Historical Perspective

NURSING HISTORY

PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY

Intuitive Period Apprentice Period
Educative Period Contemporary Period

Usually run by instinct

Prehistoric Early Christian Era NOMADS travelers ( wander from one place to another)
Survival of the fittest Best for the most motto

Sickness is due to voodoo Performed out: of feeling of compassion for others

of desire to help
of wish to do good care is given by the WOMEN

NOMADS

SHAMAN uses white magic to counteract the black magic

They are the doctors during those time.

TREPHINING drilling the skull

Used to treat Psychotic patients Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits.

Growth of religion most important thing that happened

Growth of civilization
Law of self preservation inspire man in search of knowledge

SHAMAN

A shaman is a medicine man or woman.

TREPHINING

From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development of urban community life
Existence of means of communication Start of scientific knowledge more complex life increase in health problems demand for more nurses

Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there was progress in the practice of Medicine. Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic

CODE OF HAMMURABI
1st recording on the medical practice Established the medical fees Discouraged experimentation Specific doctor for each disease

Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure

BABYLONIANS

EGYPTIANS
ART OF EMBALMING
Mummification
Removing the internal organs of the dead body Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead

Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy

THE 250 DISEASES

Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments

 Teachings of MOSES
Father of sanitation

Practice the values of Hospitality to strangers and the Act of Charity contained in the book of Genesis LEVITICUS 3rd book of the Old Testament
Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases Laws governing cleanliness Laws on preparation of food Purification of man and his food The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on the 8th day after birth

HEBREW

MOSAIC LAW
Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only

CHINA
Use of pharmacologic drugs MATERIA MEDICA
Book that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment

No knowledge on anatomy

Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead

Method of paper making FACTORS THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:
Baby boys given girls name Prohibits dissecting of human body thus thwarting scientific study

INDIA
SUSHURUTO
1st recording on the nursing practice

Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship Medicine men built hospitals Intuitive form of asepsis There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery

NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist,

GREECE
NURSES function of untrained slaves

HIPPOCRATES
-Father of modern medicine -1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits - 1st to apply assessment Practice medical ethics

GREECE

GREECE
AESCULAPUS
Father of medicine in Greek mythology

GREECE
CADUCEUS
Insignia of medicine Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.

ROMANS
Proper turnover for the sick people

If youre strong, youre healthy motto

Transition from Pagan to Christianity

FABIOLA
Was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick. 1st hospital in the Christian world

11th century 1836 On-the-job training period

Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training). It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades in the 11th century (1836 when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)

There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power

Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure
During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle. Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.

KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN) Also called as Knights of the Hospitalers Established to give care

TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN)

Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps

KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS
Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases

ALEXIAN BROTHERS
A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969

ST. VINCENT DE PAUL He organized the charity group called the La Charite and the Community of Sisters of Charity composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He founded the Sisters of Charity School of Nursing in Paris, France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing.

LOUISE de GRAS

Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity

From 17th century 19th century

Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War Hospitals were closed Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and opportunists) Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked Mass exodus for nurses The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther, the war was a religious upheaval that resulted to the destruction in the unity of Christians. The conflict swept everything connected to Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals

THEODORE FLIEDNER

(a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and later be established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as nurse

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Practiced her profession during the Crimean War Lady with a Lamp From a well-known family

Went to Germany to study

 Florence Nightingale era

Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London England, where 1st program for formal education of Nurses began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION:
Social forces Trends resulting from war Emancipation of women

Increased educational opportunities

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Mother of Modern Nursing

Lady with the Lamp

Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL to change the profile of Nursing She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and entered Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors of Nursing disapproved restriction on admission of patient and considered this unchristian and contrary to health care. Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and sick soldiers during the Crimean War designated as Superintendent of the Female Establishment of English General Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks

THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:

School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital. Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors Correlate theories to practice Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses Introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not believed in the Germ Theory of Bacteriology. Opposed central registry of nurses Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is not. Wrote notes on hospitals

OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING

Bellevue Training School for Nurses New York City Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed down in 1969.

LINDA RICHARDS the first graduate nurse in US. Graduated in September 1, 1873.

2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US:

American Nurses Association National League for Nursing Education

World War II present This refers to the period after World War I and the changes and development in the trends and practice of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World War II.

Includes scientific and technological development, social changes occurring after the war.
Nursing is offered in College and Universities

DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:

W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by providing health information, proper nutrition, living standard, environmental conditions. The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment. Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and treatment Health related laws Primary Health Care Nurses involvement in CHN Utilization of computers Technology advances such as development of disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the tedious task of Nurses. Development of the expanded role of Nurses

SOCIETAL ATTITUDES
Nursing was without organization, no education, and social status. Womens role was in the home and no respectable woman should have a career Victorian Middle Class Women were just wives to their husbands and children. Nurses were poorly educated, some were incarcerated criminals This was reflected in the book written by Charles Dickens through the character of Sairy Gamp who cared for the patients by stealing from them, physically abused them. This literary works has greatly affected social attitudes about nursing, the negative impression and image of nurses up to the contemporary period.

EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Beliefs About Causation of Diseases: Caused or inflicted by other person (enemy or witch) Evil spirits Beliefs That Evil Spirits Could Be Driven Off By Person With Powers To Expel Bad Spirits: Believed in Gods of healing Word doctors priest physicians Herbolarios herb doctors

EARLY CARE OF THE SICK

HERBICHEROS herbmen who practice witchcraft

MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY a person suffers from disease without any identified cause and were believed bewitched by such Difficult child birth and some diseases (PMAO) attributed to (NONO) midwives
Difficult birth, witches were supposed to be the cause, gunpowder exploded from a bamboo pole close to the head of the mother to drive evil spirits

EARLY HOSPITALS
Hospital de Indios 1586
Franciscan Orders Hospital for the poor Filipino people

Hospital de Aguas Santas 1590

Fray Juan Bautista Named after its location (near spring) because people believed that spring has a healing power.

San Juan de Dios Hospital 1596

For poor people Located at Roxas Boulevard

PERSONAGES
Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
Established Philippine Red Cross February 17, 1899

Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo

2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo 1st president of Philippine Red Cross (Batangas Chapter)

Josephine Bracken
Helped Rizal in treating sick people

 Melchora Aquino
Took care of the wounded Katipuneros

Anastacia Giron Tupaz

Founder of Filipino Nurses Association established on October 15, 1922 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the Philippines

Francisco Delgado
1st president of Filipino Nurses Association

 Cesaria Tan
1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad

Socorro Sirilan
Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital Also the chief nurse

Rosa Militar
Pioneer in nursing education

Socorro Diaz
1st editor of PNA magazine called, The Message

Conchita Ruiz
Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine, The Filipino Nurse

EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS

Iloilo Mission Hospital and School of Nursing

Established in 1906 under the supervision of Rose Nicolet (American) Nursing course 3yrs. Produced 1st batch of Nursing graduates in 1909 22 nurses 1st TRAINED NURSES: Nicasia Cada Felipa Dela Pena Dorotea Caldito April 1944 1st Nursing Board Exam at Iloilo Mission Hospital

 PGH School of Nursing 1907 St. Paul School of Nursing 1907 St. Lukes School of Nursing 1907 UST 1946 MCU 1947 Fatima 1947

Licensed Vocational Nursing Program / Licensed Practical Nursing Program (LVN,LPN)

REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS:

Community College / Associate Degree Diploma Program Baccalaureate Degree Program

GRADUATE NURSING EDUCATION:

Masters Degree Doctoral Degree

External Degree

LVN / LPN
Licensed Vocational Nursing Program / Licensed Practical Nursing Program (LVN,LPN)
Last for 9 12 months Provide both classroom and clinical experiences Provided by the community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. Under supervision of RN Prepares students how to give basic direct technical care Graduate takes NCLEX PN to obtain license as a practical or vocational course.

REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS

Community College / Associate Degree
Arose in early 1950s 2-year program Technical nurse or bedside nurse ADN (AA or AS)

Diploma Program
3-year program Hospital-based Provide rich clinical experience for nurses Associated with colleges and universities

Baccalaureate Degree Program

Early Baccalaureate Program 5-year program (3-year diploma program in addition to 2 years of liberal arts) Todays Baccalaureate Degree Program 4-5-year program Offer courses in the liberal arts, sciences, humanities, and nursing Graduates must fulfill both the degree requirements of the college or university and the nursing program before being awarded a baccalaureate degree. BSN Also admit RN who have diplomas or associate degrees. Much background More theories

NURSING PROGRAM
4-year basic program for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Nursing. - The curriculum provides for a common two-year program to all health.The Associate in Health Science Education (AHSE) is the two-year common course offering by the College developed in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act (RA) No. 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994 and CHED order No. 59, series 1996. The AHSE program constitutes the general education component of all baccalaureate degrees leading to the Health profession . The first level is focused on the study of physical, biological, social science and humanities.

NURSING PROGRAM
The second level provides a more intensive and deeper insight

cognizant to the concept of man as a bio-psychosocial-cultural The 1st semester of the 3rd level is concentrates on the study of maternal & childcare and basic human function as means of laying the groundwork for the 2nd semester study of the illness state of a person. The 2nd semester of the 3rd level examines the concept of illness particularly from the social, epidemiological, ecological, economic as well as cultural facets. An emphasis is given to pathological processes and coping techniques .This is with the end view of acquiring the competencies required in the care of a sick client. The 1st semester of the 4th level extends the nursing care of a sick client to include the promotion of health in prevention and control of illness and disabilities, cure and rehabilitation. The 2nd semester of 4th level is focused on the acquisition of competencies necessary in the professional practice.

Different settings allows students to showcase a composite set of skills such as:
1) initiating nursing actions in cases of emergency

situations where the physician is not immediately available; 2) applying results of research studies related to nursing; 3) possessing necessary attitudes for his/her personal and professional growth; and 4) analyzing the legal aspect of nursing practice. At the end of the fourth level, the student is deemed able to deliver nursing care services utilizing the nursing process; demonstrate skill in basic research, leadership and management as a beginning nurse practitioner in varied settings.

Nursing Curriculum Now 5 Years

Nursing Education Update: Nursing Education the

Philippines will never be the same again. Nursing, as a course in college, may no longer be as attractive as before starting this school year. Philippine Nursing Curriculum has dramatically changed since the Commission on Higher Educations issuance of CHED Memorandum Order (MO) No. 5, series of 2008 otherwise known as Policies and Standards for Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program. This CHED Memo makes BSN a five-year course.

Nursing Curriculum Now 5 Years

From my initial findings, the new Nursing Curriculum in the Philippines will effect these changes: Instead of the usual 79 units taken up by first year nursing students, the new guidelines will require students to take up 93 units in 2,632 hours. Additional 357 hours for hospital training or Related Learning Experiences (RLEs) which will make RLEs 2,499 hours from the previous 2,142 hours

Nursing Curriculum Now 5 Years

28 additional units or about three summers of schooling For freshmen Nursing students, the Theoretical

Foundation in Nursing is included in the first semester, and Fundamentals of Nursing Practice in the second. From a parents standpoint, these changes have huge impacts on their familys finances and other childrens education. Some parents I have interviewed said they might be forced to sacrifice the education of some of their

Nursing Curriculum Now 5 Years

From an educators standpoint, if CHED intended to

upgrade or improve the existing Nursing Curriculum, they should have included in the new one some foreign language subjects (French, German, Norwegian or Spanish). This is because the ultimate goal of most Filipino Nurses is to go abroad and earn more money. Since this is the case, why shouldnt CHED include in the New Nursing Curriculum subjects that will help our Nursing students communicate better with foreigners speaking languages other than English? This is perhaps an oversight on the part of our policy makers. If CHED wanted to equip our Nursing students with new tools, it should have been in the area of communication and NOT in the the area of Related Learning Experiences because Nursing students have enough RLEs. Well, thats just my take.

GRADUATE NURSING Masters Degree 1.5 2-year program EDUCATION

Encourage the development of graduate study in nursing Major emphasis was to be research and specialization for teaching and administration Provide specialized knowledge and skills that enable nurses to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration, and research. MAN / MSN PhD, DNS, ND Further prepares the nurse for advanced clinical practice, administration, education, and research. Content and approach vary among doctoral programs. All emphasized research No specific time

Doctoral Program

NURSING LAWS AFFECTING NURSING EDUCATION

- Republic Act No. 9173 (RA 9173) - also known as the

Philippine Nursing Act of 2002, is an act that focuses on providing more responsible Filipino nursing professionals. It repeals the prior RA 7164, otherwise known as the Philippine Nursing Act of 1991. implementation of the nursing licensure examinations, in collaboration with the Professional Regulatory Commission (PRC). involving Filipino nurses.

- Board of Nursing (BON) - in charge of the

- also takes charge of any national issues and concerns

Nursing Examination and Registration

Article 4, Sections 12 to 13 and RA 9173 - all nursing

graduates must apply for a professional license before becoming eligible for nursing practice. This involves passing a written examination given by the Board of Nursing. To be admitted to the examination, the applicant must be: a citizen of the Philippines or a citizen of a country that permits Filipino nurses to practice within its territorial limits, on the same basis as the citizen of such country; an individual acknowledged with good moral character; and a holder of a bachelor's degree in nursing in a duly

Qualifications of the Chairperson and Members of the Board

a natural born citizen and resident of the Philippines ; a member of good standing of an accredited professional

organization of nurses in the Philippines; a registered nurse and holder of a master's degree in nursing, education or other allied medical profession have at least 10 years of continuous education The Commission of Higher Education (CHED) and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) have recently released information on the top performing nursing schools in the Philippines for those interested in studying abroad to obtain their nursing education

 Act # 1931 Created for the ESTABLISHMENT OF NURSING

SCHOOLS in the country under the Bureau of Education in 1909.

Act # 1975 An act that transferred the school of NURSING UNDER

THE BUREAU OF HEALTH.

Act # 2468 An act that authorized the GRANTING OF THE TITLES

of graduate in nursing and midwifery from the school of nursing of Philippine General Hospital in 1915.

RA # 1080 This act approved on 1954 is also known as, An Act

Declaring the Bar and Board Examinations as CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS which means that when a four year degree course graduate had passed the board examinations or the Bar examinations for lawyers they automatically become first grade civil service eligible.

General Order No. 18 enjoins all citizens of the Philippines, universities, colleges, schools, government offices, mass media, voluntary and religious organizations of all creeds, business and industrial enterprises to promote the concept of family welfare, responsible parenthood and family planning.

Letter of Instruction No. 47 directs all schools of medicine,

nursing, midwifery and allied medical professions and social work to prepare, plan, and implement the INTEGRATION OF FAMILY PLANNING in their curricula and to require from their graduates sufficient appropriate licensing examination