Telecommunication Network

( OFC Transmission )

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DEPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL FIBRE IN TELECOMMUNICATION

1. 2. 3. 4. INTER OFFICE TRUNKING - LAN TERRESTRIAL LONG HAUL SYSTEMS Intercity (sw to sw) LOOP FEEDERS - DLC SUBMARINE LONG HAUL SYSTEMS.

REQUIRMENT OF OPTICAL NETWORKING

1. FIBRE MUST BE CAPABLE OF CARRYING MORE WAVELENGTHS OVER LARGER DISTANCE. HIGHER BIT RATES POWER LEVELS (HIGHER)

2. 3.

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What is Fibre?
Connects Glass medium Carry Glass medium Light signals for long Distances Transmitter & receiver

Benefits: High speed data communication in the range of 10gbps Less attenuation(signal loss) over long distances Reduction in Signal strengthening for long distances High bandwidth Greater resistance to lightning, electromagnetic induction, interference More privacy- cannot be tapped Less maintenance & light weight
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Components
L/s view 3 2 1 1. Core 2. Cladding 3. Buffer coating C/s view

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Cable Construction

Armored cable Based on protection Unarmored cable Unitube cable Based on cable design Multitube cable Based on configuration 6f, 12f, 24f, 48f, 96f

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Central tube type design

Steel wire strength member HDPE sheeth

Fibres bundle Central tube Stainless steel tape

Jelly

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Multi tube type design

Armor Outer PE sheath Polyester film FRP (strength member) Dummy (fillers) Multi tubes

Filling compound

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Color codes
11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Fiber identification
Blue Orange
Green Brown Slate

24 f Unitube
Multi tube

Threaded

White Red
Black Yellow Violet 48 f Unitube Multi tube

Separated by tubes

Threaded

Pink Aqua

Separated by tubes
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Attenuation
Scattering Major cause Light will be absorbed and converted into heat by glass Light collides with every molecules atoms in the glass Light may get absorbed by Dopants & residual OH+the cladding or get reflected major absorbents back to the source Occurs strongly around So, wavelength to be chosen 1000nm-1600nm greater for long distance Factors leading to attenuation
Micro bends in fibers Core cracks Kinks & bends while blowing/pulling Poor splicing & routing of fibers Improper coiling in joint pits & loop pits Poor handling of connectors, patch chords

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Absorption

Loss of signal

2. (a) Ist GENERATION OF SYSTEM USED MULTI MODE FIBRE

OPERATING AT 850 nm. WAVE LENGTH WINDOW. (short lengths)

(b) IInd GENERATION OF SYSTEM USED SINGAL MODE FIBRE OPERATING AT 1310 nm. SECOND WINDOW LOSS IS LESS THAN 0.50 db/km (c) IIIrd GENERATION OF SYSTEM USES IIIrd WINDOW WAVELENGTH - 1550 nm. LOSS IS LESS THAN 0.20 db/km.
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(d) TODAYS OPTICAL NETWORK USES DWDM IN

3rd WINDOW (THE C - BAND NEAR 1550 nm. )

(e)

FUTURE COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS EXPECTED

TO OPERATE IN 4th WINDOW (L-BAND NEAR 1600 nm. )

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DISPERSION

DISPERSION IS THE EFFECT OF PULSE WIDENING OF PULSE WIDTH, WHEN THE OPTICAL PULSE IS TRANSMITTED OVER LONG OPTICAL FIBER.
(Dispersion is a Vector Quantity may be ve or +ve)

DISPERSION DETERMINES THE MAXIMUM

AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH DATA RATE IN FIBRE SYSTEM

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THREE TYPES OF DISPERSION ARE PREDOMINATE.

1. MULTI-PATH OR MULTIMODE DISPERSION 2. MATERIAL OR CHROMATIC DISPERSION 3. WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION OR F.S.D. (Fiber Structural Discontd)

THE 1st TWO TYPES OF DISPERSION ARE APPLICABLE FOR FIBRE

MM

WHILE 2nd AND 3rd TYPE OF DISPERSION ARE APPLICABLE FOR SM FIBRE

CHROMATIC DISPERSION AND WAVEGUIDE DEPENDS ON THE R.I. OF THE FIBRE MATARIAL.

DISPERSION

ARE

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DESIGN FEATURES
THE LEVEL OF THE DISPERSION DEPENDS ON

1. 2. 3.

DOPING LEVELS OF IMPURITIES THE VALUES OF R.I. DIFFERENCE () CORE RADIUS (R)

BY USING VARIOUS COMBINATION BETWEEN DOPING LEVEL, DOPING PROFILES, AND CORE RADIUS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE ZERO DISPERSION AT OTHER WAVELENGTH BETWEEN 1300 nm. TO 1600 nm..

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TOTAL DISPERSION
TO MINIMISE THE TOTAL DISPERSION IT IS DESIRABLE TO OPERATE AT WAVELENGTH GREATER THAN 1300 nm. TO ALLOW THE SMALL POSITIVE CHROMATIC DISPERSION TO GET CANCLE THE SMALL NEGATIVE WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION. AS A RESULT NET DISPERSION IS ZERO. HOWEVER CURRENT SYSTEM ARE OPERATING AT 1550 nm. BECAUSE OF 1. 2. LOW ATTENUATION COMPATIBLE WITH EDFA (Erabium Dopped Fiber Amplifier)

3.

COMPATIBLE WITH DWDM

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DISPERSION COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT AT 1550 NM WINDOW THE DISPERSION IS 17 ps/nm-km ON DISPERSION UNSHIFTED FIBRE.SO MAXIMUM DISTANCE IS.
Transmission Data Rate (Gb/s) 2.5 10 40 Estimated Dispersion (ps/nm) 16,640 1,040 65 Maximum Distance (km) 980 60 4

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ITU RECOGNIZES 4 TYPES OF S.M. FIBRES

1. DISPERSION UNSHIFTED FIBRE

(ITU. RECOMM G-652) ITS CHROMATIC DISPERSION MINIMUM AT 1310 nm. ITS CHROMATIC DISPERSION AT 1550 nm. IS HIGH (17-20 ps/ nm/km)

THIS IS CONVENTIONAL FIBRE

HENCE DISPERSION COMPENSATION IS REQUIRED AT BIT RATES ABOVE 2.5 Gb/s ON LONG HAUL.

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DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE

(ITU RECOMM - G - 653) THIS FIBRE SHIFTS THE MINIMUM CHROMATIC DISPERSION WAVELENGTH FROM 1310 TO 1550 nm.. IT WAS CONSIDERED IDEAL FIBER DUE TO ITS 1. 2. LOW DISPERSION LOW ATTENUATION

3.

COMPATIBLE WITH EDFA

IT HAS CERTAIN DISADVANTAGE DUE TO NONLINEAR EFFECTS.

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 THIS FIBRE CAN OPERATE AT MINIMUM ATTENUATION AND MINIMUM DISPERSION.

THIS FIBRE IS CALLED DSF (Dispersion Shifted Fiber)

ITS PRIMARY APPLICATION FOR SUBMARINE SYSTEMS.

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1550 - m. LOSS - MINIMIZED FIBRE (ITU RECOMM - G - 654)

IT HAS VERY LOW LOSS (0.15db/km) AT 1550 nm. WAVELENGTH. LOW LOSS IS ACHIVED BY USING PURE SILICA GLASS IN THE FIBRE CORE AND DEEPLY DOWN DOPED SILICA AS FIBRE CLADDING. ALSO MAINTAINING A HIGH CUT-OFF WAVELENGTH TO REDUCE THE FIBRES SENSITIVITY TO BENDING BASED LOSSES. IT IS EXPENSIVE.

ITS MAIN APPLICATION IS IN REPEARTER LESS SUBMARINE SYSTEMS.

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NON ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE (ITU - RECCOM - G - 655)

THIS FIBRE SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE LATEST GENERATION OF AMPLIFIED DWDM SYSTEMS.
ITS DISPERSION CAN EFFECTIVLY HANDLE THE PROBLEM OF FOURWAVE MIXING DUE TO FIBRE NONLINEAR EFFECT. THIS FIBRE ENSURES THAT INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL RATES OF 10 Gb/s TO DISTANCE MORE THAN 250 km WITHOUT DISPERSION COMPENSATION.

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