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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SIGNATURE ANALYSIS
ic Irequencies exist and wat are te relationsips to te
Iundamental exciting Irequencies.
at are te amplitudes oI eac peak
How do te peaks relate to eac oter
II tere are signiIicant peaks, wat are teir source
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
UPLE UNBALANE UPLE UNBALANE UPLE UNBALANE UPLE UNBALANE
180
0
out oI pase on te same saIt
1X RPM always present and normally dominates
Amplitude varies wit square oI increasing speed
Can cause ig axial as well as radial amplitudes
Balancing requires Correction in two planes at 180
o
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
'ERHUNG RTR UNBALANE 'ERHUNG RTR UNBALANE 'ERHUNG RTR UNBALANE 'ERHUNG RTR UNBALANE
1X RPM present in radial and axial directions
Axial readings tend to be in-pase but radial readings migt be
unsteady
Overung rotors oIten ave bot Iorce and couple unbalance eac oI
wic may require correction
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
Diagnosing UnbaIance Diagnosing UnbaIance Diagnosing UnbaIance Diagnosing UnbaIance
'ibration Irequency equals rotor
speed.
'ibration predominantly
RADIAL in direction.
Stable vibration pase
measurement.
'ibration increases as square oI
speed.
'ibration pase siIts in direct
proportion to measurement
direction.

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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
EENTRI RTR EENTRI RTR EENTRI RTR EENTRI RTR
Largest vibration at 1X RPM in te direction oI te centerline oI te
rotors
Comparative pase readings diIIer by 0
0
or 180
0
Attempts to balance will cause a decrease in amplitude in one direction
but an increase may occur in te oter direction
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT
Caracterized by ig axial vibration
180
0
pase cange across te coupling
Typically ig 1 and 2 times axial vibration
Not unusual Ior 1, 2 or 3X RPM to dominate
Symptoms could indicate coupling problems
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT
Hig radial vibration 1800 out oI pase
Severe conditions give iger armonics
2X RPM oIten larger tan 1X RPM
Similar symptoms to angular misalignment
Coupling design can inIluence spectrum sape and amplitude
Radial Radial
1x 1x 2x 2x
4x 4x
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BENT SHAFT BENT SHAFT BENT SHAFT BENT SHAFT
Bent saIt problems cause ig axial vibration
1X RPM dominant iI bend is near saIt center
2X RPM dominant iI bend is near saIt ends
Pase diIIerence in te axial direction will tend towards 180
0
diIIerence
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MISALIGNED BEARING MISALIGNED BEARING MISALIGNED BEARING MISALIGNED BEARING
'ibration symptoms similar to angular misalignment
Attempts to realign coupling or balance te rotor will not alleviate te
problem.
ill cause a twisting motion wit approximately 180
0
pase siIt side to
side or top to bottom
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
THER SURES F HIGH AXIAL THER SURES F HIGH AXIAL
'IBRATIN 'IBRATIN
THER SURES F HIGH AXIAL THER SURES F HIGH AXIAL
'IBRATIN 'IBRATIN
a. Bent SaIts
b. SaIts in Resonant irl
c. Bearings Cocked on te SaIt
d. Resonance oI Some Component in te Axial Direction
e. orn Trust Bearings
I. orn Helical or Bevel Gears
g. A Sleeve Bearing Motor Hunting Ior its Magnetic Center
. Couple Component oI a Dynamic Unbalance
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MEHANIAL LSENESS (A) MEHANIAL LSENESS (A) MEHANIAL LSENESS (A) MEHANIAL LSENESS (A)
Caused by structural looseness oI macine Ieet
Distortion oI te base will cause 'soIt Ioot problems
Pase analysis will reveal aprox 180
0
pase siIt in te vertical
direction between te baseplate components oI te macine
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MEHANIAL LSENESS (B) MEHANIAL LSENESS (B) MEHANIAL LSENESS (B) MEHANIAL LSENESS (B)
Caused by loose pillowblock bolts
Can cause 0.5, 1, 2 and 3X RPM
Sometimes caused by cracked Irame structure or bearing block
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
SLEE'E BEARING SLEE'E BEARING
WEAR / LEARANE PRBLEMS WEAR / LEARANE PRBLEMS
SLEE'E BEARING SLEE'E BEARING
WEAR / LEARANE PRBLEMS WEAR / LEARANE PRBLEMS
Later stages oI sleeve bearing wear will give a large Iamily oI
armonics oI running speed
A minor unbalance or misalignment will cause ig amplitudes wen
excessive bearing clearances are present
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE
WA'E FRM. WA'E FRM.
MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE
WA'E FRM. WA'E FRM.
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE
WA'E FRM. WA'E FRM.
MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE MPNENT FREQUENIES F A SQUARE
WA'E FRM. WA'E FRM.
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
MEHANIAL LSENESS () MEHANIAL LSENESS () MEHANIAL LSENESS () MEHANIAL LSENESS ()
Pase is oIten unstable
ill ave many armonics
Can be caused by a loose bearing liner, excessive bearing clearance
or a loose impeller on a saIt
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RTR RUB RTR RUB RTR RUB RTR RUB
Similar spectrum to mecanical looseness
Usually generates a series oI Irequencies wic may excite natural
Irequencies
Subarmonic Irequencies may be present
Rub may be partial or troug a complete
revolution.
Truncated waveform
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RESNANE RESNANE RESNANE RESNANE
Resonance occurs wen te Forcing Frequency coincides wit a
Natural Frequency
180
0
pase cange occurs wen saIt speed passes troug
resonance
Hig amplitudes oI vibration will be present wen a system is in
resonance
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BELT PRBLEMS (D) BELT PRBLEMS (D) BELT PRBLEMS (D) BELT PRBLEMS (D)
Hig amplitudes can be present iI te belt natural Irequency coincides
wit driver or driven RPM
Belt natural Irequency can be canged by altering te belt tension
Hig amplitudes can be present iI te belt natural Irequency coincides
wit driver or driven RPM
Belt natural Irequency can be canged by altering te belt tension
BELT RESNANE BELT RESNANE
RADIAL
1X RPM
BELT RESNANE
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BELT PRBLEMS (A) BELT PRBLEMS (A) BELT PRBLEMS (A) BELT PRBLEMS (A)
OIten 2X RPM is dominant
Amplitudes are normally unsteady, sometimes pulsing wit eiter driver or
driven RPM
ear or misalignment in timing belt drives will give ig amplitudes at te
timing belt Irequency
Belt Irequencies are below te RPM oI eiter te driver or te driven
OIten 2X RPM is dominant
Amplitudes are normally unsteady, sometimes pulsing wit eiter driver or
driven RPM
ear or misalignment in timing belt drives will give ig amplitudes at te
timing belt Irequency
Belt Irequencies are below te RPM oI eiter te driver or te driven
WRN, LSE R MISMATHED BELTS WRN, LSE R MISMATHED BELTS
BELT FREQUENY
HARMNIS
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BELT PRBLEMS () BELT PRBLEMS () BELT PRBLEMS () BELT PRBLEMS ()
Eccentric or unbalanced pulleys will give a ig 1X RPM oI te
pulley
Te amplitude will be igest in line wit te belts
Beware oI trying to balance eccentric pulleys
Eccentric or unbalanced pulleys will give a ig 1X RPM oI te
pulley
Te amplitude will be igest in line wit te belts
Beware oI trying to balance eccentric pulleys
RADIAL
1X RPM F
EENTRI
PULLEY
EENTRI PULLEYS EENTRI PULLEYS
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BELT PRBLEMS (B) BELT PRBLEMS (B) BELT PRBLEMS (B) BELT PRBLEMS (B)
Pulley misalignment will produce ig axial vibration at 1X RPM
OIten te igest amplitude on te motor will be at te Ian RPM
Pulley misalignment will produce ig axial vibration at 1X RPM
OIten te igest amplitude on te motor will be at te Ian RPM
1X DRI'ER
R DRI'EN
BELT / PULLEY MISALIGNMENT BELT / PULLEY MISALIGNMENT
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
HYDRAULI AND HYDRAULI AND
AERDYNAMI FRES AERDYNAMI FRES
HYDRAULI AND HYDRAULI AND
AERDYNAMI FRES AERDYNAMI FRES
II gap between vanes and casing is not equal, Blade Pass Frequency
may ave ig amplitude
Hig BPF may be present iI impeller wear ring seizes on saIt
Eccentric rotor can cause amplitude at BPF to be excessive
II gap between vanes and casing is not equal, Blade Pass Frequency
may ave ig amplitude
Hig BPF may be present iI impeller wear ring seizes on saIt
Eccentric rotor can cause amplitude at BPF to be excessive
BPF = BLADE PASS
FREQUENY
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
HYDRAULI AND HYDRAULI AND
AERDYNAMI FRES AERDYNAMI FRES
HYDRAULI AND HYDRAULI AND
AERDYNAMI FRES AERDYNAMI FRES
Flow turbulence oIten occurs in blowers due to variations in pressure
or velocity oI air in ducts
Random low Irequency vibration will be generated, possibly in te 50
- 2000 CPM range
Flow turbulence oIten occurs in blowers due to variations in pressure
or velocity oI air in ducts
Random low Irequency vibration will be generated, possibly in te 50
- 2000 CPM range
FLW TURBULENE FLW TURBULENE
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
HYDRAULI AND AERDYNAMI HYDRAULI AND AERDYNAMI
FRES FRES
HYDRAULI AND AERDYNAMI HYDRAULI AND AERDYNAMI
FRES FRES
Cavitation will generate random, ig Irequency broadband energy superimposed
wit BPF armonics
Normally indicates inadequate suction pressure
Erosion oI impeller vanes and pump casings may occur iI leIt uncecked
Sounds like gravel passing troug pump
Cavitation will generate random, ig Irequency broadband energy superimposed
wit BPF armonics
Normally indicates inadequate suction pressure
Erosion oI impeller vanes and pump casings may occur iI leIt uncecked
Sounds like gravel passing troug pump
A'ITATIN A'ITATIN
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
BEAT 'IBRATIN BEAT 'IBRATIN BEAT 'IBRATIN BEAT 'IBRATIN
A beat is te result oI two closely spaced Irequencies going into and out oI
pase
Te wideband spectrum will sow one peak pulsating up and down
Te diIIerence between te peaks is te beat Irequency wic itselI will be
present in te wideband spectrum
A beat is te result oI two closely spaced Irequencies going into and out oI
pase
Te wideband spectrum will sow one peak pulsating up and down
Te diIIerence between te peaks is te beat Irequency wic itselI will be
present in te wideband spectrum
WIDEBAND SPETRUM
ZM
SPETRUM
F1 F2
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
Stator problems generate ig amplitudes at 2F
L
(2X line Irequency )
Stator eccentricity produces uneven stationary air gap, vibration is very
directional
SoIt Ioot can produce an eccentric stator
STATR EENTRIITY STATR EENTRIITY
SHRTED LAMINATINS SHRTED LAMINATINS
AND LSE IRN AND LSE IRN
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
W W EIectricaI Iine frequency.( EIectricaI Iine frequency.(FL FL) = ) = 5Hz = 3 cpm. 5Hz = 3 cpm.
6HZ = 36 cpm 6HZ = 36 cpm
W W No of poIes. No of poIes. ( (PP) )
W W Rotor Bar Pass Frequency ( Rotor Bar Pass Frequency (Fb Fb) = ) = No of rotor bars x No of rotor bars x
Rotor rpm. Rotor rpm.
W W Synchronous speed ( Synchronous speed (
Ns Ns) )
= =
2xFL 2xFL
PP
W W SIip frequency ( SIip frequency ( FF
S S
)= )= Synchronous speed Synchronous speed - - Rotor rpm. Rotor rpm.
W W PoIe pass frequency ( PoIe pass frequency (FF
PP
)= )= SIip Frequency x No of PoIes. SIip Frequency x No of PoIes.
W W EIectricaI Iine frequency.( EIectricaI Iine frequency.(FL FL) = ) = 5Hz = 3 cpm. 5Hz = 3 cpm.
6HZ = 36 cpm 6HZ = 36 cpm
W W No of poIes. No of poIes. ( (PP) )
W W Rotor Bar Pass Frequency ( Rotor Bar Pass Frequency (Fb Fb) = ) = No of rotor bars x No of rotor bars x
Rotor rpm. Rotor rpm.
W W Synchronous speed ( Synchronous speed (
Ns Ns) )
= =
2xFL 2xFL
PP
W W SIip frequency ( SIip frequency ( FF
S S
)= )= Synchronous speed Synchronous speed - - Rotor rpm. Rotor rpm.
W W PoIe pass frequency ( PoIe pass frequency (FF
PP
)= )= SIip Frequency x No of PoIes. SIip Frequency x No of PoIes.
FREQUENIES PRDUED BY ELETRIAL FREQUENIES PRDUED BY ELETRIAL
MTRS. MTRS.
FREQUENIES PRDUED BY ELETRIAL FREQUENIES PRDUED BY ELETRIAL
MTRS. MTRS.
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
Loose stator coils in syncronous motors generate ig amplitude at
Coil Pass Frequency
Te coil pass Irequency will be surrounded by 1X RPM sidebands
SYNHRNUS MTR SYNHRNUS MTR
(Loose Stator oiIs) (Loose Stator oiIs)
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
Pasing problems can cause excessive vibration at 2F
L
wit 1/3 F
L
sidebands
Levels at 2F
L
can exceed 25 mm/sec iI leIt uncorrected
Particular problem iI te deIective connector is only occasionally
making contact
PWER SUPPLY PWER SUPPLY
PHASE PRBLEMS PHASE PRBLEMS
(Loose onnector) (Loose onnector)
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
Eccentric rotors produce a rotating variable air gap, tis induces pulsating
vibration
OIten requires zoom spectrum to separate 2F
L
and running speed armonic
Common values oI F
P
range Irom 20 - 120 CPM
EENTRI RTR EENTRI RTR
( ('ariabIe Air Gap 'ariabIe Air Gap) )
EENTRI RTR EENTRI RTR
( ('ariabIe Air Gap 'ariabIe Air Gap) )
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
DC motor problems can be detected by te iger tan normal amplitudes
at SCR Iiring rate
Tese problems include broken Iield windings
Fuse and control card problems can cause ig amplitude peaks at
Irequencies oI 1X to 5X Line Frequency
D MTR PRBLEMS D MTR PRBLEMS
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS ELETRIAL PRBLEMS
1X, 2X, 3X, RPM wit pole pass Irequency sidebands indicates rotor bar problems.
2X line Irequency sidebands on rotor bar pass Irequency (RBPF) indicates loose rotor
bars.
OIten ig levels at 2X & 3X rotor bar pass Irequency and only low level at 1X rotor
bar pass Irequency.
RTR PRBLEMS RTR PRBLEMS
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RTR BAR FREQUENIES RTR BAR FREQUENIES
(SLT NISE) (SLT NISE)
RTR BAR FREQUENIES RTR BAR FREQUENIES
(SLT NISE) (SLT NISE)
POLE POLE
MINIMUM MINIMUM
POLE POLE
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
MAX MAX
MIN MIN
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
ALULATIN F GEAR MESH ALULATIN F GEAR MESH
FREQUENIES FREQUENIES
ALULATIN F GEAR MESH ALULATIN F GEAR MESH
FREQUENIES FREQUENIES
20 TEETH 20 TEETH
51 TEETH 51 TEETH
1700 RPM 1700 RPM
31 TEETH 31 TEETH
8959 RPM 8959 RPM -- -- HOW MANY TEETH ON THIS GEAR? HOW MANY TEETH ON THIS GEAR?
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
NRMAL SPETRUM NRMAL SPETRUM
GEARS GEARS
NRMAL SPETRUM NRMAL SPETRUM
Normal spectrum sows 1X and 2X and gear mes Irequency GMF
GMF commonly will ave sidebands oI running speed
All peaks are oI low amplitude and no natural Irequencies are present
14 teeth
8 teeth
GMF= 21k PM
2625 rpm
15 rpm
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
TTH LAD TTH LAD
GEARS GEARS
TTH LAD TTH LAD
Gear Mes Frequencies are oIten sensitive to load
Hig GMF amplitudes do not necessarily indicate a problem
Eac analysis sould be perIormed wit te system at maximum load
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
TTH WEAR TTH WEAR
GEARS GEARS
TTH WEAR TTH WEAR
ear is indicated by excitation oI natural Irequencies along wit
sidebands oI 1X RPM oI te bad gear
Sidebands are a better wear indicator tan te GMF
GMF may not cange in amplitude wen wear occurs
14 teeth
15 rpm
8 teeth
2625 rpm
GMF = 21k PM
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
GEAR EENTRIITY AND BALASH GEAR EENTRIITY AND BALASH
GEARS GEARS
GEAR EENTRIITY AND BALASH GEAR EENTRIITY AND BALASH
Fairly ig amplitude sidebands around GMF suggest eccentricity,
backlas or non parallel saIts
Te problem gear will modulate te sidebands
Incorrect backlas normally excites gear natural Irequency
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
GEAR MISALIGNMENT GEAR MISALIGNMENT
GEARS GEARS
GEAR MISALIGNMENT GEAR MISALIGNMENT
Gear misalignment almost always excites second order or iger
armonics wit sidebands oI running speed
Small amplitude at 1X GMF but iger levels at 2X
and 3X GMF
Important to set Fmax ig enoug to capture at least
2X GMF
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
RAED / BREN TTH RAED / BREN TTH
GEARS GEARS
RAED / BREN TTH RAED / BREN TTH
A cracked or broken toot will generate a ig amplitude at 1X RPM oI te
gear
It will excite te gear natural Irequency wic will be sidebanded by te
running speed Iundamental
Best detected using te time waveIorm
Time interval between impacts will be te reciprocal oI te 1X RPM
TIME WA'EFRM
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866

Note : shaft turning

outer race fixed
F = frequency in cpm
N = number of baIIs
BPFI =
BPF =
BSF =
FTF =
Nb
2
Pd
2Bd
1
2
(
(
Bd
Pd
S
RPM
(
(
1
-
1 +
S
X
Nb
2
(
1
-
Bd
Pd
S
(
X RPM
(
(
1
-
Bd
Pd
(
S
(
XRPM
Bd
Pd
X
RPM
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 1 FAILURE MDE STAGE 1 FAILURE MDE
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 1 FAILURE MDE STAGE 1 FAILURE MDE
Earliest indications in the ultrasonic range
These frequencies evaluated by Spike Energy
TM
gSE,
HFD(g) and Shock Pulse
Spike Energy may first appear at about 0.25 gSE for this
first stage
gSE
ZNE B ZNE A ZNE ZNE D
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 2 FAILURE MDE STAGE 2 FAILURE MDE
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 2 FAILURE MDE STAGE 2 FAILURE MDE
Sligt deIects begin to ring bearing component natural Irequencies
Tese Irequencies occur in te range oI 30k-120k CPM
At te end oI Stage 2, sideband Irequencies appear above and below natural
Irequency
Spike Energy grows e.g. 0.25-0.50gSE
ZNE A
ZNE B ZNE ZNE D
gSE
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 3 FAILURE MDE STAGE 3 FAILURE MDE
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 3 FAILURE MDE STAGE 3 FAILURE MDE
Bearing deIect Irequencies and armonics appear
Many deIect Irequency armonics appear wit wear te number oI sidebands grow
ear is now visible and may extend around te peripery oI te bearing
Spike Energy increases to between 0.5 -1.0 gSE
ZNE A ZNE B ZNE ZNE D
gSE
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 4 FAILURE MDE STAGE 4 FAILURE MDE
RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS RLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
STAGE 4 FAILURE MDE STAGE 4 FAILURE MDE
Discreet bearing deIect Irequencies disappear and are replaced by random broad band
vibration in te Iorm oI a noise Iloor
Towards te end, even te amplitude at 1 X RPM is eIIected
Hig Irequency noise Iloor amplitudes and Spike Energy may in Iact decrease
Just prior to Iailure gSE may rise to ig levels
gSE
ZNE A ZNE B ZNE
High just prior
to faiIure
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
GEARS GEARS
HUNTING TTH HUNTING TTH
GEARS GEARS
HUNTING TTH HUNTING TTH
'ibration is at low Irequency and due to tis can oIten be missed
Synonymous wit a growling sound
Te eIIect occurs wen te Iaulty pinion and gear teet bot enter
mes at te same time
Faults may be due to Iaulty manuIacture or misandling
f
Ht = (GMF)Na
(
T
GEAR)(
T
PININ)
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
IL WHIP INSTABILITY IL WHIP INSTABILITY IL WHIP INSTABILITY IL WHIP INSTABILITY
Oil wip may occur iI a macine is operated at 2X te rotor critical Irequency.
en te rotor drives up to 2X critical, wirl is close to critical and excessive
vibration will stop te oil Iilm Irom supporting te saIt.
irl speed will lock onto rotor critical. II te speed is increased te wip
Irequency will not increase.
oiI whirI
oiI whip
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Diagnostic Engineers Diagnostic Engineers St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866 St. James House, Temple Sowerby, Cumbria, CA10 1RS, United Kingdom. 44(0)1768362866
IL WHIRL INSTABILITY IL WHIRL INSTABILITY IL WHIRL INSTABILITY IL WHIRL INSTABILITY
Usually occurs at 42 - 48 oI running speed
'ibration amplitudes are sometimes severe
irl is inerently unstable, since it increases centriIugal Iorces tereIore
increasing wirl Iorces