party includes
2
=
d2 81 buying gifts and food. $400 is spent for the
2 81 × 16 gifts and the expenditure of food is $F.
d2 = ∴ E = 400 + F and it is in partial variation.
64
= 20.25 (b) ∵ 12 L of drink is provided for N classmates
d 2 = 4.5 or − 4.5 (rejected) and each classmate is supposed to
consume x mL of the drink.
∴ The diameter of the second coin is 4.5 cm.
12 000
∴ x = and it is in inverse variation.
x
16. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
directly as n. (c) ∵ Each classmate has to pay $40 for the food
C = k 1 + k 2 n, where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 and the expenditure of food is $F.
∴
∴ F = 40 N and it is in direct variation.
By substituting n = 150 and C = 3750 into the
equation, we have
3750 = k1 + k 2 (150)
k1 + 150k2 = 3750 ...... (1)
By substituting n = 750 and C = 7590 into the
equation, we have

26
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

Level 2
19. (a) ∵ y ∝ ( ax − 3) (b) By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
∴ y = k ( ax − 3), k ≠ 0 4 k
=
By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into the 3 2(2) − 1
equation, we have k=4
3 = k ( 4a − 3) ...... (1) 4
∴ y=
By substituting x = 5 and y = 6 into the 2x − 1
equation, we have
6 = k (5a − 3) ...... (2) (c) When y = 4 x ,
4
6 k (5a − 3) 4x =
= 2x − 1
3 k ( 4a − 3)
5a − 3 2 x2 − x − 1 = 0
2 = ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
(2) ÷(1), 4a − 3
8a − 6 = 5a − 3 1
x=− or x = 1
3a = 3 2
a =1
x2 y
21. (a) ∵ w∝
(b) By substituting a = 1 into (1), we have z3
3 = k [4(1) − 3] kx 2 y
k =3
∴ w= ,k≠0
z3
∴ y = 3( x − 3)
By substituting x = 1 , y = 1 , z = 1 and w = 2
(c) ∵ y = 3( x − 3) into the equation, we have
= 3x − 9 k (1) 2 1
When 2 y = 3 x , 2 =
13
y = 2y − 9 k = 2
y=9 2x2 y
∴ w=
z3
1
20. (a) ∵ y∝
ax − 1 (b) When y = 2w = 2 x = 2 z , i.e. y = 2 x , w = x
k and z = x ,
∴ y= ,k ≠0
ax − 1 2x2 y
w=
4 z3
By substituting x = 2 and y = into the
3 2x2 2x
equation, we have x=
x3
4 k
= x4 = 2x2 2x
3 a ( 2) − 1
4 k x2
= ...... (1) = 2x
3 2a − 1 2
4 x4
By substituting x = 4 and y = into the = 2x
7 4
equation, we have x4 = 8x
4 k x4 − 8x = 0
=
7 a ( 4) − 1 x( x 3 − 8) = 0
4 k ...... (2)
= x = 0 (rejected) or x 3 = 8
7 4a − 1
x=2
4 k
3 = 2a − 1
4 k 22. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly
7 4a − 1 as x and partly varies directly as x2.
(1) ÷(2), 7 4a − 1 ∴ y = k 1 + k 2 x + k 3 x 2 , where
=
3 2a − 1 k1 , k 2 , k 3 ≠ 0
14a − 7 = 12a − 3 By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the
2a = 4 equation, we have
a=2

27
 10 Variations

5 = k1 + k 2 (0) + k3 (0) 2 Let r0 and h0 be the original values of r and h

respectively.
k1 = 5
∴ h = (1 − 19%) h0
By substituting x = 2 and y = 15 into the New value of
= 0.81h0
equation, we have
k′
15 = 5 + k2 ( 2) + k3 (2) 2 r=
0.81h0
k 2 + 2 k3 = 5 ......
New value of 10  k ′ 
(1) =  
9  h0 
By substituting x = −2 and y = 11 into the
equation, we have 10
= r0
11 = 5 + k2 (−2) + k3 (−2) 2 9
10
k2 − 2k3 = −3 ...... (2) r0 − r0
4k3 = 8 ∴ r= 9 × 100%
(1) − (2), Percentage change in r0
k3 = 2 1
= 11 %
By substituting k3 = 2 into (1), we have 9
k 2 + 2( 2) = 5 ∴ The base radius of the cone is increased by
k2 = 1 1
11 %.
∴ y = 5 + x + 2x2 9

(b) When y = 6 ,
25. ∵ E ∝ mv 2
6 = 5 + x + 2x2 ∴ E = kmv 2 , k ≠ 0

2x2 + x − 1 = 0
Let m0, v0 and E0 be the original values of m, v and E
( x + 1)(2 x − 1) = 0 respectively.
1 ∴ New value of m = 2m0
x = − 1 or x =
New value of v = (1 − 20%)v0
2
= 0.8v0
23. Let V cm3 be the volume of the metal cube and x cm E = k ( 2m0 )(0.8v0 ) 2
be the length of the side of the cube. New value of 2
∵ V ∝ x3 = 1.28 km0v0
∴ V = kx 3 , k ≠ 0 = 1.28 E0
1.28 E0 − E0
Total volume of the three metal cubes
∴ Percentage change in E = E0
× 100%

= [k (3)3 + k ( 4)3 + k (5)3 ] cm3 = 28%

= k (27 + 64 + 125) cm3 ∴ The kinetic energy of the moving body is
increased by 28%.
= 216k cm3

Let VL cm3 and xL cm be the volume and the length of 26. (a) ∵ V ∝ r 2h
the side of the larger cube. ∴ V = kr 2 h, k ≠ 0
3
∵ VL = kxL
3 By substituting r = 4 , h = 30 and V = 160
216k = kxL
∴ into the equation, we have
3
xL = 216 160 = k ( 4) 2 (30)
xL = 6 1
k=
∴ 3
∴ The length of the side of the new cube is 6 cm. 1 2
V = r h
3
1
24. ∵ r2 ∝ When V = 540 and h = 27 ,
h
1
k 540 = r 2 (27)
r2 = , k ≠ 0 3
h
r 2 = 60
∴ k
r= ,k ≠0 r = 60
h
k′ = 2 15
r= , k′ ≠ 0
h

28
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h 1

and V respectively. ∴ T = 30 + n
5
∴ New value of r = 2r0
New value of h = 0.5h0 (b) When n = 300 ,
1
T = 30 + (300)
1 5
V = (2r0 ) 2 (0.5h0 )
3 = 90
New value of ∴ The monthly charge is $90 if the airtime
1 2 
= 2 r0 h0  used is 300 minutes.
3 
= 2V0 (c) Let $T0 be the mobile phone charge in last
2V0 − V0 month.
∴ Percentage change in V = V × 100%
1
0 ∵ T = 30 + n
= 100% 5
∴ V is increased by 100%. 1
∴ T0 = 30 + n0
5
1 2
(c) ∵ V = r h
3 When T = 2T0 ,
3V 1
∴ r= 2T0 = 30 + n
h 5
Let V0, h0 and r0 be the original values of V, h  1  1
2 30 + n0  = 30 + n
and r respectively.  5  5
∴ New value of V = (1 + 36%)V0 2
60 + n0 = 30 + n
1
= 1.36V0 5 5
h = h0 2 1
New value of 30 + n0 = n
5 5
3(1.36V0 ) n = 150 + 2n0
r=
h0
∴ The airtime used in this month is
New value of  3V0  (150 + 2n0 ) minutes.
= 1.36  
 h0 
 
28. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies
= 1.36 r0 inversely as n.
1.36 r0 − r0 k
∴ Percentage change in r = × 100% ∴ C = k1 + 2 , where k1 , k2 ≠ 0
r0 n
= 16.6% (cor. to 1 d.p.) By substituting n = 200 and C = 250 into the
equation, we have
∴ r is increased by 16.6%.
k
250 = k1 + 2
27. (a) ∵ T is partly constant and partly varies 200
directly as n. 200k1 + k 2 = 50 000 ...... (1)
∴ T = k 1 + k 2 n, where k 1 , k 2 ≠ 0 By substituting n = 400 and C = 200 into the
By substituting n = 400 and T = 110 into the equation, we have
equation, we have k
200 = k1 + 2
110 = k1 + k 2 (400) 400
k1 + 400k 2 = 110 400k 1 + k 2 = 80 000 ...... (2)
...... (1)
By substituting n = 600 and T = 150 into the
equation, we have (2) − (1), 200k1 = 30 000
150 = k1 + k2 (600) k1 = 150
k1 + 600k 2 = 150 ...... (2) By substituting k1 = 150 into (1), we have
( 2) − (1), 200k 2 = 40 200(150) + k 2 = 50 000
1 k 2 = 20 000
k2 =
5 20 000
∴ C = 150 +
1 n
By substituting k 2 = into (1), we have
5 (b) When n = 500 ,
 
1 20 000
k1 + 400  = 110 C = 150 +
5 500
k1 = 30 = 190

29
 10 Variations

25 000 (2) − (1), k2 = −1

Profit of a rice cooker = $ 500
By substituting k 2 = −1 into (1), we have
= $50 k1 + 4( −1) = 2
∴ The selling price of each rice cooker
k1 = 6
= $(190 + 50)
= $240
∴ C = 6r − r 2

(b) When r = 2 ,
29. (a) ∵ P is partly varies directly as x and partly C = 6(2) − (2) 2
varies directly as x2.
=8
∴ P = k1 x + k 2 x 2 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
By substituting x = 20 and P = 60 000 into
C = 6r − r 2
the equation, we have
= − ( r 2 − 6r )
60 000 = k1 ( 20) + k2 ( 20) 2
(c)
k1 + 20k 2 = 3000 = − ( r 2 − 6r + 3 2 − 3 2 )
...... (1)
By substituting x = 30 and P = 75 000 into = − ( r 2 − 6r + 3 2 ) + 9
the equation, we have = −( r − 3) 2 + 9
75 000 = k1 (30) + k2 (30) 2 When r = 3 , C attains its maximum value.
k1 + 30k 2 = 2500 ...... (2) ∴ The radius of the model is 3 cm such that
the cost is a maximum.
10k 2 = −500
(2) − (1), 31. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies
k 2 = −50 directly as x.
By substituting k2 = −50 into (1), we have ∴ y = k + k ′x, where k , k ′ ≠ 0
k1 + 20(−50) = 3000 From the graph, when x = 0 , y = 3000 .
k1 = 4000 By substituting x = 0 and y = 3000 into the
equation, we have
∴ P = 4000 x − 50 x 2
3000 = k + k ′(0)
(b) When x = 35 , k = 3000
P = 4000(35) − 50(35) 2
= 78 750 (b) From the graph, when x = 120 , y = 6000 .
∴ The total profit is $78 750 if the selling x = 120 y = 6000
By substituting and into the
price of each VCD is $35. equation, we have
6000 = 3000 + k ′(120)
P = 4000 x − 50 x 2 k ′ = 25
= −50( x 2 − 80 x) ∴ y = 3000 + 25 x
(c)
= −50( x 2 − 80 x + 40 2 − 402 )
(c) When x = 700 ,
= −50( x 2 − 80 x + 40 2 ) + 80 000
y = 3000 + 25(700)
= −50( x − 40) 2 + 80 000
= 20 500
When x = 40 , P attains its maximum value.
∴ The monthly income of the salesperson is
∴ The maximum profit from selling the
$20 500 if the number of items sold is 700.
VCDs is $80 000 and the corresponding
selling price of each VCD is $40.
32. (a) ∵ ( x2 − y 2 ) ∝ (x2 + y 2 )
30. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as r and partly ∴ x 2 − y 2 = k ( x 2 + y 2 ), k ≠ 0
varies directly as the square of r. x 2 − y 2 = kx 2 + ky 2
∴ C = k1r + k2 r 2 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0
( k + 1) y 2 = ( k − 1) x 2
By substituting r = 4 and C = 8 into the
k −1 2
equation, we have y2 = x
k +1
8 = k1 ( 4) + k2 (4) 2
k −1
k1 + 4k2 = 2 ...... (1) y= x
k +1
By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the
∵ k≠0
equation, we have
5 = k 1 (5) + k 2 (5) 2 k −1
∴ ≠0
k 1 + 5k 2 = 1 ...... (2) k +1

30
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

k −1 1  1 
By letting k ′ = , we have (b) x −
3
= k  x 3 + 3 , k ≠ 0
k +1 y 3
 y 
y = k ′x, k ′ ≠ 0
 1  x 1   1  x 1 
i.e. y∝x  x −  x 2 + + 2  = k  x +  x 2 − + 2 
 y  y y   y  y y 
(b) ∵ y∝x  2 x 1 
x − + 2 
y = k ′′x, where k ′′ ≠ 0 1 y y  1
∴ x − = k  x + 
x − y = x − k ′′x y  2 x 1  y
x + + 2 
= (1 − k ′′) x  y y 
x + y = x + k ′′x  x 2 y 2 − xy + 1  1
= k  2 2  x + 

= (1 + k ′′) x  x y + xy + 1 
 y 
x − y (1 − k ′′) x  2  k ′ 2
=  k′  
x + y (1 + k ′′) x  x   − x  + 1
x x 
1 − k ′′ = k   2
=  ′ ′ 
1 + k ′′  x 2  k  + x  k  + 1 
1 − k ′′    x   x  
x − y =   ( x + y)
 1 + k ′′   1
 x + 
1 − k ′′  y
∵ ≠ 0 , provided that k ′′ ≠ −1 and
1 + k ′′
 k ′2 − k ′ + 1   1
k ′′ ≠ 1 . = k  2  x + 

 k ′ + k ′ + 1  y 
1 − k ′′
By letting k ′′′ = , we have
1 + k ′′  k ′2 − k ′ + 1 
By letting k ′′ = k  2  , we have

x − y = k ′′′( x + y ), k ′′′ ≠ 0  k′ + k′ + 1 
i.e. ( x − y) ∝ ( x + y) 1  1
x− = k ′′ x + , k ′′ ≠ 0
y  y
 3 1   3 1 
33. (a) ∵  x − 3  ∝  x + 3   1  1
 y   y  ∴  x −  ∝  x + 
 y  y
1  1 
∴ x3 − = k  x 3 + 3 , k ≠ 0
y3  y  Multiple Choice Questions (p. 278)
k +1
(1 − k ) x3 = 3
y 1. Answer: C
∵ x varies directly as y2.
k +1 1
y =
3
× ∴ x = ky 2 , k ≠ 0
1 − k x3
y=2
k +1 1 By substituting and x = 20 into the equation,
y=3 × we have
1− k x
20 = k ( 2) 2
k +1
By letting k ′ = 3 , we have k =5
1− k ∴
x = 5y2
k′
y= , k′ ≠ 0 When x = 80 ,
x
1 80 = 5 y 2
∴ y∝
x y 2 = 16
y =±4

2. Answer: A
∵ (3 x + 5 y ) ∝ ( 4 x − 6 y )
∴ 3 x + 5 y = k (4 x − 6 y ), k ≠ 0
(5 + 6k ) y = ( 4k − 3) x
4k − 3 
y =  x
 5 + 6k 
4k − 3
k′ =
By letting 5 + 6k , we have
y = k ′x, k ′ ≠ 0
y∝x
i.e.

31
 10 Variations

3. Answer: B By substituting x = 5 and y = −115 into the

∵ y varies inversely as ( x + 1) 2 . equation, we have
k − 115 = k1 (5) + k 2 (5)3
∴ y= , k≠0
( x + 1) 2 k1 + 25k 2 = −23 …… (2)
1
By substituting x = 2 and
y= (2) – (1), 16k 2 = −16
3 into the equation, k 2 = −1
we have
By substituting k 2 = −1 into (1), we have
1 k
= k1 + 9(−1) = −7
3 ( 2 + 1) 2
1 k k1 = 2
=
3 9 ∴ y = 2 x − x3
∴ k =3
3 8. Answer: A
y= ∵ z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y.
( x + 1) 2
kx 2
When y = 12 , ∴ z= ,k ≠0
3 y
12 = Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
( x + 1) 2
respectively.
4( x + 1) 2 = 1
∴ New value of x = (1 + 30%) x0
4x + 8x + 3 = 0
2
= 1.3 x0
( 2 x + 1)(2 x + 3) = 0 y = (1 + 30%) y0
New value of
1 3 = 1.3 y0
x=− or x = −
2 2
k (1.3x 0 ) 2
z =
1.3 y 0
4. Answer: D New value of 2
 kx 
∵ ( x + y ) varies inversely as ( x − y ) . = 1.3 0 
k  y0 
∴ x+ y = , k≠0
x− y = 1.3 z 0
k 1.3z0 − z0
x− y = , k≠0 ∴ Percentage increase in z = z0
× 100%
x+ y
( x − y ) varies inversely as ( x + y ) . = 30%
∴
9. Answer: B
5. Answer: B
∵ x varies inversely as y and directly as z2. ∵ xy = 1 × 315 = 3 × 105 = 5 × 63 = 7 × 45
= 9 × 35 = 315
kz 2
∴ x= , where k is a non-zero constant 315
y ∴ y=
x
xy
=k y ∝
1
z2 , where k is a non-zero constant ∴
x

6. Answer: D
∵ z ∝ ( y + 2) and y ∝ ( x − 1) 10. Answer: D
∴ z = k1 ( y + 2) and y = k 2 ( x − 1) , where ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as
k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 x.
∴ y = k1 + k2 x, where k1 , k2 ≠ 0
z = k1 ( k2 x − k2 + 2)
= k1k2 x − k1k2 + 2k1
Let’s Discuss
7. Answer: A
∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies p. 244
directly as the cube of x.
1. Only graph number ③ shows the relation y varies
∴ y = k1 x + k 2 x 3 , where k1 , k 2 ≠ 0 directly as x. It is because the graph of direct variation
By substituting x = 3 and y = −21 into the is a straight line passing through the origin.
equation, we have
2. Yes
− 21 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3)3
k1 + 9k 2 = −7 …… (1)

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