Test Earth Science
Test Earth Science
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d. causes things moving on the earth to travel curving paths
e. causes air to move from high to low pressure areas.
9. Earth's surface ocean currents are driven mostly by:
a. sinking of cold, dense water
b. the winds
c. the attraction of the sun and moon
10. The principal reservoir for storing heat on the earth is the.
a. lithosphere
b. biosphere
c. stratosphere
d. hydrosphere
11. What is one of the roles of water in the earth's interior?
a. lowers the melting point of rocks
b. raises the melting point of rocks
c. makes rocks stronger
d. carries material outward from the core
12. What is one of the roles of water in the earth's interior?
a. raises the melting point of rocks
b. makes rocks stronger
c. carries material outward from the core
d. makes rocks weaker
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Minerals
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
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a. isotope
b. neutron
c. proton
d. native element
e. ion
9. These minerals have good cleavage
a. silicates
b. sulfides
c. oxides
d. carbonates
10. Anions are ____________ charged because they have _________ electrons:
a. negatively ... lost
b. positively .... lost
c. positively ... gained
d. negatively .... gained
e. neutrally ... neither lost nor gained
11. After silicates, the most important rock-forming minerals:
a. oxides
b. sulfates
c. halides
d. carbonates
12. Lacks good cleavage:
a. mica
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. halite
13. Density of minerals refers to:
a. weight per unit volume
b. weight relative to water
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
14. The single most abundant mineral on earth:
a. hematite
b. calcite
c. gypsum
d. amphibole
e. quartz
15. Which is a phyllosilicate?
a. garnet
b. clay minerals
c. amphibole
d. pyroxene
16. Calcite will scratch glass. True or false?
a. True
b. False
17. Most gem minerals (except diamond) belong to the following groups:
a. silicates and oxides
b. sulfates and elements
c. elements and oxides
d. sulfates and carbonates
e. sulfides and oxides
18. Bonding in minerals is mostly:
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a. ionic
b. metallic
c. covalent
d. a mixture of these
19. The two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are:
a. nickel and zinc
b. nitrogen and carbon
c. oxygen and silicon
d. chlorine and iron
20. The charged atoms that make up most crystal structures:
a. protons
b. tetrahedra
c. catalysts
d. ions
21. Pyrite is:
a. a silicate
b. an important iron ore
c. water-soluble
d. none of the above
22. Minerals are classified on the basis of:
a. their negatively charged atoms (anions)
b. their positively charged atoms (cations)
c. their oxygen content
d. their metal content
23. ____________________ are examples of sheet silicates:
a. micas and clay minerals
b. pyroxenes and amphiboles
c. olivine and feldspar
d. staurolite and quartz
24. The tendency of some minerals to break along smooth planes
a. crystallization
b. fracture
c. weathering
d. cleavage
25. The most common single mineral on Earth is:
a. chromium
b. copper
c. halite
d. quartz
26. Cations are ____________ charged because they have _________ electrons:
a. negatively ... lost
b. positively .... lost
c. positively ... gained
d. negatively .... gained
e. neutrally ... neither lost nor gained
27. These minerals are among the leading contributors to acid rain:
a. sulfates
b. sulfides
c. silicates
d. nitrates
28. The property that causes salt to come out of the salt shaker as tiny cubes:
a. density or specific gravity
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b. crystal form
c. fracture
d. hardness
e. cleavage
29. Which is not a phyllosilicate (sheet silicate)?
a. mica
b. clay minerals
c. serpentine asbestos
d. pyroxene
30. You can identify diamonds by seeing if they scratch glass. True or false?
a. True
b. False
31. Most ore minerals belong to the following groups:
a. silicates and carbonates
b. sulfates and elements
c. elements and oxides
d. sulfates and carbonates
e. sulfides and oxides
32.The silicon atom has a positive charge of 4, and oxygen has a negative charge of 2.
Accordingly, the ion group (SiO4) has a:
a. positive charge of 2
b. positive charge of 4
c. negative charge of 2
d. negative charge of 4
e. negative charge of 1
33. Calcite and dolomite are:
a. oxide minerals of great value
b. ferromagnesian silicates possessing a sheet structure
c. carbonate minerals
d. sulfates found in evaporite deposits
34. Many minerals break along closely spaced planes and are said to possess:
a. specific gravity
b. fracture
c. cleavage
d. double
e. covalent bonds
35.The chemical formula for olivine is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, which means that in addition to silica:
a. magnesium and iron can substitute for one another
b. magnesium is more common than iron
c. magnesium is heavier than iron
d. all olivine contains both magnesium and iron
e. more magnesium than iron occurs in the Earth's crust
36. The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the:
a. silicon sheet
b. silicate double chain
c. oxygen-silicon cube
d. silica framework
e. silica tetrahedron
37. This mineral suite includes many major ores:
a. halides
b. sulfides
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c. sulfates
d. carbonates
38. A mineral suite that contains radicals
a. oxides
b. sulfides
c. halides
d. sulfates
39. Which property is most directly related to the closeness of atoms in a mineral?
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. fracture
40. Which property is related to planes of weakness between atoms in a mineral?
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. fracture
41. Which property is related to the strength of bonding between atoms in a mineral?
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. fracture
42. Which property is least reliable in identifying minerals?
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. color
43. Which of these factors can affect the color of a mineral?
a. weathering
b. surface coatings
c. grain size
d. chemical impurities
e. All of these can affect the color of minerals.
44. Hardness refers to:
a. resistance to chemical alteration.
b. difficulty in breaking.
c. roughness.
d. resistance to scratching.
45. The property that causes salt to come out of a salt shaker as tiny cubes:
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. fracture
46. The property that makes gold panning possible:
a. hardness
b. density
c. cleavage
d. fracture
47. The single most important group of minerals in abundance:
a. silicates
b. carbonates
c. oxides
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d. sulfates
48. Limestone and dolomite are made from these minerals:
a. silicates
b. carbonates
c. oxides
d. sulfates
49. Tend to be dense, metallic in luster, and often have cubic crystals:
a. sulfides
b. carbonates
c. oxides
d. sulfates
50. Have good cleavage and fizz in acid:
a. silicates
b. carbonates
c. oxides
d. sulfates
51. Light in color and weight, good cleavage, often water-soluble:
a. silicates
b. carbonates
c. oxides
d. halides
52. A hard mineral is most likely to be one of these:
a. silicates
b. carbonates
c. halides
d. sulfates
53. Gold, diamonds and graphite are examples::
a. native elements
b. carbonates
c. oxides
d. sulfates
54. Quartz is one of these:
a. sheet silicate
b. chain silicate
c. silicate with single tetrahedra
d. framework silicate
55. Mica is an example:
a. sheet silicate
b. chain silicate
c. silicate with single tetrahedra
d. framework silicate
56. Amphibole and Pyroxene are examples:
a. sheet silicate
b. chain silicate
c. silicate with single tetrahedra
d. framework silicate
57. Most likely to split into thin sheets:
a. mica
b. halite
c. calcite
d. quartz
58. Most likely to split into splintery fragments:
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a. sheet silicate
b. chain silicate
c. silicate with single tetrahedra
d. framework silicate
59. Chain silicates include:
a. clays and micas
b. amphiboles and pyroxenes
c. feldspars
d. olivine and garnet
60. Which has the lowest hardness?:
a. feldspar
b. calcite
c. topaz
d. gypsum
61. Quartz:
a. can scratch glass.
b. has good cleavage
c. has density of 5 grams per cubic centimeter
d. dissolves in acid
62. Calcite:
a. can scratch glass.
b. has good cleavage
c. has density of 5 grams per cubic centimeter
d. dissolves in acid
63. Which is likely to have the highest density?
a. halide
b. sulfate
c. sulfide
d. carbonate
64. Has silica tetrahedra arranged in three-dimensional networks:
a. mica
b. olivine
c. halite
d. feldspar
65. Which property is not desirable in a gemstone?
a. hardness
b. beauty
c. rarity
d. good cleavage
e. ability to refract light
66. Atoms of this element occupy more space in the crust than all other atoms combined:
a. oxygen
b. chlorine
c. sulfur
d. silicon
67. This kind of atomic bonding holds wood, plastic, and people together:
a. covalent
b. metallic
c. ionic
d. organic
68. This kind of atomic bonding holds steel girders and jet airplanes together:
a. covalent
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b. metallic
c. ionic
d. organic
69. This kind of atomic bonding holds most minerals together:
a. covalent
b. metallic
c. ionic
d. organic
70. Which is not a type of atomic bonding?
a. covalent
b. metallic
c. ionic
d. organic
71. The most abundant negatively-charged ion in the earth's crust:
a. oxygen
b. silicon
c. sulfur
d. iron
72. The most abundant positively-charged ion in the earth's crust:
a. oxygen
b. silicon
c. sulfur
d. iron
73. The atomic number of an element is determined by its:
a. number of protons.
b. number of neutrons.
c. total of protons plus neutrons.
d. number of electrons.
74. The atomic weight of an element is determined by its:
a. number of protons.
b. number of neutrons.
c. total of protons plus neutrons.
d. number of electrons.
75. This changes easily in response to chemical reactions:
a. number of protons
b. number of neutrons
c. total of protons plus neutrons
d. number of electrons
76. After oxygen, the most abundant negatively-charged ion in the earth's crust:
a. chlorine
b. silicon
c. sulfur
d. iron
77. Which is true of crystal form and cleavage?
a. Every cleavage face is a possible crystal face.
b. Every crystal face is a cleavage face.
c. Every crystal possesses cleavage.
d. Only minerals that occur as good crystals have cleavage.
78. Saying that minerals have "crystalline structure" means:
a. they all occur as crystals
b. they all have an orderly internal arrangement of atoms
c. they all have good cleavage
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d. they all have ions
Rocks
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
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a. their grain size
b. their mode of emplacement
c. their association in the ocean basins
d. their mineralogical composition
e. none of these
9. The first question a geologist asks in classifying an igneous rock
a. What feldspars are present?
b. Is quartz present?
c. What dark minerals are present?
10. An igneous rock with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.
a. basalt
b. pumice
c. scoria
d. porphyry
11. According to Bowen's Series:
a. quartz forms last
b. quartz and olivine form together
c. quartz forms before biotite
d. quartz forms first
12. Obsidian
a. is volcanic glass
b. is usually rhyolitic in composition
c. has conchoidal fracture
d. all of the above
13. What are the two major kinds of igneous rocks:
a. volcanic and eruptive
b. volcanic and plutonic
c. granitic and plutonic
d. sills and lava
e. dikes and batholiths
14. Why is silica the major component of magma?:
a. it melts at low temperatures
b. it retains heat well
c. it dissolves other rocks
d. it is so abundant
15. Which of the following pairs of igneous rocks have the same mineral composition?
a. granite-tuff
b. basalt-gabbro
c. andesite-rhyolite
d. peridotite-andesite
e. pumice-diorite
16. Volcanic rocks can usually be distinguished from plutonic rocks by:
a. color
b. the size of their mineral grains
c. composition
d. specific gravity
e. iron-magnesium content
17. When mantle material melts, it usually forms magma of what composition:
a. basalt
b. rhyolite
c. andesite
d. dunite
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18. The most common intermediate volcanic rock is:
a. andesite.
b. basalt
c. rhyolite
d. diorite
19. The most abundant sedimentary rocks are:
a. limestones
b. mudrocks
c. sandstones
d. arkoses
e. evaporites
20. Most limestones have a large component of calcite that was originally extracted from
seawater by:
a. inorganic chemical reactions
b. chemical weathering
c. organisms
d. lithification
e. evaporation
21. Dolostone is formed by the addition of _____ to limestone:
a. calcium
b. iron
c. carbonate
d. sodium
e. magnesium
22. The process where dissolved minerals precipitate in the pore spaces of sediment and bind
it together is:
a. compaction
b. weathering
c. rounding
d. cementation
e. bedding
23. Coal is
a. a clastic sedimentary rock
b. an evaporite
c. always found with limestone
d. none of the above
24. Bedding or stratification in a sedimentary rock
a. is due to directed pressure from earth forces
b. results from heat
c. is always exactly horizontal
d. represents variations which took place during deposition
25. What holds a sedimentary rock together?
a. cement
b. fossils
c. water in its pore spaces
d. silt
26. Clastic means:
a. formed by the evaporation of water
b. formed by living organisms
c. formed from fragments cemented together
d. formed from the molten state
27. The clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of:
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a. color
b. grain size
c. composition
d. hardness
28. Deposits of clay become consolidated to form:
a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. shale
d. evaporite
29. The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is:
a. widely varying grain sizes
b. made by organisms
c. the presence of nodules
d. stratification (bedding)
e. water-soluble minerals
30. The rock type that best describes the various types of coal is:
a. clastic
b. biochemical
c. evaporitic
d. detrital
31. You would most likely find the remains of plants in a deposit of:
a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. coal
d. conglomerate
e. gypsum
32. Which is most likely to represent a deposit formed on dry land?
a. Black shale
b. Red sandstone
c. Mudrocks
d. Dolomite
33. Which would be least likely to indicate a desert environment?:
a. Sandstone
b. Coal
c. Evaporites
d. Gypsum
34. Which is most likely to be an evaporite?
a. Black shale
b. Rock Salt
c. Mudrocks
d. Dolomite
35. Which indicates the highest metamorphic grade?
a. epidote
b. kyanite
c. chlorite
d. amphibole
e. feldspar
36. A metamorphosed equivalent of a limestone would be a:
a. dolomite
b. marble
c. schist
d. amphibolite
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e. none of these
37. Three minerals which are not normally found in sedimentary and igneous rocks are:
a. quartz, biotite and plagioclase
b. sillimanite, kyanite and garnet
c. biotite, muscovite and clay
d. garnet, kyanite and feldspar
38. Gneiss:
a. shows dark and light bands of minerals
b. has recrystallized at low temperatures
c. has good rock cleavage parallel to banding
d. is very fine-grained
39. To which metamorphic facies do metamorphic rocks formed under the lowest
temperature and pressure conditions belong?
a. granulite
b. blueschist
c. greenschist
d. eclogite
e. amphibolite
40. Which is not a stage in the diagenesis and metamorphism of coal?
a. anthracite
b. lignite
c. diamond
d. graphite
e. bituminous
41. The metamorphic rock formed from limestone is:
a. quartzite
b. slate
c. hornfels
d. greenstone
e. marble
42. From which of the following rock groups can metamorphic rocks form?
a. plutonic
b. volcanic
c. sedimentary
d. metamorphic
e. all of these
43. What is the correct metamorphic sequence of increasingly coarser grain size?
a. phyllite --> slate --> gneiss --> schist
b. slate --> phyllite --> schist --> gneiss
c. gneiss --> phyllite --> slate --> schist
d. schist --> gneiss --> phyllite --> slate
e. slate --> schist --> gneiss --> phyllite
44. An excellent rock for billiard table tops, floor and roofing tiles, and blackboards is:
a. marble
b. hornfels
c. gneiss
d. slate
e. phyllite
45. Diamond and graphite are both made of carbon but have different atomic structures and
very different properties. This phenomenon is called:
1.Isometry
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2.Polymorphism
3.Multiphasing
4.Homology
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b. the Mojave Desert
c. Northern Alaska
d. Minnesota
e. Manhattan
9. Little chemical weathering, but episodic and violent rainfall with rapid erosion would be
most likely here:
a. the Amazon Basin
b. the Mojave Desert
c. Northern Alaska
d. Minnesota
e. Manhattan
10. Rapid chemical weathering because of acid rain would probably happen where?
a. the Amazon Basin
b. the Mojave Desert
c. Northern Alaska
d. Minnesota
e. Manhattan
11. This area would be characterized by moderate chemical weathering, and frequent but
moderate rainfall and erosion.
a. the Amazon Basin
b. the Mojave Desert
c. Northern Alaska
d. Minnesota
e. Manhattan
12. Most likely to weather rapidly
a. granite
b. gneiss
c. quartzite
d. basalt
13. Least likely to weather rapidly
a. granite
b. gneiss
c. quartzite
d. basalt
14. Why clay doesn't weather
a. the grains are too large
b. it's already chemically stable at the surface
c. it doesn't occur in areas prone to weathering
d. it has too many ions
15. Mechanical weathering is most likely to occur here:
a. a steep, young mountain range
b. a gentle, old mountain range
c. a delta
d. a coastal plain
16. Rocks often shatter when they freeze because
a. ice crystals are sharp
b. ice expands when it freezes
c. water becomes more corrosive when it's frozen
d. rocks contract when they get cold
17. Mechanical weathering is most likely to be dominant in an area with:
a. heat and high humidity
b. a great deal of vegetation
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c. much available water
d. extensive frost wedging
18. Mass wasting refers to material moved primarily by:
a. wind
b. running water
c. ice
d. gravity
19. Which is not a sign of soil creep?
a. trees bent near the base
b. tilted posts and poles
c. water seeping from the ground
d. deformed rock layers near the surface
20. The source of the energy that propels a landslide
a. steep slopes
b. strain in the rock
c. water lubricating the slide
d. gravity
21. To prevent long-term pollution of ground water, it is most important to protect:
a. The recharge zone
b. The area around the well
c. Streams and lakes
d. Springs and seeps
22. Most of the earth's water is:
a. Lakes and rivers
b. ground water
c. Ocean water
d. Glacial ice
23. Geysers can be destroyed by:
a. Minerals plugging the conduit of the geyser
b. Unusually violent eruptions
c. Both a and b.
d. Neither a nor b
24. Artesian wells:
a. Are always pure
b. Cannot be polluted because they are sealed
c. Always flow to the surface
d. None of the above
25. Center-pivot irrigation:
a. Has made it possible to farm soils that cannot be conventionally irrigate
b. Is causing the depletion of many aquifers
c. Is very distinctive seen from the air
d. All the above
26. What percentage of the water used in the United States is provided by groundwater?
a. 50
b. 40
c. 30
d. 20
e. 10
27. Rapid withdrawal of groundwater can result in:
a. a cone of depression
b. loss of hydrostatic pressure
c. ground subsidence
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d. saltwater incursion
e. all of these
28. What makes rainwater able to dissolve carbonate rocks?
a. carbon dioxide in solution makes the water slightly acid
b. Pollutants in the rainwater makes it alkalin
c. It becomes alkaline in percolating through the soil.
d. Dissolved nitrogen forms diluted nitric acid
29. Most of the liquid fresh water on Earth is in
a. ground water
b. streams
c. rivers
30. On a geological time scale, lakes are
a. very long-lasting
b. short-lived
31. The water table in a swamp
a. is far below the surface
b. is just at the surface
c. is well above the surface
d. has nothing to do with the swamp
32. A well which flows naturally because the water is under pressure:
a. aquifer
b. artesian
c. alkaline
d. mineralized
33. Excessive pumping of well water can:
a. suck salt water into coastal wells
b. cause subsidence
c. lower the water table
d. all the above
34. A landscape which forms as a result of solution of limestone by ground water:
a. karst landscape
b. basin-and-range topography
c. stoss-lee topography
35. Most likely to produce the deepest lake
a. forming a cutoff meander
b. flooding a graben
c. a delta blocking a bay
d. a ice block melting to form a kettle pond
36. A few lakes have bottoms which are below sea level. Which kind of lake is least likely to
be in that category?
a. an oxbow or cutoff meander
b. a glacially-scoured lake
c. a graben lake
d. a caldera or crater lake
37. Which kind of lake is likely to last longest?
a. a kettle lake
b. a sinkhole lake
c. a cutoff meander or oxbow lake
d. a graben lake
38. An aquifer is:
a. a permeable layer that transmits water
b. a man-made conduit through which water is carried to places of habitation.
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c. the place where water tables intersect the earth's surface
d. the zone of the water table which transmits aerated water
e. none of these
39. The primary force which is responsible for the downward migration of groundwater is:
a. surface tension
b. air pressure
c. gravity
d. precipitation
e. none of these
40. Porosity may be defined as:
a. the rate of forward flow of groundwater
b. the amount of space in a body of rock or soil which is filled by mineral grains
c. the volume of interconnecting open areas in a rock body
41. This technique has recently made it possible to irrigate and farm land that formerly could
not be irrigated:
a. no-till agriculture
b. aerial spraying
c. gravity-feed dispersal
d. center-pivot-irrigation
e. none of these
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a. numerous sand and gravel bars in its channel
b. a single, sinuous channel
c. a broad shallow channel
d. a deep, narrow valley
e. long, straight reaches and waterfalls
9. In which of the following do foreset beds occur?
a. alluvial fans
b. deltas
c. point bars
d. natural levees
e. deltas
10. Which of the following controls flow velocity in streams?
a. channel shape
b. gradient
c. depth
d. channel roughness
e. all of these
11. The feature separating one drainage basin from another is a(an):
a. divide
b. valley
c. natural levee
d. point bar
e. alluvial fan
12. A drainage pattern in which streams flow in and out of lakes with irregular flow
directions is:
a. radial
b. rectangular
c. longitudinal
d. graded
e. deranged
13. The primary process by which bed load is transported is:
a. suspension
b. precipitation
c. abrasion
d. answers (a) and (c)
e. saltation
14. Which of the following is a local base level?
a. lake
b. point bar
c. ocean
d. alluvial fan
e. floodplain
15. Erosional remnants of floodplains that are higher than the current level of a stream are:
a. oxbow lakes
b. incised meanders
c. cut banks
d. natural bridges
e. stream terraces
16. All of the sediment carried by saltation and rolling and sliding along a stream bed is the:
a. suspended load
b. bed load
c. drainage capacity
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d. channel pattern
e. stream profile
17. The dry lake beds in many deserts are:
a. playas
b. pediments
c. bajadas
d. mesas
e. inselbergs
18. A stream can lengthen its channel by:
a. runoff
b. hydraulic action
c. headward erosion
d. downcutting
e. vertical accretion
19. The removal of thin layers of soil by water over a more or less continuous surface is
a. gullying
b. leaching
c. sheet erosion
d. exfoliation
e. weathering
20. Why are the Rockies high?
a. They get little rain and are not eroded.
b. They are still young and have not been eroded away.
c. They are not subject to chemical weathering.
d. They get little acid rain.
21. A dam will most likely:
a. accelerate erosion upstream
b. not affect the river downstream
c. cause the reservoirs to fill with sediment eventually
d. accelerate erosion above the reservoir
22. All of these can result in a canyon cutting through a ridge. Which one is least likely to be
the correct explanation?
a. the crust is uplifted across the course of the stream
b. the stream erodes down into a buried ridge and the overlying cover is stripped
away
c. a huge flood carves a canyon
d. a peneplain is uplifted and resistant rocks form ridges
23. In uniform flat rocks, drainage patterns tend to be
a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. braided
24. Which factor does not directly influence the shape of a delta?
a. intensity of wave action on the shore
b. strength and height of tides
c. width of the continental shelf
d. volume of sediment carried by the river
e. none of the above
25. The principal reason rivers do not fit the idealized erosion cycles of youth-maturity-old
age:
a. they flow across rocks of varying hardness
b. climate is not constant over large river basins
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c. global sea levels have changed markedly in the last few thousand years
26. The process by which one stream loses a major portion of its headwaters to another
stream is called:
a. stream larceny
b. stream theft
c. stream piracy
d. perifluvial capture
e. none of these
27. River channels which were abandoned by a captured stream are now sometimes seen as:
a. water gaps
b. hanging valleys
c. nick points
d. wind gaps
e. none of these
28. An old-age stream
a. is at least 10,000 years old
b. is at least 1,000,000 years old
c. has a straight course with few bends
d. is of no definite age but flows across a low landscape and has many meanders
29. A stream that has more sediment to move than it can carry at one time is likely to be
a. mature
b. meandering
c. braided
d. youthful
30. How levees form along rivers
a. built by Army Corps of Engineers
b. built up by deposits laid down when the stream floods
c. form when clay along the river bank dries out and swells up
d. are piled up by aquatic organisms
31. The gently sloping rock surface that forms at the base of mountains in arid regions
a. playa
b. graben
c. pediment
d. stratum
32. Landscapes can be rejuvenated
a. at any time
b. any time except old age
c. only during maturity
d. only during old age
33. These are all names for hills or mountains that form when erosion leaves remnants
behind, except one. Which is not?
a. plateau
b. mesa
c. inselberg
d. monadnock
34. Not a major factor in arid erosion
a. lack of vegetation
b. intense chemical weathering
c. thin soil cover
d. episodic rainfall
35. This kind of drainage suggests stream piracy
a. dendritic
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b. barbed
c. braided
d. trellis
36. This kind of drainage suggests strong variations in erosional resistance of the bedrock:
a. dendritic
b. meandering
c. trellis
d. deranged
37. You see a stream cutting right through a ridge. This landscape is called:
a. old-age landscape
b. rift valley
c. antecedent or superposed drainage
d. rejuvenated landscape
e. peneplain
38. A stream cutting right through a ridge implies:
a. the ridge was split open by some kind of upheaval
b. a huge flood carved a canyon through the ridge
c. the stream predates the ridge
d. the landscape is very young
e. the rocks in the ridge are highly weathered
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Glaciers
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences,University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
First - time Visitors: Please visit Site Map and Disclaimer. Use "Back" to return here.
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39. There were Pleistocene mountain glaciers in Oregon at only 5000 feet elevation, but the
same elevations in Wyoming at the same latitude were ice-free. Why?
a. there was much more precipitation in Oregon
b. there really were glaciers in Wyoming but the evidence has not yet been
discovered
c. there were no low-elevation glaciers in Oregon and the evidence has been
misinterpreted
d. continental drift has moved Oregon further south
e. it was much warmer in Wyoming
40. The bowl-shaped depression at the upper end of a glacial trough is a(an):
a. inselberg
b. drumlin
c. cirque
d. till
e. lateral moraine
41. Firn is:
a. freshly fallen snow
b. a granular type of ice
c. a valley train
d. another name for the zone of wastage
e. a type of glacial groove
42. Pressure on ice at depth in a glacier causes it to move by:
a. rock creep
b. surging
c. fracture
d. plastic flow
e. basal slip
43. Rocks abraded by glaciers may develop a smooth surface that shines in reflected light.
Such a surface is called glacial:
a. grooves
b. striations
c. polish
d. till
e. flour
44. The most recent ice age occurred during the:
a. Archean Eon
b. Cambrian Period
c. Pleistocene Epoch
d. Tertiary Period
e. Mesozoic Era
45. When ice flows over a rocky knob, it creates a landform:
a. With a smooth upstream side and an irregular downstream side
b. With a smooth downstream side and an irregular upstream side
c. With evenly rounded sides
d. With irregular sides all over
46. How weathering is thought to affect ice ages:
a. It lowers mountains and allows wind to circulate more freely
b. It releases calcium that combines with carbon dioxide
c. It removes sulfur that otherwise might warm the atmosphere
d. It creates methane, which cools the atmosphere
47. The earth's natural Greenhouse Effect is mostly due to
a. Carbon dioxide
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b. Methane
c. Sulfur dioxide
d. Water vapor
48. When ice-dammed lakes drain, they usually drain
a. by evaporation
b. by seepage into the ground
c. by gradually lowering their outlets
d. by abrupt failure of the ice dam
49. The number of ice advances during the Pleistocene was most likely:
a. one
b. four
c. 20-25
d. over 100
50. The best record for the Pleistocene ice advances is contained
a. In deposits on land
b. In the Antarctic ice cap
c. On the sea floor
d. In glacial lake deposits
51. Marine evidence for ice advances and retreats includes
a. Alternations of warm and cold water microfossils
b. Coarse debris dropped by icebergs
c. Variations in oxygen isotopes
d. All of these
52. Evidence for the "snowball earth" climate variations is best seen in glacial deposits
abruptly succeeded by:
a. warm-water limestones
b. sand dune deposits
c. coal
d. volcanic ash layers
53. Melt water flowing through the crevasses at A will most likely form:
a. Eskers
b. Drumlins
c. Moraines
d. Cirques
54. The material deposited at B forms:
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a. Eskers
b. Drumlins
c. Moraines
d. Cirques
55. The material deposited by streams at C is termed:
a. Till
b. Outwash
c. Varves
d. Drift
56. The streams at C are most likely
a. Braided
b. Meandering
c. Old-Age
d. Rejuvenated
57. The glacier's dome-like profile is due to:
a. Ablation
b. Wind erosion
c. The ice spreading out under its own weight
d. Greater snowfall in the interior
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a. Former positions of glacial lakes
b. Former margins of the glacier
c. Positions of former meltwater streams
d. Deposits streamlined by ice flow
62. The features at C are streamlined hills of till, sand and gravel. These are:
a. Moraines
b. Drumlins
c. Cirques
d. Eskers
63. The features at C are streamlined hills of till, sand and gravel. They indicate
a. Positions of former meltwater streams
b. Former margins of the glacier
c. Former positions of glacial lakes
d. Ice-Flow Directions
64. At D is a large isolated remnant of ice. When it melts it will probably form a:
a. Kettle
b. Drumlin
c. Moraine
d. Esker
65. The ice-dammed lake at E is probably depositing:
a. Till
b. Outwash
c. Varved deposits
d. Gravel
66. When the ice-dammed lake at E drains, it will probably do so:
a. Gradually
b. By seepage into the ground
c. Catastrophically and abruptly
d. By evaporation
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Volcanoes
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
First - time Visitors: Please visit Site Map and Disclaimer. Use "Back" to return here.
1. The property of a magma that determines whether or not it has high viscosity:
a. density
b. silica content
c. color
d. iron content
e. water content
2. This mineral tends to form first in Bowen's Series:
a. quartz
b. plagioclase
c. olivine
d. muscovite
e. biotite
3. Most stratovolcanoes tend to erupt:
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. gabbro
e. obsidian
4. After steam, the most abundant component of volcanic gases:
a. argon
b. carbon dioxide
c. hydrogen sulfide
d. sulfur dioxide
e. nitrogen
5. These lavas erupt coolest:
a. pumice
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. rhyolite
6. A volcano that has not erupted in 1000 years is best described as:
a. active
b. dormant
c. extinct
7. Most batholiths are made of:
a. granite
b. basalt
c. dunite
d. gabbro
e. rhyolite
8. The property of a magma that determines whether or not it flows easily:
a. density
b. viscosity
c. color
d. iron content
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9. This mineral tends to form last in Bowen's Series:
a. quartz
b. plagioclase
c. olivine
d. muscovite
e. biotite
10. Shield volcanoes tend to erupt:
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. gabbro
e. obsidian
11. These lavas erupt hottest:
a. pumice
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. rhyolite
12. During its lifetime, a volcano may:
a. collapse to form a caldera
b. collapse in a catastrophic landslide
c. erode away to leave a volcanic neck
d. any of the above
13. A volcano that has not erupted in 1000 years is extinct. True or False:
a. True
b. False
14. Source of the water that forms volcanic mudflows:
a. melting of the volcano's snow or ice cap
b. condensation of water vapor from the eruption cloud
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
15. The least dangerous hazard to human life from volcanoes:
a. lava flows
b. nuees ardentes
c. mudflows
16. Mount St. Helens, prior to its eruption in 1980 was an excellent example of:
a. a shield volcano
b. a dormant volcano
c. an extinct volcano
d. an active volcano
e. none of these
17. The steepness of slopes on a volcanic mountain is determined primarily by:
a. the relative amounts of pyroclastic debris and lava erupted from the volcanic vent
b. the initial temperature of the lava
c. the amount of rainfall in the area
d. the force with which the magma is pushed upward
e. none of these
18. A fiery cloud of hot gases and pyroclastic debris which flows down the side of a volcano
is called:
a. a cinder avalanche
b. a nuee ardente or pyroclastic flow
c. clastic flow
d. theromoclastic avalanche
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e. none of these
19. The steep-walled structure formed by the collapse of the top of a volcanic mountain into
an underlying magma chamber is called:
a. a crater
b. a fissure
c. a caldera
d. a vent
e. none of these
20. The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern U.S. is an excellent example of:
a. an eroded shield volcano
b. deposits of flood basalts
c. extensive deposits of pyroclastic debris
d. a chain of composite volcanoes
e. none of these
21. Two types of gases, other than steam, that are the most abundant in volcanic emissions
are:
a. carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
b. carbon dioxide and nitrogen
c. hydrogen and helium
d. none of these
e. carbon monoxide and argon
22. Which of these processes can destroy a stratovolcano:
a. landslide
b. gradual erosion
c. caldera collapse
d. all of the above
23. When molten rock reaches the surface, it's called:
a. lava
b. slag
c. magma
d. granite
24. Molten rock which does not reach the surface is called:
a. volcanic ash
b. magma
c. basalt
d. lava
25. Magma forms
a. in the core of the earth
b. 1000 miles below the surface
c. a mile below the surface
d. about 50 miles below the surface
26. How to tell a dike from a sill
a. a dike cuts across structures but a sill is parallel to them
b. dikes are mostly of gabbro, sills are diorite
c. sills are usually associated with batholiths
d. all of the above
27. According to Bowen's Series:
a. quartz forms last
b. quartz and olivine form together
c. quartz forms before biotite
d. quartz forms first
28. The viscosity of magma is primarily controlled by:
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a. temperature
b. texture
c. silica content
d. elevation
e. pressure
29. An example of a concordant pluton having a tabular geometry is a:
a. sill
b. lava flow
c. batholith
d. dike
e. volcanic neck
30. Basalt plateaus form as a result of:
a. repeated eruptions of cinder cones
b. widespread ash falls
c. accumulation of thick layers of pyroclastic materials
d. the origin of lahars on composite volcanoes
e. eruptions of fluid lava from long fissures
31. One other Cascade Range volcano besides Mount St. Helens has erupted since 1900. It is:
a. Mount Hood, Oregon
b. Mount Adams, Washington
c. Mount Lassen, California
d. Mount Mazama, Oregon
e. Mount Garibaldi, British Columbia
32. Volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks form by the cooling and crystallization of lava flows
and the
a. crystallization of magma beneath the surface
b. consolidation of pyroclastic materials
c. reaction of volcanic gases with the atmosphere
d. heating of sedimentary rocks beneath lava flows
e. all of these
33. Which is associated with basaltic magma?
a. shield volcanoes
b. explosive eruptions
c. nuees ardentes
d. batholiths
34. Much of the upper part of the oceanic crust is composed of interconnected bulbous
masses of igneous rock called:
a. pillow lava
b. parasitic cones
c. lapilli
d. blocks
e. pyroclastic material
35. Shield volcanoes have low slopes because they are composed of:
a. mostly pyroclastic layers
b. felsic magma
c. lahars and viscous lava flows
d. pillow lavas
e. fluid mafic lava flows
36. Which is most dangerous to humans:
a. nuee ardente or pyroclastic flow
b. pahoehoe
c. lava flows
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d. pillow lava
e. volcanic bombs
37. A lava flow with a surface of jagged blocks is termed:
a. lapilli
b. obsidian
c. vesicular
d. pyroclastic sheet deposit
e. aa
38. Most calderas form by:
a. summit collapse
b. forceful injection
c. explosions
d. erosion of lava domes
e. fissure eruptions
39. What are the two major kinds of igneous rocks:
a. volcanic and eruptive
b. volcanic and plutonic
c. granitic and plutonic
d. sills and lava
e. dikes and batholiths
40. Crater Lake in Oregon is an excellent example of a:
a. caldera
b. basalt plateau
c. cinder cone
d. lava dome
e. shield volcano
41. The largest volcano in the world (height, volume, or diameter) is:
a. Mount St. Helens, Washington
b. Mount Vesuvius, Italy
c. Mount Etna, Sicily
d. Mauna Loa, Hawaii
e. Fujiyama, Japan
42. Why is silica the major component of magma:
a. it melts at low temperatures
b. it retains heat well
c. it dissolves other rocks
d. it is so abundant
43. Which of the following is a concordant pluton:
a. sill
b. dike
c. stock
d. batholith
e. volcanic neck
44. Batholiths are composed mostly of what type of rock:
a. granitic
b. andesite
c. gabbro
d. periodotite
e. basalt
45. Most active volcanoes are in:
a. the Mediterranean belt
b. the circum-Pacific belt
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c. the Hawaiian Islands
d. the oceanic ridge belt
e. Iceland
46. One of history's best-known volcanic eruptions was the eruption that destroyed Pompeii
in 79 A.D. How was Pompeii destroyed:
a. It was buried by lava flows.
b. It was buried by mudflows.
c. It was swept away by a volcanic sea wave.
d. It was buried by ash, which later hardened into rock.
47. Vesuvius is one of a chain of volcanoes along the southern coast of Italy, marking a:
a. mid-ocean ridge.
b. subduction zone.
c. flood basalt province.
d. rift valley.
48. For every lava flow that erupts from a volcano, what quantity of molten rock hardens
beneath the surface?
a. only a few per cent
b. about the same
c. two or three times as much
d. many times as much
49. When mantle material melts, it usually forms magma of what composition?
a. basalt
b. rhyolite
c. andesite
d. dunite
50. Volcanoes on oceanic crust erupt mostly magma of what composition?
a. basalt
b. rhyolite
c. andesite
d. dunite
51. As subduction zones on continents evolve, later magmas become progressively ______.
a. richer in iron.
b. poorer in silica.
c. richer in magnesium.
d. richer in silica.
52. The largest intrusions in area and volume are:
a. stocks.
b. batholiths.
c. laccoliths.
d. lopoliths.
53. The islands of Hawaii are:
a. shield volcanoes
b. stratovolcanoes
c. plug domes
d. fissure flows
54. Which of the following is not an important flood basalt area:
a. Oregon and Washington
b. large areas in India
c. parts of Siberia
d. central Australia
55. Flood basalts are usually related to:
a. subduction zones.
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b. hot spots or rifts.
c. batholiths.
d. mountain ranges
56. The most commonest intermediate volcanic rock is:
a. andesite.
b. basalt
c. rhyolite
d. diorite
57. Stratovolcanoes are composed of :
a. rhyolite flows.
b. alternating layers of lava, mudflow deposits, and pyroclastic debris.
c. mudflows and volcanic ash.
d. loose pyroclastic debris.
58. Why is lava, in itself, a comparatively minor safety hazard:
a. Lava flows usually move slowly, and there is usually enough advance warning to
permit escape.
b. Lava hardens as it moves.
c. both a. and b
d. none of the above
59. Most andesite stratovolcanoes occur at:
a. continental rifts
b. hot spots.
c. subduction zones.
d. oceanic rifts.
60. Shield volcanoes are the largest of all volcanoes by what measures:
a. height
b. volume
c. mass
d. diameter
e. all of the above
61. The property of magma that governs the type of volcano built and the violence of its
eruptions is:
a. density
b. temperature
c. depth of origin
d. viscosity
62. Which of the following materials has the highest viscosity?
a. hot asphalt
b. honey
c. milk
d. water
63. Which of the following magmas has the highest viscosity?
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. diorite
64. Which of the following magmas is most likely to build a shield volcano?
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. diorite
65. Which is the least likely to cause casualties during a volcanic eruption?
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a. mudflows
b. pyroclastic flows
c. fast-moving lava flows that arrive without warning
d. building collapse from ash falls
66. Volcanic ash is:
a. rock dust ejected by the volcano.
b. remains of materials burned by hot lava.
c. minerals that condense from volcanic gases.
d. loose soil picked up by the wind after eruptions.
67. Which of the following magmas is most likely to be associated with violent eruptions?
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. diorite
68. The process by which intrusions "nibble" their way upward by breaking off pieces of
overlying rock is called:
a. stoping.
b. forceful injection.
c. injection fracturing
d. undermining.
69. Which of the following magmas has the lowest viscosity?
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. diorite
70. Which of the following magmas is most likely to be associated with a pyroclastic flow?
a. rhyolite
b. basalt
c. andesite
d. diorite
71. All the following properties of volcanoes and eruptions tend to be associated, except one.
The property that does not belong in this list is:
a. non-violent eruptions.
b. pyroclastic flows.
c. shield volcanoes.
d. fluid lavas with low viscosity.
72. On the atomic scale, the property that governs magma viscosity, type of volcano formed,
and eruptive violence is:
a. average size of ions.
b. average charge of ions.
c. linkage of silica tetrahedra.
d. ratio of large and small ions.
73. Mount Vesuvius, Mount Fuji, Mount Rainier, and most of the other well-known
volcanoes of the world are :
a. cinder cones.
b. shield volcanoes.
c. stratovolcanoes.
d. flood basalts.
74. Sometimes, rhyolite lava emerges from a new vent and oozes out to form a:
a. fissure eruption.
b. plug dome
c. cinder cone
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d. pyroclastic flow
75. Before the advent of rapid communication and transportation for relief efforts, probably
the greatest danger from volcanoes was:
a. lava flows that struck without warning.
b. weather disturbances caused by distant eruptions
c. inability to evacuate people in danger
d. starvation due to environmental disruption
76. Most of the gas erupted by a volcano is ordinary steam, and most of the remainder is
a. hydrogen chloride
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. carbon dioxide.
d. radon
77. The worst volcanic gas disaster known occurred in the African nation of Cameroon in
1986 It was:
a. an outburst of carbon dioxide that suffocated many people.
b. a sudden, explosive release of hot gases.
c. emission of highly toxic hydrogen sulfide.
d. emission of toxic gases that poisoned crops.
78. The vents of many older volcanoes become so plugged with hardened lava that the vent
may be permanently relocated and a new cone built on the flanks of the old one. Such a
cone is called:
a. a cinder cone
b. a flank cone
c. a parasitic cone.
d. a plug dome
79. If the magma pressure drops beneath a volcano, the volcano may subside to form a basin
called a:
a. rift valley.
b. deflation basin.
c. crater.
d. caldera.
80. A caldera is different from a volcanic crater in what way:
a. A crater is usually much larger than a caldera.
b. A caldera forms by explosion but a crater forms by subsidence.
c. A caldera forms by subsidence but a crater forms by explosion.
d. A caldera forms by erosion but a crater forms by explosion.
81. Crater Lake in Oregon actually fills a:
a. rift basin
b. caldera
c. sinkhole
d. deflation basin.
82. When volcanoes collapse in the sea, the results are often especially violent. Two of the
most violent such eruptions were:
a. Krakatoa and Thera.
b. Vesuvius and Etna.
c. Krakatoa and Mauna Loa.
d. Surtsey and Paricutin.
83. A former volcano in Oregon, Mount Mazama, is now the site of:
a. Mount Hood
b. Mount St. Helens
c. Mount Shasta
d. Crater Lake
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84. Yellowstone National Park is an example of:
a. a hot spot on a continent.
b. a collapsed magma chamber.
c. a flood basalt province.
d. both a. and b.
e. all of the above
85. Stratovolcanoes collapse because:
a. they are weakly-cemented piles of lava flows, ash layers and mudflow deposits.
b. erosion weakens the volcano and causes it to collapse.
c. they accumulate glaciers whose weight collapses the volcano
86. The type of volcano that generally has the shortest active lifespan:
a. cinder cones
b. shield volcanoes
c. stratovolcanoes
d. plug domes
87. A volcano is considered extinct if:
a. it has not erupted in 100 years.
b. it has not erupted in 1,000 years.
c. it has not erupted in 10,000 years.
d. there is no sure way to determine if a volcano is extinct.
88. The rock invaded by an intrusion is called:
a. sedimentary rock.
b. metamorphic rock
c. country rock.
d. background rock.
89. The general term for a non-tabular intrusion is a:
a. stock.
b. pluton.
c. dike.
d. batholith
90. Stratovolcanoes collapse because:
a. erosion weakens the volcano and causes it to collapse.
b. acidic gases and solutions weaken the volcano from within.
c. they accumulate glaciers whose weight collapses the volcano
91. Very large batholiths like the Sierra Nevada Batholith are:
a. made up of dozens or even hundreds of smaller intrusions.
b. mostly of gabbro.
c. only a kilometer of so thick.
d. uniform masses of rock that formed from a single vast magma body.
92. Geophysical methods show that most batholiths are:
a. spherical in shape.
b. 50 kilometers or more thick.
c. made of dunite at great depths.
d. lens-like masses only a few kilometers thick.
93. Although volcanic ash is most widely mentioned in news reports, the most significant
global effects of volcanic eruptions are actually produced by:
a. heat from lava flows
b. melting of glaciers during eruptions
c. destruction of vegetation
d. aerosols.
94. The best-documented global cooling by a volcanic eruption occurred after the eruption
of:
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a. Vesuvius in 79 A. D.
b. Krakatoa in 1883.
c. the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815.
d. Mount Katmai in 1912.
95. Flood basalts might have very significant global effects because:
a. they release so much heat.
b. they cover vast areas with dark rocks, trapping solar heat.
c. they melt polar glaciers.
d. the sulfur content of basaltic lava is about ten times that of rhyolite.
96. Volcanic aerosols are made up of:
a. fine rock powder
b. tiny droplets of sulfuric acid
c. tiny droplets of water vapor
d. microscopic ice crystals.
97. Mount Pelee caused great loss of life during its 1902 eruption because of a:
a. pyroclastic flow.
b. lava flow.
c. mudflow
d. heavy ash fall that collapsed buildings.
98. Nevado Ruiz erupted in 1985 and killed 20,000 people because of:
a. pyroclastic flow.
b. lava flow.
c. mudflow
d. heavy ash fall that collapsed buildings.
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Wind Erosion
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
First - time Visitors: Please visit Site Map and Disclaimer. Use "Back" to return here.
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b. China
c. The Ukraine
d. India
20. Which is not a property of loess that makes it a good basis for agricultural soils?
a. It has lots of pore spaces for water retention
b. It is of volcanic origin and contains lots of phosphorus
c. The grains lock together and provide good root support
d. It is made of fresh mineral grains with available mineral nutrients
e. It is free of rocks
21. Wind-blown dust from Asia is found on the floor of the Pacific
a. All the way to Japan
b. 500 miles beyond Japan
c. Halfway to Hawaii
d. All the way to Hawaii
e. All the way to North America
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e. tombolo
8. The movement of sand parallel to the shore:
a. is created by waves approaching at an oblique angle
b. may create spits
c. is achieved by longshore currents
d. is an important reason for the construction of groins
e. all of the above
9. When a breakwater is built beyond the surf zone offshore from a sandy beach:
a. the area between the shore and the breakwater will probably be deepened by the
intensified longshore current
b. the area between the shore and the breakwater will probably begin filling in with
sand
c. the longshore current will not be affected
d. none of the above
10. The crests of mid-oceanic ridges:
a. are heavily mantled with sediment
b. lie at depths exceeding 6 kilometers
c. are geologically young features
d. have never been observed by man
11. One result of wave refraction is that:
a. wave energy is concentrated on headlands projecting into the water
b. wave energy is concentrated in the recessed areas between headlands
c. wave energy is largely dissipated before the waves reach the shore
d. headlands are enlarged because sediment is deposited on their seaward side
12. The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach:
a. is caused by obliquely breaking waves
b. is called beach drift
c. is very unusual and seldom occurs
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
13. Within the continental margin, deep, steep-sided valleys known as ______ are found
a. continental shelves
b. submarine canyons
c. continental slopes
d. ocean basins
e. continental rises
14. The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been
uplifted or that sea level had fallen?
a. an estuary
b. a sea stack
c. an elevated marine terrace
d. a tombolo
15. Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay:
a. are associated with a submergent coast
b. are former river valleys that were followed by a rise in sea level
c. are excellent examples of large estuaries
d. all of the above
16. In the geologic past:
a. the number of 24-hour days per year was greater than at present
b. the earth rotated more rapidly than at present
c. the number of hours in a day was greater than at present
d. the earth was farther from the Sun
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e. all the above
17. The gently sloping, shallowly-submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward
the deep ocean is termed:
a. continental shelf
b. submarine canyon
c. continental slope
d. ocean basin
e. continental rise
18. Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region known as:
a. continental shelf
b. submarine canyon
c. continental slope
d. ocean basin
e. continental rise
19. Graded bedding is characterized by:
a. an increase in sediment size from bottom to top
b. a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top
c. an unsorted mixture of many different sediment sizes
d. sorting due to gentle wave action in shallow water
20.Which of the following is not true of deep ocean trenches?
a. they are long and narrow depressions
b. they are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle
c. they are geologically very stable
d. they may act as sediment traps
21. Which factors can make sea water more saline?
a. freezing of sea ice
b. evaporation
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
22. Almost half of the sediment reaching the oceans comes from this continent:
a. Asia
b. South America
c. Africa
d. North America
e. Australia
23. Freak high waves sometimes encountered by ships at sea seem to be due to:
a. Undersea volcanic eruptions
b. Undersea landslides
c. Tornado-like weather disturbances at sea
d. Superposition and addition of waves of different frequencies
e. Unusual tidal conditions
24. A flat-topped submarine mountain
a. guyot
b. mesa
c. cuesta
d. horst
25. A baymouth bar forms
a. when a glacier builds a moraine across a bay
b. when longshore drift causes a spit to be built across a bay
c. when a landslide dams a bay
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
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26. When waves break exactly parallel to a beach:
a. the beach wears away
b. the water returns to the sea in evenly-spaced flows call rips
c. the waves move sand along the shore
d. deposition is greatest
27. The highest known waves have occurred:
a. as the result of earthquakes
b. during hurricanes
c. after volcanic eruptions
d. when landslides dumped large amounts of material into small bodies of water
28. An example of a secondary shoreline:
a. the shore of an estuary
b. the shore of a fiord
c. a fault scarp which is partly submerged
d. a barrier island
29. When a wave changes direction in shallow water, the change in path is called:
a. absorption
b. refraction
c. reflection
d. erosion
30. As an oceanic island sinks or is eroded, the fringing reef may be left behind as a circular
ring called a(n):
a. crater
b. caldera
c. atoll
d. esker
31. An isolated rock left behind as an island as a coast erodes:
a. barrier reef
b. stack
c. dike
d. atoll
32. Beaches:
a. tend to remain constant year-round
b. tend to be eroded during stormy weather and deposited in calm weather
c. tend to be deposited in stormy weather and eroded in calm weather.
33. When are waves affected by the seafloor, that is, when do waves begin to "feel bottom"?
a. when water depth is equal to one-half the wave length
b. when water depth is equal to the wave length
c. when water depth is twice as great as the wave length
d. when water depth is three times a great as the wave length
e. none of the above
34. One of the following is not a requirement for coral reef growth:
a. warm water
b. shallow water
c. abundant sunlight
d. abundant amounts of suspended sediment
35. A sea cliff
a. retreats faster with time because the waves cut into softer rock
b. retreats uniformly with time
c. retreats more slowly because the waves cut into harder rock
d. retreats more slowly because the wave-cut platform dissipates wave energy
36. The salt in sea water plays little or no role in coastal erosion
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a. True
b. False
37. An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a:
a. spit
b. groin
c. jetty
d. tombolo
e. sea stack
38. A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a:
a. jetty
b. tombolo
c. sea stack
d. none of the above
e. breakwater
39. A circular reef enclosing a lagoon is a(n):
a. barrier reef
b. guyot
c. seamount
d. atoll
e. aseismic
40. A flat, benchlike surface cut in rock by wave action is a:
a. sea stack
b. spit
c. jetty
d. none of the above
e. tombolo
41. Chesapeake Bay is an excellent example of a(n):
a. coastal barrier
b. fiord
c. estuary
d. primary coastline
e. emergent coastline
42. Which of these can be considered a fiord (even though the topography isn't dramatic)?
a. San Francisco Bay
b. Chesapeake Bay
c. Galveston Bay
d. Puget Sound
e. Biscayne Bay
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c. descend to an average depth of 1,500 m
d. slope gently from the shoreline to the shelf-slope break
e. are widest along active continental margins
9. Much of the continental rise is composed of:
a. calcareous ooze
b. sheeted dikes
c. submarine fans
d. ophiolite
e. fringing reefs
10. The greatest oceanic depths occur at:
a. aseismic ridges
b. oceanic trenches
c. guyots
d. passive continental margins
e. the shelf-slope break
11. Which one of the following is not part of the continental margin?
a. continental shelf
b. continental rise
c. continental slope
d. continental trench
12. Submarine canyons are most characteristic of the:
a. continental shelves
b. rift valleys
c. abyssal plains
d. fractures in the sea floor
e. continental slopes
13. Graded bedding is a characteristic of:
a. continental shelves
b. siliceous ooze
c. turbidity current deposits
d. manganese nodules
e. pelagic clay
14. Graded bedding is characterized by:
a. an increase in sediment size from bottom to top
b. a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top
c. an unsorted mixture of many different sediment sizes
d. being found only on the continental slope off the Newfoundland coast.
15. Which of the following would you not associate with turbidity currents?
a. deposits of graded beds
b. formation of seamounts
c. density current
d. sediment transport
e. excavation of submarine canyons
16. Climatic influences associated with cold currents include:
a. increased aridity
b. greater fog frequency
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
17.The daily tidal range is greatest during _____ tide:
a. spring
b. ebb
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c. neap
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
18. The Coriolis effect:
a. applies only to tides
b. is caused by the earth's rotation
c. exists only in the Northern Hemisphere
d. is greatest near the equator
e. results in the ocean's surface currents conforming exactly to the prevailing wind
patterns.
f. governs the spin direction of water draining out of a sink
19. Which of the following water masses would be the most dense?
a. warm water with a high salinity
b. cold water with a high salinity
c. cold water with a low salinity
d. warm water with a low salinity
e. all of these would be equally dense
20. Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ___ of their
path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere.
a. right
b. left
21. Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true?
a. the percentage of land and water is about the same in both the northern and
southern hemispheres
b. the southern hemisphere has much more water surface than the northern
hemisphere
c. the northern hemisphere has much more water surface than the southern
hemisphere
22. Desalination is associated with:
a. extraction of magnesium from seawater
b. the formation of manganese nodules
c. volcanic outgassing
d. the creation of fresh water
e. none of the above
23. The daily tidal range is least during ___ tide:
a. spring
b. semidiurnal
c. flood
d. ebb
e. neap
24. When there are two high tides and two low tides each tidal day, the pattern is described
as:
a. mixed
b. diurnal
c. semidiurnal
25. Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater?
a. potassium bromide
b. sodium chloride
c. magnesium chloride
d. hydrogen borate
e. sodium bicarbonate
26. Which one of the following is not a resource extracted from seawater?
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a. bromine
b. gold
c. common salt (sodium chloride)
d. magnesium
27. The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon:
a. the length of time the wind has blown
b. the wind speed
c. the fetch
d. all of the above
e. only a and b
28. Which of the following is correct regarding a wave in the open ocean?
a. water particles move in an almost circular path
b. such waves are called waves of oscillation
c. the wave form moves forward but the water particles do not advance appreciably
d. all of the above
e. only b and c
29. Why is the ocean salty?
a. sodium and chlorine are added by rain water
b. sodium and chlorine are the elements least likely to be removed by chemical and
biological processes
c. submarine volcanic eruptions contribute sodium and chlorine
d. sodium and chlorine are the most abundant elements brought down by rivers
e. sodium and chlorine are created by marine organisms
30. What kinds of sediments are produced by marine micro-organisms?
a. Iron and magnesium
b. Siliceous and calcareous
c. Clay and Silt
d. Glacio-Marine
e. Evaporite
31. What's the most likely mechanism for getting coarse sediments far out to sea?
a. Wind
b. River currents
c. Marine micro-organisms
d. Attached to ice
32. Why don't calcareous sediments form in the deep oceans?
a. It's too cold
b. There's no sunlight for growth
c. Calcium carbonate dissolves at great depths
d. There's no oxygen
e. There are no nutrients for growth
33. The high tide in an open ocean basin
a. Moves from the shore in to the center
b. Revolves like the spoke of a wheel
c. Moves from east to west
d. Follows the Moon exactly
e. Moves from the center outward to the shore
34. Large areas of the ocean floor are rich in nodules that contain
a. Magnesium
b. Copper
c. Manganese
d. Titanium
e. Aluminum
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35. How far offshore can wind-blown sediments get in the ocean basins?
a. 10 km offshore
b. Thousands of kilometers
c. 100 km
d. Less than a kilometer
36. What is the best estimate for the boundary between continental and oceanic crust?
a. The mid-ocean ridge
b. The shoreline
c. The 100-meter depth contour
d. The middle of the continental slope
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Crustal Movements
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a. A-A
b. B-B
c. C-C
d. D-D
16.
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a. the layer was originally horizontal and was later tilted
b. the layer could have been deposited on an original sloping surface
c. either of the above could be true
d. none of the above
18. A stratum dips at 57 degrees. We can say:
a. the layer was originally horizontal and was later tilted
b. the layer could have been deposited on an originally sloping surface
c. either of the above could be true
d. none of the above
19. The San Andreas is a right-lateral fault with the North American Plate on one side and the
Pacific Plate on the other. During a movement of the fault, you would see the opposite
side of the fault move to the right:
a. if you were on the Pacific Plate looking at North America
b. if you were on the North American Plate looking at the Pacific Plate
c. it doesn't matter which side you are on. Both a and b are correct
d. both a and b are wrong because your side of the fault moves to the right
20. How do normal and reverse faults differ?
a. normal faults are caused by extension of the crust, reverse faults by compression
b. reverse faults are caused by extension of the crust, normal faults by compression
c. reverse faults are left-lateral, normal faults are right- lateral
d. reverse faults are right-lateral, normal fualts are left- lateral
e. none of the above
21.
a. anticline
b. syncline
c. homocline
d. monocline
22.
a. anticline
b. syncline
c. homocline
d. monocline
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c. reverse faults
d. synclines
24. Which of these indicates that the crust is being compressed or shortened?
a. anticlines
b. homoclines
c. normal faults
d. dikes
25. A thin large sheet of rock which slides over other rocks in a mountain belt is called a
a. intrusion
b. anticline
c. landslide
d. nappe or thrust sheet
26.
a. a syncline
b. a horst
c. a thrust fault
d. a rift
27. In the fold above, the oldest rocks are likely to be:
a. in the center
b. on the outside
c. on the left
d. on the right
28.
a. a horst
b. a syncline
c. a graben
d. a monocline
29.
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30.
a. A-A
b. B-B
c. C-C
31.
a. an anticline
b. a syncline
c. a monocline
d. a horst
32. In the fold above, the oldest rocks are likely to be:
a. in the center
b. on the outside
c. on the left
d. on the right
33. The rocks in Wisconsin have essentially the form of a(n):
a. horst
b. syncline
c. arch
d. basin
34. The major value of small deformation structures in rocks
a. they are locations for mineral deposits
b. they provide clues to larger structures
c. they fracture the rocks and make it easier to quarry
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35.
a. an anticline
b. a graben
c. a monocline
d. a sycline
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c. the Earth's crust behaves both as a liquid and a solid
d. much of the asthenosphere is molten
e. magnetic anomalies result when the crust is loaded by glacial ice
43. The intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane is the definition of:
a. horizontal strata
b. strike
c. dip-slip movement
d. joint
e. folded strata
44. Strain is characterized as _____ if deformed rocks regain their shape when they are no
longer subjected to stress.
a. compression
b. plastic
c. elastic
d. shear
e. tensional
45. Most folding results from:
a. fracturing
b. convection
c. compaction
d. compression
e. rifting
46.
a. dome
b. basin
c. homocline
d. anticline
47. In the structure above, if you drilled a well at X, what would you hit below unit 3?
a. Unit 4
b. Unit 2
c. Unit 1
d. rocks older than 1
e. rocks younger than 4
48.
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a. dome
b. basin
c. homocline
d. anticline
49. In the structure above, if you drilled a well at X, what would you hit below unit 2?
a. Unit 4
b. Unit 3
c. Unit 1
d. rocks older than 1
e. rocks younger than 4
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b. 40oC
c. 30oC
d. -10oC
e. 0o
9. Most of the United States is situated in which zone of prevailing winds?
a. trade winds
b. doldrums
c. subpolar easterlies
d. horse latitudes
e. westerlies
10. Another name for the subtropical high is:
a. trade winds
b. doldrums
c. subpolar easterlies
d. horse latitudes
e. westerlies
11. When an active cold front overtakes a warm front:
a. the fronts cancel one another out
b. cloud formation ceases
c. an occluded front forms
d. a stationary front is created
e. a hurricane develops
12. The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as:
a. argon
b. ozone
c. thermopause
d. molecular oxygen
e. chlorofluorocarbon
13. Ozone filters out most of the _____ radiation in sunlight.
a. infrared
b. microwave
c. gamma
d. radio
e. ultraviolet
14. Under what circumstances could the relative humidity exceed 100 % without producing
condensation in the air?
a. the dew point is higher than the air temperature
b. the air is perfectly dry
c. the water vapor is composed of "heavy" water
d. there are no condensation nuclei
e. there are too many ions in the air
15. Widely spaced isobars indicate:
a. high winds
b. variable winds
c. light winds
d. winds oriented north to south
e. cyclonic winds
16. Which element is most responsible for depleting the ozone layer?
a. chlorine
b. sulfur
c. sodium
d. radon
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e. helium
17. New York City has its greatest length of daylight.
a. June 21
b. December 21
c. March 21
d. July 4
e. September 21
18. The normal lapse rate of average temperature decrease for dry air in the troposphere is
_____ for each kilometer of altitude increase.
a. 5oC
b. 0oC
c. 15oC
d. 10oC
e. -5oC
19. There is disagreement about every aspect of global warming except one. Which is the one
point everyone agrees?
a. Accuracy of the computer models
b. Whether the change is man-made or natural
c. Carbon dioxide has increased in the last few centuries
d. The role of clouds in moderating global warming
e. Whether the change will be harmful or beneficial
20. The two most important heat absorbing gases in the lower atmosphere are:
a. oxygen and nitrogen
b. water vapor and carbon dioxide
c. argon and oxygen
d. ozone and chlorofluorocarbon
e. none of the above
21. The term ____ is used to describe the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without
passing through the liquid state.
a. evaporation
b. melting
c. sublimation
d. deposition
e. condensation
22. Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called:
a. wind trains
b. jet streams
c. mesocyclones
d. El Nino
e. chinooks
23. Which of the following statements is not true of tornadoes?
a. occur most frequently in the spring if the year
b. usually occur along the warm front of a midlatitude air mass
c. most common in the Midwest and Great Plains
d. associated with cumulonimbus clouds
e. generally move form the southwest toward the northeast
24. Tornadoes are most frequent in the U.S. during the:
a. January-March period
b. April-June period
c. October-December period
d. month of September
e. July-August period
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25. The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat-
absorbing gases is called the:
a. adiabatic effect
b. photon effect
c. greenhouse effect
d. photosynthesis effect
e. grey-body effect
26. Evaporating a gram of water requires how many calories?.
a. 600
b. 100
c. 14,000
d. 35
e. 7,500
27. The process of converting a liquid to a vapor is termed:
a. evaporation
b. melting
c. sublimation
d. deposition
e. condensation
28. In the northern hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system (cyclone)
blow:
a. clockwise toward the center
b. counterclockwise toward the center
c. clockwise outward from the center
d. counterclockwise outward from the center
29. In the northern hemisphere, winds associated with a high pressure system blow:
a. clockwise toward the center
b. counterclockwise toward the center
c. clockwise outward from the center
d. counterclockwise outward from the center
30. This air mass is the source of much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and
eastern United States.
a. mT
b. cT
c. cP
d. none of these
e. mP
31. Why doesn't volcanic HCl break down the ozone layer as much as artificial chlorine
chemicals?
a. There is less of it
b. HCl in the atmosphere combines with other chemicals and becomes inert
c. It has different isotopes of chlorine
d. Greenpeace is faking the data
e. The chlorine is more tightly bonded and less available for reacting
32. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide
has:
a. remained about the same
b. doubled
c. declined
d. increased five times
e. increased ten times
33. On this date the sun rises at the South Pole.
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a. June 21
b. December 21
c. March 21
d. July 4
e. September 21
34. The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere.
a. June 21
b. December 21
c. March 21
d. February 14
e. September 21
35. The North Pole has a higher noon sun angle than New York City on this date.
a. June 21
b. December 21
c. March 21
d. Never
e. September 21
36.If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26oC and the minimum temperature is
14oC, the daily range would be:
a. 40oC
b. 20oC
c. 12oC
d. 13oC
e. the daily range cannot be determined with the data provided
37. Early in January the earth is closer to the sun than at any other time of year. This position
is termed:
a. albedo
b. aphelion
c. perihelion
d. equinox
e. revolution
38. On the average, how much of the sun's energy that is intercepted by the earth is reflected
back to space?
a. 10%
b. 40%
c. 20%
d. 50%
e. 30%
39. The earth receives energy from the sun in this way.
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. all of the above (a, b, and c)
e. none of the above
40. The wavelengths emitted by the earth are:
a. longer than those emitted by the sun
b. shorter than those emitted by the sun
c. about the same as those emitted by the sun
d. none of these
41. The longest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum are:
a. gamma
b. radio
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c. ultraviolet
d. infrared
42. The dew point is the temperature at which:
a. water in the liquid state changes to vapor
b. hailstones are formed
c. water vapor condenses to a liquid
d. cumulus clouds change to cumulonimbus clouds
e. none of these
43. The most important process of cloud formation in the atmosphere is:
a. cooling by compression of air
b. cooling by release of latent heat of vaporization
c. cooling by expansion of air
d. radiation cooling
e. cooling by contract with a cold surface
44. The subpolar low (polar front) is:
a. a zone where the trade winds meet
b. the forward edge of the antarctic ice cap
c. a zone where the polar easterlies and the westerlies converge
d. the boundary between frozen and liquid ocean
45. On a weather map, ___ fronts are shown by a line with semicircles extending from one
side.
a. warm
b. occluded
c. cold
d. stationary
46. If an observer sees cirrus clouds, followed later by cirrostratus, and than altostratus, he or
she is witnessing the approach of a ____ front.
a. warm
b. stationary
c. cold
d. gradual
47. The summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on this date.
a. June 21
b. December 21
c. March 21
d. none of the above
e. September 21
48. When a hurricane moves onto land, it rapidly loses its punch, that is, the storm declines in
intensity. Which of the factors listed below contribute to this loss of punch?
a. friction
b. lack of warm, moist air
c. heating from below by the land surface
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
49. The eye of a hurricane:
a. is the portion with the highest wind speeds
b. is warmer than the rest of the storm
c. is a figment of man's imagination
d. is a small area of relative calm
50. Hurricanes generally are:
a. larger than tornadoes
b. smaller than midlatitude cyclones
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c. areas of heavy rainfall and strong winds
d. most common in late summer
e. all of these
51. Thunder and lightning are most likely to be associated with these clouds:
a. cirrostratus
b. cirrus
c. cumulonimbus
d. nimbostratus
e. altostratus
52. This cloud type is typical of the middle height range:
a. cirrostratus
b. cirrus
c. cumulonimbus
d. nimbostratus
e. altostratus
53. If fair weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be:
a. steady
b. falling
c. rising
d. pressure tendency has nothing to do with forecasting good or bad weather
54. If stormy weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be:
a. steady
b. falling
c. rising
d. pressure tendency has nothing to do with forecasting good or bad weather
55. When an area is experiencing several consecutive days of rather constant fair weather, it
is experiencing:
a. warm-front weather
b. cold-front weather
c. high-pressure weather
d. occluded front weather
e. low-pressure weather
56. An air mass from the Gulf of Mexico is called:
a. cP
b. cT
c. mP
d. mT
57. A cT air mass is:
a. cold and dry
b. warm and humid
c. cold and humid
d. none of these
e. warm and dry
58. Air may best be described as:
a. an element
b. a compound
c. a mixture
d. one of four basic substances that composes all things
e. none of these
59. Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
a. oxygen
b. nitrogen
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c. argon
d. hydrogen
e. carbon dioxide
60. Lines on a weather map connecting places of equal air pressure are termed:
a. isovectors
b. isotherms
c. isobars
d. isopressure
e. isogrids
61. Closely spaced isobars indicate:
a. high winds
b. variable winds
c. light winds
d. winds oriented north to south
e. cyclonic winds
62. On a weather map, _____ fronts are shown by a line with triangular points on one side.
a. warm
b. occluded
c. cold
d. stationary
63. Ozone is concentrated in the:
a. troposphere
b. thermosphere
c. stratosphere
d. ionosphere
e. mesosphere
64. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the:
a. troposphere
b. stratosphere
c. thermosphere
d. ionosphere
e. mesosphere
65. Practically all clouds and storms occur in this layer of the atmosphere:
a. troposphere
b. stratosphere
c. thermosphere
d. ionosphere
e. mesosphere
66. The cloud form that is best described as low altitude sheets or layers that cover much or
all of the sky is termed:
a. cumulus
b. alto
c. cirrus
d. nimbo
e. stratus
67. The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or
cauliflower-like structure is called:
a. cumulus
b. alto
c. cirrus
d. nimbo
e. stratus
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68. This term is used to describe clouds found in the middle height range:
a. cumulus
b. alto
c. cirrus
d. nimbo
e. stratus
69. In the southern hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system blow:
a. clockwise toward the center
b. counterclockwise toward the center
c. clockwise outward from the center
d. counterclockwise outward from the center
70. As you face the same direction a hurricane is moving, the most dangerous part of the
storm is:
a. front center
b. left front
c. right front
d. left rear
e. right rear
71. The reason one particular part of a hurricane is most dangerous is:
a. The velocity of the storm is added to the wind velocity
b. That part of the storm stays over water longest
c. That part of the storm has dangerously low pressure
d. That part of the storm has the heaviest rain
e. The velocity of the storm is subtracted from the wind velocity.
72. The ingredients in smog are:
a. lightning, nitrogen and water vapor
b. ultraviolet, nitrogen, hydrocarbons
c. ozone and fluorocarbons
d. nitrogen, sulfur and infrared
e. water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
73. Rainbows, halos and glories are produced by:
a. refraction of light
b. absorption of light
c. scattering of light
d. colored impurities in the clouds
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Planetary Geology
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
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e. satellite
9. The clouds on Venus are made of
a. sulfuric acid
b. dust
c. water vapor
d. ice crystals
10. Which planet has the slowest rotation?
a. Mercury
b. Mars
c. Venus
d. Jupiter
e. Earth
11. One of the two satellites of Mars is:
a. Io
b. Titan
c. Phobos
d. Miranda
e. Europa
12. Which planet has the fastest rotation?
a. Mercury
b. Mars
c. Venus
d. Jupiter
e. Earth
13. Which is the smallest planet?
a. Pluto
b. Mars
c. Mercury
d. Venus
14. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are collectively called
a. the Jovian planets
b. the gas giants
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
15. Which planet has not yet been visited by a spacecraft?
a. Pluto
b. Mars
c. Mercury
d. Uranus
e. Saturn
16. Which planet has not yet been visited by manned spacecraft?
a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Mars
d. Venus
e. none of the above have been visited by manned spacecraft
17. The high temperature on Venus is due to
a. the greenhouse effect
b. its nearness to the Sun
c. its carbon dioxide atmosphere
d. all the above
18. This body has a giant multi-ringed impact basin
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a. Mercury
b. Callisto
c. the Moon
d. all the above
19. Lacks a magnetic field
a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Venus
d. Saturn
20. The greatest impacts produce
a. pit craters
b. craters with central peaks
c. craters with terraces
d. multi-ringed impact basins
21. Most of what we know about the surface of this planet comes from radar mapping.
a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Venus
d. Saturn
e. Mars
22. What bodies in the solar system orbit between Mars and Jupiter?
a. comets
b. astroblemes
c. meteoroids
d. Kuiper Belt objects
e. asteroids
23. Which of these lunar features is the oldest?
a. maria basins
b. lunar highlands
c. rayed craters like Copernicus
d. lunar soil
e. all features on the moon are about the same age
24. The dark-appearing areas on the moon are called:
a. oceans
b. rays
c. lunar highlands
d. none of the above
e. maria
25. The maria lowlands on the moon are most likely:
a. large lava-filled impact craters
b. dried up ocean basins
c. fault block basins similar to rift valleys on earth
d. stream eroded basins
e. none of the above
26. Which of the following is NOT true about Jupiter?
a. more massive than all the other planets combined
b. has huge rotating storms
c. has a dense atmosphere
d. has a bright, wide ring system
e. all of the above are true
27. The only satellite known to have a substantial atmosphere is:
a. Io
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b. Titan
c. Phobos
d. Miranda
e. Europa
28. The areas of the moon called maria by the early astronomers were thought to be:
a. mountainous regions
b. areas of dense vegetation
c. seas
d. high flat plateaus
e. deep craters
29. The only body in the solar system (Earth excluded) known to have active volcanism:
a. Io
b. Titan
c. Phobos
d. Miranda
e. Europa
30. The length of daylight on the moon is about:
a. 24 hours
b. one month
c. 48 hours
d. one year
e. two weeks
31. Large lava-filled impact craters found on the moon are known as:
a. splash marks
b. maria
c. breccia
d. lunar highland
e. rays
32. Most of the moon's craters were produced by:
a. the impact of debris (meteoroids)
b. volcanic eruptions
c. faulting
d. radial implosions
e. their origin remains unknown
33. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the Jovian planets?
a. large size
b. composed mostly of gases and ices
c. located beyond the orbit of Mars
d. have thin atmospheres
e. all of these are characteristics
34. The glowing head of a comet is known as:
a. coma
b. comoid
c. toma
d. mrkos
e. nucleus
35. The smallest planet in the solar system is:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
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e. Mars
36. The high surface temperatures of this planet have been attributed to the greenhouse
effect:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
37. This planet has a densely cratered surface similar to that of the moon:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
38. The small particles which produce a streak of light upon entering the earth's atmosphere
are called:
a. comets
b. meteoroids
c. asteroids
d. meteorites
e. satellites
39. These spectacular bodies have been compared to large, dirty snow balls, since they are
made of frozen gases which hold together small fragments of rocky material:
a. comets
b. meteoroids
c. asteroids
d. meteorites
e. satellites
40. These objects can be placed into one of three categories; iron, stony, and stony-iron:
a. comets
b. meteoroids
c. asteroids
d. meteorites
e. satellites
41. The planet with the greatest temperature extremes is:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
42. This terrestrial planet is shrouded in a thick cloud cover making earthbound telescopic
observation of its surface impossible:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
43. The relatively small, rocky bodies generally found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter are
known as:
a. comets
b. meteoroids
c. asteroids
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d. meteorites
e. satellites
44. These minor members of the solar system are thought to have formed beyond the orbit of
Pluto:
a. comets
b. meteoroids
c. asteroids
d. meteorites
e. satellites
45. The mountains on the moon:
a. are folded mountains not unlike the Appalachians
b. are fault-block mountains like the Teton Range in Wyoming
c. are a volcanic mountains range
d. are rims of huge impact basins
e. have an unknown origin
46. The Venusian atmosphere is composed primarily of:
a. water vapor
b. nitrogen
c. oxygen
d. carbon dioxide
e. hydrogen
47. This planet contains Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the solar system:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
48. Bright splash marks radiating outward from large young lunar craters are called:
a. rays
b. spokes
c. continuous ejecta
d. radiating dikes
e. spicules
49. Which of these is not a terrestrial planet?
a. Earth
b. Uranus
c. Mercury
d. Mars
e. Venus
50. A recent discovery indicates that this planet has one satellite:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
51. This planet has ice caps which change in size with the changing seasons:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
52. One of the planets known to have rings:
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a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
53. This planet shows evidence of water erosion:
a. Venus
b. Mercury
c. Uranus
d. Pluto
e. Mars
54. This body has a giant multi-ringed impact basin
a. Mercury
b. Venus
c. Europa
d. Saturn
55. The youngest craters are marked by:
a. rays
b. central peaks
c. terraces
d. multiple rings
56. Which planet is nearest the Earth in size and mass?
a. Mercury
b. Mars
c. Venus
d. Pluto
57. Which planet lacks have rings?
a. Jupiter
b. Uranus
c. Saturn
d. Neptune
e. None - they all have rings
58. Rings must lie exactly above the ____Plane of a planet.
a. equatorial
b. ecliptic
c. Polar
d. Nodal
59. Which has not yet been found to have volcanoes?
a. Earth
b. Mars
c. Io
d. Ganymede
e. Venus
60. When a large meteor strikes a planet, its energy of motion turns into
a. atomic energy
b. sound
c. x-rays
d. heat
61. This object lacks an atmosphere
a. Titan
b. Venus
c. Mercury
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d. Mars
62. The polar caps of Mars are probably water ice and frozen
a. methane
b. ammonia
c. nitrogen
d. carbon dioxide
63. The red color of Mars is probably due to
a. sulfur
b. faint sunlight
c. iron oxide
d. the Earth's shadow
64. The only planet whose axis of rotation is nearly in its own orbital plane is:
a. Venus
b. Neptune
c. Saturn
d. Pluto
e. Uranus
65. What was the main source of heat for the Earth early in its history?
a. meteor impact
b. an initial molten condition
c. radioactivity
d. spontaneous combustion
e. gravitational compression
66. The most abundant meteorites are:
a. stones
b. achondrites
c. irons
d. peridotites
e. stony-irons
67. Which of the following is not a terrestrial planet?
a. Mercury
b. Venus
c. Jupiter
d. Mars
e. Earth
68. The age of the solar system is generally accepted by scientists as:
a. 4.6 billion years
b. 20 billion years
c. 10 billion years
d. 50 billion years
e. 15.5 billion years
69. The major problem that plagued most early theories of the origin of the solar system
involved the:
a. distribution of elements throughout the solar system
b. rotation of the planets around their axes
c. slow rotation of the Sun
d. revolution of the planets around the Sun
e. source of meteorites and asteroids
70. The surface of the Moon is divided into: light-colored highlands and low-lying, dark-
colored plains called:
a. light colored highlands and dark colored maria
b. fold mountains and shields
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c. basaltic and granitic crust
d. igneous and sedimentary terranes
e. cratons and polar caps
71. Which of the following is not characteristic of Mercury?
a. a strong magnetic field
b. heavy cratering of its surface
c. scarps
d. numerous lava flows
e. possible polar ice caps
72. The atmosphere of Venus is:
a. thick and composed of carbon dioxide
b. similar to Earth's
c. nonexistent
d. thin, like that of Mars
e. none of these
73. The surface of Mars possesses:
a. huge valleys
b. smooth plains
c. massive volcanoes
d. all of these
e. large craters
74. It is currently believed that the Tunguska explosion was caused by a(n):
a. meteor
b. volcanic eruption
c. asteroid
d. comet
e. nuclear explosion
75. Which of the following events did all of the terrestrial planets experience early in their
history?
a. accretion
b. meteorite impacting
c. differentiation
d. all of these
e. volcanism
76. The age of the universe is generally accepted by scientists as:
a. 570 million years
b. 13 to 20 billion years
c. 4.6 billion years
d. greater than 50 billion years
e. 8 to 15 billion years
77. The most widely accepted theory regarding the origin of the Moon involves:
a. capture from an independent orbit
b. formed in orbit around the Earth
c. breaking off from the Earth during the Earth's accretion
d. formation resulting from a collision between the Earth and a large proto-planet
e. none of these
78. Images radioed back by Voyagers 1 and 2 revealed that:
a. all of the Jovian planets have rings
b. Neptune and Uranus both have little atmospheric activity
c. Uranus has a large spot like those of Jupiter and Neptune
d. Pluto has an atmosphere similar to that of Mars
e. all of these
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79. Both Jupiter and Saturn have a relatively small rocky core overlain by a zone of:
a. helium
b. hydrogen
c. liquid metallic hydrogen
d. carbon dioxide
e. frozen ammonia
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d. nuclear core
9. The cooler layer of the Sun where the lines in the Solar spectrum form
a. corona
b. chromosphere
c. photosphere
d. nuclear core
10. Deep in the Sun, energy is transferred by
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
11. Streams of protons and electrons emitted from the sun produce(s):
a. quasars
b. spicules
c. the solar wind
d. prominences
e. granules
12.During periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structures that appear as great arches
extending from the sun are often produced. These solar features are called:
a. quasars
b. spicules
c. the solar wind
d. prominences
e. granules
13. Our galaxy is called:
a. Milky Way
b. Pleiades
c. Panorama galaxy
d. Andromeda
e. Orion
14. Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?
a. red
b. white
c. orange
d. blue
e. yellow
15. The layer of the sun which radiates most of the light that reaches the earth is called the:
a. ionosphere
b. chromosphere
c. corona
d. megasphere
e. photosphere
16. The layer of the solar atmosphere directly above the photosphere is called the:
a. ionosphere
b. solarsphere
c. corona
d. megasphere
e. chromosphere
17. Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature?
a. red
b. white
c. orange
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d. blue
e. yellow
18. Which main-sequence stars are the most massive?
a. red
b. white
c. orange
d. blue
e. yellow
19. The source of the sun's energy is:
a. chemical burning
b. heat of contraction
c. nuclear fission
d. potential energy
e. nuclear fusion
20. The final stage for a star which is as massive as the sun:
a. black hole
b. red giant
c. black dwarf
d. white dwarf
e. main-sequence
21. When a main-sequence star has exhausted the hydrogen fuel in its core, it becomes a:
a. black hole
b. black dwarf
c. neutron star
d. red giant
e. white dwarf
22. Stars that are composed of matter in which electrons have combined with protons are
called:
a. black hole
b. red giant
c. black dwarf
d. white dwarf
e. neutron star
23. This property of a star can be determined from its color:
a. mass
b. surface temperature
c. stellar distance
d. volume
e. velocity
24. These can be produced during a supernova event:
a. black hole
b. red giant
c. black dwarf
d. white dwarf
e. main-sequence star
25.A star in which light cannot escape because of the immense gravitational pull at its
surface:
a. black hole
b. red giant
c. black dwarf
d. white dwarf
e. main sequence star
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26. The black lines across the spectrum of the sun or a star are caused by
a. planets getting in the way
b. absorption of light by atoms in the star
c. emission of light by atoms in the star
d. chemical reactions
27. The common image of a telescope, a lens in the front and an eyepiece at the back, is a
_________ telescope
a. refracting
b. reflecting
c. compound
d. achromatic
28. The largest astronomical telescopes are
a. refracting
b. reflecting
c. compound
d. achromatic
29. The largest astronomical telescopes are of that design because
a. it is cheaper to fabricate large mirrors than lenses
b. it is cheaper to fabricate large lenses than mirrors
c. large mirrors absorb more light than lenses
d. large mirrors require color correction whereas lenses do not.
30. The Doppler Effect causes light from an object moving toward us to:
a. be red-shifted
b. be blue-shifted
c. undergo no change
d. become green
31. The Doppler Effect causes light from an object moving away from us to:
a. be red-shifted
b. be blue-shifted
c. undergo no change
d. become green
32. The Doppler Effect causes light from an object moving across our line of sight to:
a. be red-shifted
b. be blue-shifted
c. undergo no change
d. become green
33. The constellations as we see them from Earth would change noticeably in (pick the
shortest applicable time):
a. 100 years
b. 10,000 years
c. 1,000,000 years
d. a billion years
34. Stars in a given constellation:
a. all formed together
b. are all moving in the same direction
c. are all the same type
d. are usually not physically related
35. Why is there a North Star but not a South Star?
a. the Earth's north magnetic pole is stronger
b. people chose to live in the hemisphere that had a Pole Star
c. the Earth is on the north side of the Galaxy
d. just by chance there is a bright star near the north celestial pole.
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36. The celestial equivalent of latitude is:
a. right ascension
b. declination
c. galactic longitude
d. spherical aberration
37. To an astronomer, the most important purpose of a telescope is:
a. great magnification
b. gathering light
c. measuring positions
d. penetrating clouds
38. To an astronomer, the least important purpose of a telescope is:
a. great magnification
b. gathering light
c. measuring positions
d. penetrating clouds
39. Gravity overwhelms all other forces in this object:
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
40. Largest of all stars
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
41. Can be a pulsar
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
42. What the most massive stars become
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
43. What the sun will probably become next
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
44. The last stage in the evolution of the Sun
a. Normal Star
b. White Dwarf
c. Neutron Star
d. Black Hole
e. Red Giant
45. Nearest planet with surface visible from Earth
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a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
46. Has a Giant Red Spot
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
47. Has four giant moons
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
48. Has a runaway greenhouse effect
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
49. Has enormous volcanoes and rift valleys
a. Europa
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
50. Once had liquid water
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
51. Has a moon with an atmosphere
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
52. Has clouds of sulfuric acid droplets
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
53. Closest to the sun and smallest of the group listed
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Earth
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d. Saturn
e. Mercury
54. Has polar ice caps that expand and contact with its seasons
a. Venus
b. Mars
c. Jupiter
d. Saturn
e. Mercury
55. The principal clue that the surface of a planet is geologically young
a. Atmosphere
b. Heavy cratering
c. Volcanoes
d. Lack of craters
56. A moon of Jupiter that has active volcanoes
a. Titan
b. Triton
c. Io
d. Callisto
e. Europa
57. A massive star sometimes explodes in a great explosion called
a. Supernova
b. Quasar
c. Big Bang
d. Thermonuclear
e. Neutrino
58. Why astronomers are not as concerned as one might guess about the "missing mass" in
the Universe:
a. It's probably due to errors of observation
b. It's been found
c. There are so many possible explanations
d. They have no funds to investigate it
59. Great spiral mass of stars about 100,000 light years across
a. Nebula
b. Globular Cluster
c. Pulsar
d. Quasar
e. Galaxy
60. Technique astronomers use to find distance to nearby stars
a. Parallax
b. Spectroscopy
c. Doppler Shift
61. Estimated age of the Universe
a. 1.4 billion years
b. 13 billion years
c. 120 billion years
d. 1.7 trillion years
62. The color of a star is due to:
a. Its distance
b. Its composition
c. Its temperature
d. Its age
e. Its size
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63. All objects exist as the result of a balance between some force and:
a. Centrifugal force
b. Electromagnetism
c. Gravity
d. Nuclear Forces
e. Radiation
64. What force keeps Planets from collapsing?
a. Radiation
b. Gravity
c. Nuclear Forces
d. Electron repulsion
e. Forces between atoms
f. No known force can prevent collapse
65. What force keeps Normal Stars from collapsing?
a. Radiation
b. Gravity
c. Nuclear Forces
d. Electron repulsion
e. Forces between atoms
f. No known force can prevent collapse
66. What force keeps White Dwarfs from collapsing?
a. Radiation
b. Gravity
c. Nuclear Forces
d. Electron repulsion
e. Forces between atoms
f. No known force can prevent collapse
67. What force keeps Neutron Stars from collapsing?
a. Radiation
b. Gravity
c. Nuclear Forces
d. Electron repulsion
e. Forces between atoms
f. No known force can prevent collapse
68. What force keeps each Black Holes from collapsing?
a. Radiation
b. Gravity
c. Nuclear Forces
d. Electron repulsion
e. Forces between atoms
f. No known force can prevent collapse
69. Planets are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
70. Normal Stars are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
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d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
71. Giant Stars are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
72. White Dwarfs are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
73. Neutron Stars are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
74. Black Holes are what approximate size?
a. No size at all
b. 10 km
c. 10,000 km
d. 1,000,000 km
e. 100,000,000 km
75. Parallax is:
a. The apparent shift in a star’s position from one side of the Earth to the other
b. The apparent shift in a star’s position from one side of the Earth’s orbit to the
other
c. The apparent diameter of a star as seen in a telescope
d. The amount a star moves in a year due to its own motion
76. What two elements make up 99.9% of the cosmos?
a. iron and silicon
b. hydrogen and helium
c. carbon and silicon
d. hydrogen and oxygen
e. carbon and hydrogen
77. Where did the heavy elements in the Solar System come from?
a. comets coming in from outside
b. formed in earlier generations of stars
c. formed in the Sun
d. formed by nuclear reactions as the Solar System was condensing
78. The spacecraft HIPPARCOS provided us with:
a. Images of planets around other stars
b. Vastly improved measurements of the sizes of stars
c. Images of the most distant galaxies
d. Vastly improved measurements of the distances of stars
79. To determine distances in the Solar System, we used observations of which bodies?
a. Mars and the Moon
b. Venus and nearby asteroids
c. Mercury and Saturn
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d. Jupiter and its moons
80. To determine distances in the Solar System, we must:
a. Determine the distance to each planet separately
b. Determine one distance and use Kepler's Third Law to find the rest
c. Determine the distance to the Moon accurately
d. Determine the diameter of the Earth accurately
81. The violent collapse and explosion of a star is termed a:
a. Supernova
b. Nebula
c. Starburst
d. Stellar Implosion
82. The heavier (more complex) an element is, the __________
a. rarer it is in the Universe
b. more common it is in the universe
c. less essential it is for life
d. more likely it is to occur on Earth
e. more important it is for producing energy in stars
83. Great spiral mass of stars about 100,000 light years across
a. Nebula
b. Globular Cluster
c. Pulsar
d. Quasar
e. Galaxy
84. Technique astronomers use to find distance to nearby stars
a. Parallax
b. Spectroscopy
c. Doppler Shift
d. Radar
85. Deneb, 1600 light years away, is too far even for HIPPARCOS to measure its distance
accurately. We estimate its distance by:
a. Observing its motion
b. Comparing it to stars of the same type whose distance we can measure
c. Knowing it's in a globular star cluster
d. Measuring its red shift
86. The most likely cause of the eventual extinction of life on earth:
a. The Sun becoming a supernova
b. The Sun becomes a red giant
c. The Sun becomes a white dwarf
d. The Sun becomes a Quasar
e. Gradual heating of the earth as the Sun brightens
87. How Big is our Galaxy?
a. 1000 light years across
b. 10,000 light years across
c. 100,000 light years across
d. 1,000,000 light years across
88. Where are we in our Galaxy?
a. In the central hub
b. In the disk 2/3 of the way to the edge
c. At the extreme edge of the disk
d. Neither in the hub nor the disk
89. We know our location in our Galaxy by observing what?
a. The movements of nearby stars
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University of Wisconsin – Green Bay
b. Positions of Globular Star Clusters
c. Motions of small satellite galaxies
d. The expansion of the Universe
e. Areas of star formation in the Galaxy
90. Our galaxy is in the center of:
a. We are not at the center of anything
b. A small group of 100 galaxies
c. A cluster of 1,000 galaxies
d. A supercluster of a million galaxies
91. How is our Sun moving in the galaxy?
a. Standing Still
b. Moving straight away from the center
c. Moving out of the disk plane
d. Orbiting once every 250 million years
92. The evidence that galaxies are receding from us is:
a. They have gotten smaller since we first observed them
b. They have gotten fainter since we first observed them
c. Their light is blue-shifted
d. Their light is red-shifted
93. The energy released at the Big Bang is now observed as:
a. Visible light
b. X-rays
c. Infrared
d. Ultraviolet
e. Faint microwaves
94. In the evenings in _______ we look toward the center of the galaxy
a. Summer
b. Fall
c. Winter
d. Spring
95. Where is the Solar System in relation to the center of the Milky Way?
a. near the center
b. at the extreme outer rim
c. outside it
d. two-thirds of the way from the center to the rim
96. These stars give us a distance scale to the galaxies:
a. Cepheid variables
b. red giants
c. white dwarfs
d. pulsars
97. Why aren’t astronomers very worried about the "missing mass" in the universe?
a. They think the entire concept is an error.
b. The missing mass has recently been accounted for.
c. There are no ways to estimate the amount of mass in the Universe.
d. There are so many forms the missing mass could take.
98. The "missing mass" in the universe is more accurately described as:
a. Antimatter
b. Imaginary
c. Non-luminous
d. Undiscovered particles
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University of Wisconsin – Green Bay
Matching (More than one answer may be correct)
1. Normal Star
a. Gravity overwhelms all other forces
b. Largest of all stars
c. Can be a pulsar
d. What the most massive stars become
e. What the sun will probably become next
f. Nuclear fusion is the source of its energy
g. The final stage in the evolution of the Sun
2. White Dwarf
a. Gravity overwhelms all other forces
b. Largest of all stars
c. Can be a pulsar
d. What the most massive stars become
e. What the sun will probably become next
f. Nuclear fusion is the source of its energy
g. The final stage in the evolution of the Sun
3. Neutron Star
a. Gravity overwhelms all other forces
b. Largest of all stars
c. Can be a pulsar
d. What the most massive stars become
e. What the sun will probably become next
f. Nuclear fusion is the source of its energy
g. The final stage in the evolution of the Sun
4. Black Hole
a. Gravity overwhelms all other forces
b. Largest of all stars
c. Can be a pulsar
d. What the most massive stars become
e. What the sun will probably become next
f. Nuclear fusion is the source of its energy
g. The final stage in the evolution of the Sun
5. Red Giant
a. Gravity overwhelms all other forces
b. Largest of all stars
c. Can be a pulsar
d. What the most massive stars become
e. What the sun will probably become next
f. Nuclear fusion is the source of its energy
g. The final stage in the evolution of the Sun
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