How to specify concrete for civil engineering structures using BS 8500

T A Harrison BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, FICT O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE

Introduction
BS 8500: Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 20611 is the method of specifying concrete in the UK. It was revised in December 2006 principally to reflect changes made to BRE Special Digest 12 and to bring it into line with other standards. Guidelines are given in BS 8500 to achieve durability of concrete structures and it recommends strength, cover, minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratios for various exposure conditions. This guide is intended to enable the designers of all types of civil engineering structures to specify concrete effectively, efficiently and with confidence. This guide sets out the requirements of BS 8500; some Highway Authorities have more onerous requirements that should be followed. While this guide is intended to show how to use BS 8500 with Eurocode 23, the advice is also generally appropriate for use with British Standards; however, the approach to construction tolerances given in the latter may vary from the guidance given here.

Concrete design information

Exposure classification
Initially the relevant exposure condition(s) should be identified. In BS 8500 exposure classification is related to the deterioration processes of carbonation (XC), ingress of chlorides (XD or XS), chemical attack from aggressive ground (ACEC) and freeze-thaw (XF) (see Table 1). All these deterioration processes are sub-divided. The sub-divisions represent different exposure conditions, but it does not necessarily follow that, for example, XD2 is more onerous than XD1. The recommendations for concretes resistant to the XD and XS exposure classes are sufficient for resistance to the exposure class XC. The ACEC and XF exposure conditions can occur in combination with XD, XS and XC exposure classes.

Selecting concrete strength and cover

Having identified the relevant exposure condition(s), a recommended strength class and cover should be selected. Table 2 (see pages 4 and 5) indicates the nominal cover and strengths required to meet common exposure conditions for intended working lives of at least 50 or 100 years; further explanation is given below. The recommendations in Table 2 are for strength, maximum water/cement ratio and minimum cement content to meet both the primary and secondary exposure conditions assumed. The table is not intended to cover all concrete exposure situations and reference should be made to BS 8500 for those cases not included.

Intended working life

BS 8500 gives recommendations for an intended working life of at least either 50 years or 100 years. However, the UK National Annex to the Eurocode4 recommends an indicative design working life of 120 years for category 5 structures (monumental building structures, highway and railway bridges, and other civil engineering structures). It can generally be assumed that the guidance given in BS 8500 for at least a 100-year working life will be appropriate for category 5 structures. BS 8500 notes that the recommendations for a 100-year intended working life in chloride conditions are subject to a degree of uncertainty and consideration may be given to using barriers, coatings and corrosion inhibitors, and stainless steel or non-ferrous reinforcement, as additional measures. Further guidance can be found in Concrete Society Technical Report 615.

Compressive strength
BS 8500 uses the term compressive strength class to define concrete strengths; the notation used gives the cylinder strength as well as the cube strength (see Table 3). It is important to quote the compressive strength class in full to avoid confusion.

Table 1
Exposure Classes Class Class description Informative example applicable to the United Kingdom

No risk of corrosion or attack (X0 class) X0 For concrete without reinforcement or embedded metal all exposures except where there is freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical attack. Unreinforced concrete surfaces inside structures. Unreinforced concrete completely buried in soil classed as AC-1 and with hydraulic gradiant not greater than 5. Unreinforced concrete permanently submerged in non-aggressive water. Unreinforced concrete in cyclic wet and dry conditions not subject to abrasion, freezing or chemical attack. Note: For reinforced concrete, use at least XC1.

Corrosion induced by carbonation (XC classes)a

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is exposed to air and moisture.)

XC1 XC2 XC3 & XC4

Dry or permanently wet. Wet, rarely dry. Moderate humidity or cyclic wet and dry.

Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces inside enclosed structures except areas of structures with high humidity. Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces permanently submerged in non-aggressive water. Reinforced and prestressed concrete completely buried in soil classed as AC1 and with a hydraulic gradient not greater than 5. For other situations see 'Concrete in the ground' section in text. External reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces sheltered from, or exposed to, direct rain. Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces inside structures with high humidity (e.g. poorly ventilated, bathrooms, kitchens). Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces exposed to alternate wetting and drying. Interior concrete surfaces of pedestrian subways not subject to de-icing salts, voided superstructures or celluler abutments. Reinforced or prestressed concrete beneath waterproofing.

Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from sea water (XD classes)a
(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with water containing chlorides, including de-icing salts, from sources other than from sea water.)

XD1

Moderate humidity

Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides. Reinforced and prestressed concrete wall and structure supports more than 10 m horizontally from a carriageway. Bridge deck soffits more than 5 m vertically above the carriageway. Parts of structures exposed to occasional or slight chloride conditions. Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces totally immersed in water containing chloridesb. Burried highway structures more than 1 m below adjacent carriageway. Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces directly affected by de-icing salts or spray containing de-icing salts (e.g. walls; abutments and columns within 10 m of the carriageway; parapet edge beams and buried structures less than 1 m below carriageway level, pavements and car park slabs).

XD2 XD3

Wet, rarely dry. Cyclic wet and dry.

Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water (XS classes)a

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with chlorides from sea water or air carrying salt originating from sea water.)

XS1 XS2 XS3

Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water. Permanently submerged. Tidal, splash and spray zones.

External reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in coastal areas. Reinforced and prestressed concrete completely submerged and remaining saturated, e.g. concrete below mid-tide levelb. Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in the upper tidal zones and the splash and spray zonesc.

Freeze/thaw attack (XF classes)

(Where concrete is exposed to significant attack from freeze/thaw cycles whilst wet.)

XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4

Moderate water saturation without de-icing agent. Moderate water saturation with de-icing agent. High water saturation without deicing agent. High water saturation with de-icing agent or sea waterd.

Vertical concrete surfaces such as facades and columns exposed to rain and freezing. Non-vertical concrete surfaces not highly saturated, but exposed to freezing and to rain or water. Concrete surfaces such as parts of bridges, which would otherwise be classified as XF1 but which are exposed to de-icing salts either directly or as spray or run-off. Horizontal concrete surfaces, such as parts of buildings, where water accumulates and which are exposed to freezing. Concrete surfaces subjected to frequent splashing with water and exposed to freezing. Horizontal concrete surfaces, such as roads and pavements, exposed to freezing and to de-icing salts either directly or as spray or run-off. Concrete surfaces subjected to frequent splashing with water containing de-icing agents and exposed to freezing.

Chemical attack (ACEC classes)

(Where concrete is exposed to chemical attack.) Note: BS 8500-1 refers to ACEC classes rather than XA classes used in BS EN 206-1 Key
a The moisture condition relates to that in the concrete cover to reinforcement or other embedded metal but, in many cases, conditions in the concrete cover can be taken as being that of the surrounding environment. This might not be the case if there is a barrier between the concrete and its environment. b Reinforced and prestressed concrete elements, where one surface is immersed in water containing chlorides and another is exposed to air, are potentially a more severe condition, especially where the dry side is at a high ambient temperature. Specialist advice should be sought where necessary, to develop a specification that is appropriate to the actual conditions likely to be encountered. c Exposure XS3 covers a range of conditions. The most extreme conditions are in the spray zone. The least extreme is in the tidal zone where conditions can be similar to those in XS2. The recommendations given take into account the most extreme UK conditions within this class. d It is not normally necessary to classify in the XF4 exposure class those parts of structures located in the United Kingdom which are in frequent contact with the sea.

How to specify concrete for civil engineering structures using BS 8500

Explanation of the compressive strength class notation

Concrete in the ground

Where plain or reinforced concrete is in contact with the ground further checks are required to achieve durability. An aggressive chemical environment for concrete class (ACEC class) should be assessed for the site. BRE Special Digest 12 gives guidance on the assessment of the ACEC class and this is normally carried out as part of the interpretive reporting for a ground investigation. Knowing the ACEC class, a design chemical class (DC class) can be obtained from Table 5. In general, fully buried concrete in the UK need not be designed to be freeze-thaw resisting. Figure 1
Permitted deviations

C
C for normal weight concretea LC for lightweight concrete

40/50
Cylinder strengthb Cube strengthc

a Includes heavyweight concrete b Minimum characteristic cylinder (150 mm diameter by 300 mm) strength, N/mm2 c Minimum characteristic cube (150 mm by 150 mm) strength, N/mm2

Cover to reinforcement
The durability guidance given in BS 8500 is based on the assumption that the minimum cover for durability is achieved. An allowance (Dcdev) should be made in the design for deviations during construction from the minimum cover. This should be added to the minimum cover to obtain the nominal cover (see Figure 1). BS 8500 indicates that Dcdev will typically be in the range of 5 to 15 mm; however, Eurocode 23 is more specific and recommends that Dcdev is taken as 10 mm, unless the fabrication is subjected to a quality assurance system, in which case it is permitted to reduce Dcdev to 5 mm. Although advice is given in Eurocode 2 for using values of Dcdev less than 5 mm, this is not recommended. The nominal cover, cnom, should be used to determine the position of the reinforcement for structural design. It is also the cover that should be specified on the drawings for the position of the reinforcement. The specification for the project should advise the permissible construction tolerances. The permitted deviation of the reinforcing bar towards the surface of the concrete should not exceed Dcdev and permitted deviation away from the surface concrete (D(plus)) should also be specified. There is no guidance given in either Eurocode 2 or BS 8500, but Figure 1 provides some recommendations based on the advice from the forthcoming publication BS EN 13670: Execution of concrete structures6.

D D

Notes cmin Dcdev cnom D(plus) h

= = = = =

Minimum cover Allowance made in design for deviation (towards face of concrete) cmin + Dcdev = nominal cover Permitted deviation (away from face of concrete) see below Height of cross-section

Cross-section dimension h 150 150 < h < 2500 h 2500

D(plus) (mm) 10 15 20

Cement types and minimum cement content

Table 4 may be used to understand the cement/combination designations. It should be noted from Table 2 that the strength, maximum water/cement ratio and minimum cement content may vary depending on the cement type used. In most locations throughout the UK, most cements or their equivalent combinations are available, although particular ready-mixed concrete plants use either ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) or fly ash (pfa) as the addition, not both. When using a designated concrete (see section below), it is not necessary to specify the types of cement/ combinations unless there are specific requirements.

Table 3
Compressive strength class for normal and heavyweight concrete Example compressive strength classes (BS 8500) C20/25 C25/30 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 Designated concrete (BS 8500) RC20/25 RC25/30 RC28/35 RC30/37 RC32/40 RC35/45 RC40/50 Previous grade of concrete (BS 53283 & BS 81105) C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C60

Freeze-thaw attack
Where air entrainment is required for exposure classes XF3 and XF4 the minimum air content by volume of 3.0%, 3.5% or 5.5% should be specified for 40 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm maximum aggregate size respectively. It should be noted that there are difficulties producing a concrete with a compressive strength class greater than C35/45 with entrained air. For exposure conditions XF3 and XF4, freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified.

Note Refer to BS 85001: 2006, Table A.20 for full list of compressive strength classes.

Table 2
Selecteda recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes and cover to reinforcement for either Exposure conditions Typical example Primary Secondary Cement/ combination designationsb Minimum strength class c , maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination At least 50-year working life Nominal cover to reinforcement d 15 +Dcdev Internal elements or permanently wet elements Buried concrete in AC1 ground conditionse Vertical surface protected from direct rainfall Vertical surface exposed to rain and freezing Exposed horizontal surfaces XC1 ___ All C20/25, 0.70, 240 or RC20/25 ___ 20 +Dcdev <<< 25 +Dcdev <<< C25/30, 0.65, 260 or RC25/30 C30/37, 0.55, 300 or RC30/37 C30/37, 0.55, 300 or RC30/37 <<< C30/37, 0.55, 300g,h C40/50, 0.45, 360 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 30 +Dcdev <<< 35 +Dcdev <<< 40 +Dcdev <<< 45 +Dcdev <<<

XC2

AC1

All All except IVB-V All except IVB-V All except IVB-V All except IVB-V All CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC IIB-V, IIIA

___ C40/50, 0.45, 340 or RC40/50 C40/50, 0.45, 340 or RC40/50 C40/50, 0.45, 340g or RC40/50XFg ___

<<< C28/35, 0.60, 280 or RC28/35 C28/35, 0.60, 280 or RC28/35 <<< C28/35, 0.60, 280g,h or PAV2 C32/40, 0.55, 320 See BS 8500 See BS 8500 C32/40, 0.40, 380 See BS 8500 C40/50, 0.40, 380 C35/45, 0.40, 380 C32/40, 0.40, 380 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

<<< C25/30, 0.65, 260 or RC25/30 <<<

<<<

<<<

___

___

<<<

<<<

XF1 XC3/4 XF3 XF3 (air entrained)

___

<<<

<<<

___

<<<

<<<

<<<

___

C25/30, 0.60, 280g,h,j <<< or PAV1 C28/35, 0.60, 300 C35/45, 0.45, 360 C32/40, 0.45, 360 C25/30, 0.50, 340 C40/50, 0.45, 360g C32/40, 0.50, 340 C28/35, 0.50, 340 C25/30, 0.50, 340 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ <<< C32/40, 0.50, 340 C28/35, 0.50, 340 C25/30, 0.50, 340 <<< C28/35, 0.55, 320 C25/30, 0.55, 320 C20/25, 0.55, 320 C35/45, 0.40, 380 See BS 8500 C32/40, 0.40, 380 C40/50, 0.45, 380g See BS 8500 C28/35, 0.40,380g,h ___ C35/45, 0.40, 380 C32/40, 0.40, 380

<<<

Elements subject to airborne chlorides Exposed vertical surfaces near coast

XD1f

XF1

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

<<< <<< C25/30, 0.55, 320 C25/30, 0.55, 320 <<< <<< <<< <<< C32/40, 0.45, 360 C40/50, 0.40, 380 C32/40 0.45, 360 C40/50, 0.45, 360g C28/35, 0.40, 380g C28/35 0.45, 360g,h See BS 8500 C32/40, 0.45, 360 C28/35, 0.45, 360

XF1 XS1f

IIIB CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC IIB-V, IIIA IIIB, IVB-V IIB-V, IIIA

Exposed horizontal surfaces near coast Elements submerged in water containing chlorides XD2 or XS2f XD2 or XS2f XD2 or XS2f Elements subject to moderate water saturation with de-icing agent and freezing Elements subject to water saturation with de-icing agent and freezing XD3f

XF3 or XF4 ___ ___ ___

XF2

CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC IIIB, IVB-V

XF4k

IIB-V, IIIA CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC IIB-V, IIIA CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC

XF4 (air entrained)

Elements in tidal, splash and spray zones XS3

IIB-V, IIIA IIIB, IVB-V

Key a This table comprises a selection of common exposure class combinations. Requirements for other sets of exposure classes, e.g. XD2, XS2 and XS3 should be derived from BS 85001: 2006, Annex A.

b See Table 4. (CEM I is Portland cement, IIA to IVB are cement/combinations.) c For prestressed concrete the minimum strength class should be C28/35. d Dcdev is an allowance for deviations.

How to specify concrete for civil engineering structures using BS 8500

at least a 50-year or 100-year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size content (kg/m3), and equivalent designated concrete where applicable At least 100-year working life Nominal cover to reinforcementd 50 +Dcdev <<< 15 +Dcdev C20/25 0.70, 240 RC20/25 25 +Dcdev <<< C25/30 0.65, 260 RC25/30 30 +Dcdev <<< 35 +Dcdev <<< 40 +Dcdev <<< 45 +Dcdev <<< 50 +Dcdev <<< 55 +Dcdev <<< 60 +Dcdev <<< 65 +Dcdev <<<

<<<

<<< C40/50 0.45, 340 RC40/50 C40/50 0.45, 340 RC40/50 C40/50 0.45, 340g RC40/50 C45/55 0.40, 380

<<< C35/45 0.50, 320 RC35/45 C35/45 0.50, 320 RC35/45 <<< C35/45 0.50, 320g,h C40/50 0.45, 360 C35/45 0.40, 380 C35/45 0.45, 360

<<< C30/37 0.55, 300 RC30/37 C30/37 0.55, 300 RC30/37 <<< C30/37 0.55, 300g,h C35/45 0.50, 340 C32/40 0.45, 360 C30/37 0.50, 340 C35/45 0.45, 360 C32/40 0.45, 360 C28/35 0.45, 360

<<< C28/35 0.60, 280 RC28/35 C28/35 0.60, 280 RC28/35 <<< C28/35 0.60, 280g,h or PAV2 C32/40 0.55, 320 See BS 8500 C28/35 0.50, 340 C28/35 0.55, 320 See BS 8500 C32/40 0.50, 340 C28/35 0.50, 340 C25/30 0.50, 340 See BS 8500 C32/40 0.40, 380 See BS 8500 See BS 8500 See BS 8500 C32/40 0.40, 380

<<< C25/30 0.65, 260 RC25/30 <<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<< C25/30 0.60, 280g,h,j or PAV1 C28/35 0.60, 300 C40/50 0.40 380 C25/30 0.55, 320 C25/30 0.55, 320 C40/50 0.40, 380g C28/35 0.55, 320 C25/30 0.55, 320 C20/25 0.55, 320 C35/45 0.40, 380 C28/35 0.45, 360 C40/50 0.40, 380g C28/35 0.40, 380g,h C35/45 0.40, 380 C28/35 0.45, 360

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<<

<<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< C32/40, 0.50, 340 C35/45, 0.45, 360 C32/40, 0.50, 340 C40/50, 0.45, 340 C28/35, 0.45, 360g C28/35, 0.50, 340g,h C40/50, 0.40, 380 C28/35, 0.50, 340 C25/30, 0.50, 340

<<< C35/45 0.45 360 <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< C32/40 0.45, 360 See BS 8500 C25/30 0.50, 340 C40/50 0.45, 360g See BS 8500 C28/35 0.45, 360g,h C32/40 0.45, 360 C25/30 0.50, 340
___

<<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< C28/35 0.50, 340 C40/50 0.40, 380 <<< C40/50 0.45, 340g C28/35 0.40, 380g C28/35 0.50, 340g,h See BS 8500 C28/35 0.50, 340 <<<

<<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< C25/30 0.55 320 C35/45 0.45, 360 <<< C40/50 0.45, 340g C28/35 0.45, 360g C28/35 0.55, 320g,h C40/50 0.40, 380 C25/30 0.55, 320 <<<

e For sections less than 140 mm thick refer to BS 8500. f Also adequate for exposure class XC3/4. g Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified.

h Air entrained concrete is required. j This option may not be suitable for areas subject to severe abrasion. k Not recommended for pavements and hardstandings see BS 85001, A.4.3.

Not recommended

<<< Indicates that concrete quality in cell to the left should not be reduced

Table 4
Cement and combination typea Broad designationb CEM I SRPC IIA Composition Cement/ combination types (BS 8500) CEM I SRPC CEM II/A-L, CEM II/A-LL, CIIA-L, CIIA-LL, CEM II/A-S, CIIA-S, CEM II/A-V, CIIA-V, CEM II/AD CEM II/B-S, CIIB-S

Portland cement Sulfate-resisting Portland cement Portland cement with 620% fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag, limestone, or 610% silica fumec Portland cement with 2135% ground granulated blastfurnace slag Portland cement with 2535% fly ash Portland cement with 2535% fly ash Portland cement with 3665% ground granulated blastfurnace slag Portland cement with 3665% ground granulated blastfurnace slag with additional requirements that enhance sulfate resistance Portland cement with 6680% ground granulated blastfurnace slag Portland cement with 6680% ground granulated blastfurnace slag with additional requirements that enhance sulfate resistance Portland cement with 3655% fly ash

For designated concretes, an appropriate foundation concrete (FND designation) can be selected using Table 6. An FND concrete has the strength class of C25/30. Where a higher strength is required, either for its strength or where the foundation is classified as XD2 or XD3, a designed concrete should be specified. For designed concretes, the concrete producer should be advised of the DCclass (see section on specification). For information, Table 7 gives the limiting values of the composition and properties for the concrete to be supplied where a DCclass is specified. The nominal cover (i.e. minimum cover plus fixing tolerance) should be a minimum of 75 mm for concrete cast directly against the earth and 50 mm for concrete cast against blinding. Where the ground contains chlorides, the nominal cover should comprise the recommended minimum cover for the associated XD or XS class plus an allowance for deviation of at least 50 mm for concrete cast directly against soil and at least 25 mm for concrete to be cast against blinding.

IIB-S

IIB-V IIB+SR IIIAd, e

CEM II/B-V, CIIB-V CEM II/B-V+SR, CIIB-V+SR CEM III/A, CIIIA

IIIA+SRe

CEM III/A+SRf, CIII/A+SRf, CIIIA+SR

Water resisting concrete

If control of shrinkage through a maximum cement content is required this may be specified under Other requirements in the specification. Table 5
Selection of the DCclass and the number of additional protection measures (APMs) where the hydrostatic head of groundwater is not more than five times the section width a, b, c, d, e ACEC-class (aggressive chemical environment for concrete class) AC1s, AC1 AC2s, ACZ AC2z AC3s AC3z AC3 AC4s AC4z AC4 AC4ms AC4m AC5 AC5z AC5m
Key a Where the hydrostatic head of groundwater is greater than five times the section width, refer to BS 8500. b For guidance on precast products see Special Digest 12. c For structural performance outside these values refer to BS 8500. d For section widths < 140 mm refer to BS 8500. e Where any surface attack is not acceptable e.g. with friction piles, refer to BS 8500. f This should include APM3 (surface protection), where practicable, as one of the APMs; refer to BS 8500.

IIIBe, g

CEM III/B, CIIIB

IIIB+SRe

CEM III/B+SRf, CIIIB+SRf

IVB-V
Key

CEM IV/B(V), CIVB

DCclass Intended working life At least 50 years DC1 DC2 DC2z DC3 DC3z DC3 DC4 DC4z DC4 DC4m DC4m DC4f DC4zf DC4mf At least 100 years DC1 DC2 DC2z DC3 DC3z Refer to BS 8500 DC4 DC4z Refer to BS 8500 DC4m Refer to BS 8500 DC4f DC4z/1f DC4mf

a There are a number of cements and combinations not listed in this table that may be specified for certain specialist applications. See BRE Special Digest 12. for the sulfate-resisting characteristics of other cements and combinations. b The use of these broad designations is sufficient for most applications. Where a more limited range of cement or combinations types is required, select from the notations given in BS 85002: 2006, Table 1. c When IIA or IIAD is specified, CEM I and silica fume may be combined in the concrete mixer using the k-value concept; see BS EN 2061:2000, Cl.. 5.2.5.2.3. d Where IIIA is specified, IIIA+SR may be used. e Inclusive of low early strength option (see BS EN 1974 and the L classes in BS 85002: 2006, Table A.1). f +SR indicates additional restrictions related to sulfate resistance. See BS 85002: 2006, Table 1, footnote D. g Where IIIB is specified, IIIB+SR may be used.

Table 6
Guidance on selecting designated concrete for reinforced concrete foundations DC-Class DC1 DC2 DC2z DC3 DC3z DC4 DC4z DC4m Appropriate designated concrete RC 25/30 FND2 FND2z FND3 FND3z FND4 FND4z FND4m

Note Strength class for all FND concrete is C25/30.

How to specify concrete for civil engineering structures using BS 8500

Fire design
Having selected concrete cover and strength to meet the durability recommendations of BS 8500, the nominal cover should be checked in accordance with Eurocode 23, for fire cover. Table 7
Limiting values of composition and properties for concrete where a DCclass is specified DC class Max. w/c ratio 0.55 0.50 DC2 0.45 0.40 DC2z DC3 DC3z DC4 DC4z DC4m 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.45 0.45 360 380 320 340 360 380 340 360 380 380 360 360 Min. cement or combination content (kg/m3) for 20 mm aggregate size 320 340 Cement and combination types IIBV+SR, IIIA+SR, IIIB+SR, IVB-V CEM I, SRPC, IIAD, IIAQ, IIAS, IIAV, IIBS, IIBV, IIIA, IIIB IIAL or LL 42,5 IIAL or LL 32,5 All IIIB+SR IVBV IIBV+SR, IIIA+SR, SRPC All IIIB+SR IVBV IIBV+SR, IIIA+SR, SRPC All IIIB+SR

Abrasion
Eurocode 2 (Part 2, Cl. (115)) recommends the cover for running surfaces is increased by 10 mm to allow for abrasion. Abrasion due to the action of the sea on the concrete sea defences is outside the scope of this guide.

Specification
Method of specifying
There are various methods of specifying concrete to BS 8500 (see Table 8). The most popular are designated and designed. BS 8500 also includes proprietary concrete. As an example, Figure 2 shows a schedule for the specification of designed concrete based on Appendix 17/1 from the Manual of contract documents for highway works7. Alternatively standard specification forms 8 for designated and designed concretes are available from the Quarry Products Association. Table 8
Methods of specifying concrete BS 8500 Designated concrete Designed concrete Prescribed concrete Standardized prescribed concrete Proprietary concrete BS 5328 (superseded by BS 8500, 1 Dec 2003) Designated mix Designed mix Prescribed mix Standard mix No equivalent

Figure 2
Example specification for designed concrete (Appendix 17/1 of MCHW7) Requirement Intended working life of structurea Nominal cover to reinforcementa Applicable exposure classes (excluding DCclass)a DCclass (where appropriate) b Compressive strength class of concrete b Minimum cement content b Maximum free water/cement ratio b Required group or type of and class of cement or combinations (where a DCclass not specified) b Maximum aggregate size b Chloride content class b For lightweight concrete, the density class or target density b Consistence class c Special type or class of cement or combination Required source/special type of aggregate Maximum cement content (kg/m3) Required admixture Air entrainment required [Yes/No] Minimum or maximum temperature of fresh concrete C Sampling and testing Other requirements
Key a Intended working life, nominal cover to reinforcement and applicable exposure classes (other than DCclass) do not form part of the specification to the contractor or concrete producer but may be listed here because the concrete requirements are dependent on these parameters. Intended working life of 100 years is generally acceptable for category 5 structures (e.g. highway and rail bridges and civil engineering structures). b Denotes basic requirements for designed concrete. c It is normally the responsibility of the contractor to make the selection of consistence and inform the specifier of the requirements. The specifier should add this requirement to the specification.

Schedule Pads 100+

Pier 100+

Slab 100+

DC2z C28/35 280 0.60 20 Cl0,40 S2

C40/50 380 0.40 IIIB, IVBV Cl0,40 S2

C28/35 380 0.40 IIBV, IIIA Cl0,40 S3 Freeze/thaw resisting

No

No

Yes

3.5% air content

The specifier
In BS 8500 the specifier is the person or body responsible for the final compilation of the technical requirements, called the specification, that is passed to the concrete producer. This will generally be the contractor. However, the designer will want to ensure their requirements are incorporated and this will normally be through their own specification for the works. Specifiers should include the designers requirements in the specification as well as their own, for example, consistence. The designer should require that any notifications of non-conformities are passed to them for assessment.

Conformity
Under BS 8500, the concrete producer is required to follow a formal procedure called conformity to verify that the concrete is in accordance with the specification. It is, therefore, recommended that the concrete supplier should have third-party certification. Where this is not adopted, the specifier is advised to provide for adequate identity testing to ensure the concrete is as specified.

Identity testing
The specifier is responsible for organising any identity testing, which is in all but in name acceptance testing. Identity testing can include strength, consistence and air content. There are a number of situations where it is recommended: Where the producer does not hold third party certification. In cases of doubt. For critical elements, e.g. high strength columns. For spot checks on the producer.

Consistence
In BS 8500 the term workability has been replaced by the term consistence and a series of consistence classes has been introduced. Tables 9a and 9b give the slump and flow classes and the likely target slump/flow.

Chloride class
Concrete that is to be prestressed, pre-tensioned or heat cured should normally be specified as chloride class Cl 0,10. Reinforced concrete should be specified as class Cl 0,40 except for concrete made with cement conforming to BS 40279 (SRPC), which should be specified as class Cl 0,20. Table 9a
Consistence slump classes and likely target values Slump class S1 S2 S3 S4 Target slump (mm) 20 70 130 190

Exchange of information
To enable the concrete producer to design and produce a suitable concrete, certain information must be provided in addition to the specification. This would be required, for example, where the concrete needs to be pumped or a particular finish is specified. Table 9b
Consistence flow classes and likely target values Flow class F2 F3 F4 F5 Target flow (mm) 380 450 520 590

References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8500: Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 2061. BS1, 2006. BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. BRE Special Digest 1 Concrete in aggressive ground (3rd edition). BRE, 2005. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. BSI (4 parts). BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. UK National Annex for Eurocode 0 Basis of structural design. BSI, 2004. BAMFORTH, P.B. Enhancing reinforced concrete durability. Technical Report 61, Concrete Society, 2003. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 13670: Execution of concrete structures. BSI, due 2008. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Manual of contract documents for highway works. HA, 2007. QUARRY PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION. Visit the Webpage www.qpa.org/downloads/readymixconcrete02.pdf BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 4027: Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement. BSI, 1996.

For more information on BS 8500 and other questions relating to the design, use and performance of concrete contact the free National Helpline on: 0845 812 0000 [email protected]
Ref: TCC/02/07 ISBN 1-904818-53-6 Published September 2007, reprinted October 2007 8 Price Group M The Concrete Centre

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