Chapter 11

Problem Solutions
11.1
(a)
0.7 ( 3)
RE

= 0.1 RE = 23 K

3 1.5
= 0.05 RC = 30 K
RC

(b)

vCE 2 = 6 iC 2 ( RC + 2 RE ) = 6 iC 2 ( 76 )

(c)

vcm ( max ) vCB 2 = 0 vCE 2 = 0.7 V

So 0.7 = 6 iC 2 ( 76 ) iC 2 = 69.74 A

( v ( max ) 0.7 ) ( 3) = 2

( 0.06974 ) vCM ( max ) = 0.908 V

23
( min ) VS = 3 V vCM ( min ) = 2.3 V

CM

vCM
11.2

Ad = 180, C M RRdB = 85 dB
Ad
180
=
Acm = 0.01012
Acm
Acm
Assume the common-mode gain is negative.
v0 = Ad vd + Acm vcm
C M RR = 17, 783 =

= 180vd 0.01012vcm
v0 = 180 ( 2sin t ) mV ( 0.01012 )( 2sin t ) V
v0 = 0.36sin t 0.02024sin t

Ideal Output:

v0 = 0.360sin t ( V )

Actual Output:

v0 = 0.340sin t ( V )

11.3
a.

I1 =

10 2 ( 0.7 )

IC 2 =

I1 = 1.01 mA

8.5
I1

2
1+
(1 + )

1.01
I C 2 1.01 mA
2
1+
(100 )(101)

100 1.01
IC 4 =

I C 4 0.50 mA
101 2
VCE 2 = ( 0 0.7 ) ( 5 ) VCE 2 = 4.3 V
VCE 4 = 5 ( 0.5 )( 2 ) ( 0.7 ) VCE 4 = 4.7 V

b.
For VCE 4 = 2.5 V VC 4 = 0.7 + 2.5 = 1.8 V
5 1.8
IC 4 =
I C 4 = 1.6 mA
2
1+
101
IC 2 +
( 2IC 4 ) =
( 2 )(1.6 ) I C 2 = 3.23 mA

100

I1 I C 2 = 3.23 mA
R1 =

10 2 ( 0.7 )
3.23

R1 = 2.66 k

11.4
a.

Neglecting base currents

30 0.7
R1 = 73.25 k
I1 = I 3 = 400 A R1 =
0.4
VCE1 = 10 V VC1 = 9.3 V
15 9.3
RC = 28.5 k
RC =
0.2
b.
(100 )( 0.026 )
r =
= 13 k
0.2
50
r0 ( Q3 ) =
= 125 k
0.4
We have
Ad =

(100 )( 28.5)
Ad
2 ( r + RB )
2 (13 + 10 )
RC

= 62

RC
1

Acm =

2
1
r

+
r + RB
(
)
1+ 0

r + RB

(100 )( 28.5 )
1
=

Acm = 0.113
13 + 10 2 (125 )(101)
1+
13 + 10

62
C M RRdB = 20 log10
C M RRdB = 54.8 dB
0.113
c.

Rid = 2 ( r + RB ) = 2 (13 + 10 ) Rid = 46 k

1
r + RB + 2 (1 + ) r0
2
1
= 13 + 10 + 2 (101)(125 ) Ricm = 12.6 M
2

Ricm =

11.5
vCM ( max ) VCB = 0 so that vCM ( max ) = 5

(a)

vCM ( max ) = 3 V

IQ
2

( RC ) = 5

(b)
Vd I CQ Vd 0.25 0.018
=
=

= 0.08654 mA
2 VT 2 0.026 2
= I RC = ( 0.08654 ) ( 8 ) = 0.692 V

I = g m
VC 2
(c)

0.25 0.010
I =

= 0.04808 mA
0.026 2
VC 2 = ( 0.04808 )( 8 ) = 0.385 V

11.6
P = ( I1 + I C 4 ) (V + V )

I1 I C 4 so 1.2 = 2 I1 ( 6 ) I1 = I C 4 = 0.1 mA
R1 =

3 0.7 ( 3)
0.1

R1 = 53 k

For vCM = +1V VC1 = VC 2 = 1 V RC =

3 1
RC = 40 k
0.05

One-sided output
1
0.05
Ad = g m RC where g m =
= 1.923 mA / V
2
0.026
Then
1
Ad = (1.923)( 40 ) Ad = 38.5
2
11.7
a.
IE
( 2 ) + I E (85) 5
2
5 0.7
IE =
I E = 0.050 mA
85 + 1
I E 100 0.050
I C1 = I C 2 =
=

1 + 2 101 2

0 = 0.7 +

Or I C1 = I C 2 = 0.0248 mA
VCE1 = VCE 2 = 5 I C1 (100 ) ( 0.7 )
So VCE1 = VCE 2 = 3.22 V

b.

vcm ( max ) for VCB = 0 and VC = 5 I C1 (100 ) = 2.52 V

So vcm ( max ) = 2.52 V

vcm ( min ) for Q1 and Q2 at the edge of cutoff vcm ( min ) = 4.3 V

(c) Differential-mode half circuits

( 0.5)
2

(8)

vd
= V + + g mV .RE
2
r

(1 + )
= V 1 +
RE
r

Then

V =

( vd / 2 )

(1 + )
RE
1 +
r

vo = g mV RC Ad =
r =

VT

I CQ

RC
1

2 r + (1 + ) RE

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 105 k RE = 2 k

0.0248

Then
Ad =

11.8
a.
RE =

1 (100 )(100 )
Ad = 16.3

2 105 + (101)( 2 )

For v1 = v2 = 0 and neglecting base currents

0.7 ( 10 )
0.15

RE = 62 k

b.
Ad =
r =
Ad =

v02
RC
=
vd 2 ( r + RB )

VT
I CQ

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.075

(100 )( 50 )
Ad
2 ( 34.7 + 0.5 )

= 34.7 k

= 71.0

RC
1

Acm =
r + RB 2 RE (1 + )
1 +

r + RB

1
=

Acm = 0.398
34.7 + 0.5 2 ( 62 )(101)
1 + 34.7 + 0.5
71.0
C M RRdB = 45.0 dB
C M RRdB = 20 log10
0.398
c.
Rid = 2 ( r + RB )

(100 )( 50 )

Rid = 2 ( 34.7 + 0.5 ) Rid = 70.4 k

Common-mode input resistance

1
Ricm = r + RB + 2 (1 + ) RE
2
1
= 34.7 + 0.5 + 2 (101)( 62 ) Ricm = 6.28 M
2
11.9

(a)
v1 = v2 = 1 V VE = 1.6
IE =

9 1.6
18.97 A
390

IE
= 9.49 A I C1 = I C 2 = 9.39 A
2
vC1 = vC 2 = ( 9.39 )( 0.51) 9 = 4.21 V
(b)
9.39
gm =
0.361 mA/V
0.026
V
I = g m d = ( 0.361 103 ) ( 0.005 ) = 1.805 A
2
vC = (1.805 106 )( 510 103 ) = 0.921 V vC 2 = 4.21 + 0.921 3.29 V
vC1 = 4.21 0.921 5.13 V

11.10
(a)
v1 = v2 = 0
I E1 = I E 2 6 A
= 60
I C1 = I C 2 = 5.90 A
vC1 = vC 2 = ( 5.90 )( 0.360 ) 3
= 0.875 V
VEC1 = VEC 2 = +0.6 ( 0.875 )
= 1.475 V
(b)
(i)
5.90
gm =
0.227 mA/V
0.026
Ad = g m RC = ( 0.227 )( 360 ) = 81.7
Acm = 0
(ii)
( 60 )( 0.026 )
g R
Ad = m C = 40.8 r =
2
0.0059
= 264 K
Acm =

11.11

( 0.227 )( 360 )
= 0.0442
2 ( 61)( 4000 )
1+
264

For v1 = v2 = 0.20 V
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.1 mA
vC1 = vC 2 = ( 0.1)( 30 ) 10
= 7 V
0.1
gm =
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
v
I = g m d = ( 3.846 )( 0.008 ) 30.77 A
2
vC = I RC = ( 30.77 106 )( 30 103 ) = 0.923 V
v2 I C 2 vC 2 vC1

= 7 + 0.923
= 6.077 V

vC 2 = 7 0.923
= 7.923 V

11.12
RC = 50 K
For v1 = v2 = 0
IE =

0.7 ( 10 )

75
= 0.124 mA
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.0615 mA
0.0615
gm =
= 2.365 mA/V
0.026
(120 )( 0.026 )
r =
= 50.7 K
0.0615
Differential Input
v
V
v1 = d v2 = d
2
2
Half-circuit.
V
R

I = + g m d vC1 = I RC +

2
2

vo = vC1 vC 2

vC 2 = +I RC

R
R

= I RC +
I RC

2
2

= 2IRC
V
= 2 g m d RC
2

Ad = g m RC = ( 2.365 )( 50 ) = 118.25
Common-mode input.

vcm = V + + g mV ( 2 RE )
r

vcm
V =

1 + 1 + ( 2 RE )
r

I = g mV =

g m vcm
vcm
=
r + (1 + )( 2 RE )
1+
1+
( 2 RE )
r

RC +
vcm
2

vC1 = IR1 =
r + (1 + )( 2 RE )
vC 2

RC
vcm
2

= IR2 =
r + (1 + )( 2 RE )

vo = vC1 vC 2

R
R

RC +
vcm
vcm + RC
2
2

[ ]

R
2
vcm
2
=
r + (1 + )( 2 RE )

Acm =

(120 )( 0.5 )
R
=
r + (1 + )( 2 RE ) 50.7 + (121)( 2 )( 75 )

= 0.0032966
118.25
C M RR =
= 35,870.5
0.0032966
C M R R = 91.1 dB
dB

11.13
v1 = v2 = 0
IE =

0.7 ( 10 )

75
= 0.124 mA
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.0615 mA
0.0615
gm =
= 2.365 mA/V
0.026
g m
= 0.01
gm
g m1 = 2.377 mA/V
g m 2 = 2.353 mA/V
r =

[ ]

(120 )( 0.026 )
0.0615

= 50.7 K

Vd
2
V
= g m1 d Rc
2
Vd
= + gm2
Rc
2

I = g m
vC1
vC 2

vo = vC1 vC 2 = g m1

Vd
V
RC g m 2 d RC
2
2

Vd
RC ( g m1 + g m 2 )
2
R
50
Ad = C ( g m1 + g m 2 ) =
( 2.377 + 2.353) Ad = 118.25
2
2
Common-Mode
g m1 RC vcm
g m 2 RC vcm
vC1 =
vC 2 =
1+
1+
1+
1+
( 2 RE )
( 2 RE )
r
r
=

( g m1 g m 2 ) RC
( 2.377 2.353) ( 50 )
vo
= Acm =
=
vcm
1+
121
1+
1+
( 2 )( 75 )
( 2 RE )
50.7
r
1.2
=
Acm = 0.003343
358.99
C M R R = 91 dB
dB

11.14
(a)
v1 = v2 = 0
vE = +0.7 V
5 0.7
IE =
= 4.3 mA
1
I C1 = I C 2 = 2.132 mA
vC1 = vC 2 = ( 2.132 )(1) 5
= 2.87 V
(b)
v1 = 0.5, v2 = 0 Q2 on
Q1 off
120
I C1 = 0, I C 2 = 4.3
mA = 4.264 mA
121
vC1 = 5 V vC 2 = ( 4.264 ) (1) 5
vC 2 = 0.736 V

2.132
= 82.0 mA/V
0.026
(82.0 )
v
V
I = g m d vC = I RC = g m d RC =
Vd (1) = 41.0Vd
2
2
2
Vd = 0.015 vc = 0.615 V

(c)

vE 0.7 V

gm =

vC 2 vC1

vC1 = 2.87 + 0.615 = 2.255 V

vC 2 = 2.87 0.615 = 3.485 V
11.15

(a)
gm =

IC
1
=
= 38.46 mA/V
VT 0.026

Ad =

vo
1
=
= 100
vd 0.01

Ad = g m RC
100 = 38.46 RC
Rc = 2.6 K

(b)
With v1 = v2 = 0
vC1 = vC 2 = 10 (1)( 2.6 ) = 7.4 V vcm ( max ) = 7.4 V

11.16
a.
i.

( v01 v02 ) = 0

ii.
I C1 = I C 2 = 1 mA
v01 v02 = V + I C1 RC1 V + I C 2 RC 2
= I C ( RC 2 RC1 ) = (1)( 7.9 8 ) v01 v02 = 0.1 V

b.
v
I 0 = ( I S 1 + I S 2 ) exp BE
VT
v
2 103
So exp BE = 13
13
VT 10 + 1.1 10
= 9.524 109
v
I C1 = I S 1 exp BE
VT

13
9
= (10 )( 9.524 10 ) I C1 = 0.952 mA

I C 2 = (1.1 1013 )( 9.524 109 ) I C 2 = 1.048 mA

i.
v01 v02 = I C 2 RC 2 I C1 RC1 v01 v02 = (1.048 0.952 )( 8 ) v01 v02 = 0.768 V
ii.
v01 v02 = (1.048 )( 7.9 ) ( 0.952 )( 8 )
v01 v02 = 8.279 7.616 v01 v02 = 0.663 V
11.17
From Equation (11.12(b))
IQ
iC 2 =
1 + evd / VT
1
0.90 =
1 + evd / VT
1
So evd / VT =
1 = 0.111
0.90
vd = VT ln ( 0.111) = ( 0.026 ) ln ( 0.111) vd = 0.0571 V
11.18
From Example 11.2, we have

vd ( max )
1

vd ( max ) / 0.026
4 ( 0.026 ) 1 + e
= 0.02
v ( max )
0.5 + d
4 ( 0.026 )

0.5 +

v ( max )
1
0.98 0.5 + d
=
vd ( max ) / 0.026
4 ( 0.026 ) 1 + e

0.490 + 9.423vd ( max ) =

By trial and error

vd ( max ) = 23.7 mV

1
1+ e

vd ( max ) / 0.026

11.19
a.
For I1 = 1 mA, VBE3 = 0.7 V
20 0.7
R1 =
R1 = 19.3 k
1
I 0.026 1
V
R2 = T ln 1 =
ln
R2 = 0.599 k
I
0.1
IQ
0.1
Q
b.
(180 )( 0.026 )
r 4 =
= 46.8 k
0.1
0.1
gm =
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
100
r04 =
1 M
0.1
From Chapter 10
R0 = r04 1 + g m ( RE & r 4 )
RE & r 4 = 0.599 & 46.8 = 0.591
R0 = (1) 1 + ( 3.846 )( 0.591) = 3.27 M
r01 =

100
2 M
0.05

r
Ricm (1 + ) R0 & (1 + ) 01
2

= (181)( 3.27 ) & (181)(1)

= 592 & 181 Ricm = 139 M

(c)

From Eq. (11.32(b))

g m RC
Acm =
2 (1 + ) Ro
1+
r + RB
0.05
= 1.923 mA / V
0.026
(180 )( 0.026 )
r =
= 93.6 k
0.05
RB = 0

gm =

Then
Acm =

(1.923)( 50 )
Acm = 0.00760
2 (181)( 3270 )
1+
93.6

11.19
For vCM = 3.5 V and a maximum peak-to-peak swing in the output voltage of 2 V, we need the
quiescent collector voltage to be
VC = 3.5 + 1 = 4.5 V
Assume the bias is 10 V , and I Q = 0.5 mA.

Then I C = 0.25 mA
10 4.5
RC = 22 k
0.25
(100 )( 0.026 )
= 10.4 k
In this case, r =
0.25
Then
(100 )( 22 )
Ad =
= 101 So gain specification is met.
2 (10.4 + 0.5 )
Now RC =

For CMRRdB = 80 dB
1 (1 + ) I Q Ro 1 (101)( 0.5 ) Ro
Ro = 1.03 M
1 +
= 1 +
2
VT
2 ( 0.026 )(100 )
Need to use a Modified Widlar current source.
Ro = ro 1 + g m ( RE1 & r )
CMRR = 104 =

If VA = 100V , then ro =
r =

(100 )( 0.026 )

100
= 200 k
0.5

= 5.2 k
0.5
0.5
gm =
= 19.23 mA / V
0.026
Then 1030 = 200 1 + (19.23)( RE1 & r ) RE1 & r = 0.216 k = RE1 & 5.2 RE1 = 225
Also let RE 2 = 225 and I REF 0.5 mA

11.20
(a)

(b)

RE =

0.7 ( 10 )
0.25

RE = 37.2 k

1+
V 1
V
V
Ve
+ g mV 1 + 2 + g mV 2 = e or (1)
(V 1 + V 2 ) =
r
r
RE
r
R
E

r

V 1 V1 Ve
=
V 1 = (V1 Ve )
+
r
RB + r
r
R
B

V 2 = V2 Ve
Then
1+
r

r
V
(V1 Ve ) + (V2 Ve ) = e

r + RB
RE
From this, we find

(1)

V1 +
Ve =

r + RB
V2
r

r + RB
r + RB
+1+

r
RE (1 + )

Now
Vo = g mV 2 RC = g m RC (V2 Ve )
We have
r =

(120 )( 0.026 )
0.125

25 k ,

gm =

0.125
= 4.81 mA / V
0.026

(i)
Set V1 =

Vd
V
and V2 = d
2
2

Then
25 + 0.5
Vd
1 25
( 0.02 )

Ve =
= 2
2.026
25 + 0.5
25 + 0.5
+1+

25
( 37.2 )(121)
Vd
2

So
Ve = 0.00494Vd
Now
V
V

Vo = ( 4.81)( 50 ) d ( 0.00494 )Vd Ad = o = 119

Vd
2

(ii)
Set V1 = V2 = Vcm
Then
25 + 0.5
Vcm 1 +

V ( 2.02 )
25

Ve =
= cm
2.02567
25 + 0.5
25 + 0.5
+1+

25
( 37.2 )(121)
Ve = Vcm ( 0.9972 )
Then
Vo = ( 4.81)( 50 ) Vcm Vcm ( 0.9972 )
or Acm =

Vo
= 0.673
Vcm

11.21
From Equation (11.18)

v0 = vC 2 vC1 = g m RC vd
gm =

I CQ
VT

For I Q = 2 mA, I CQ = 1 mA
1
= 38.46 mA/V
0.026
Now 2 = ( 38.46 ) RC ( 0.015 )

Then g m =

So RC = 3.47 k
Now VC = V + I C RC

= 10 (1)( 3.47 )
= 6.53 V

For VCB = 0 vcm ( max ) = 6.53 V

11.22
The small-signal equivalent circuit is

A KVL equation: v1 = V 1 V 2 + v2
v1 v2 = V 1 V 2
A KCL equation
V 1
V
+ g mV 1 + 2 + g mV 2 = 0
r
r
1

+ g m = 0 V 1 = V 2
r

(V 1 + V 2 )

Then v1 v2 = 2V 1 V 1 =

1
1
( v1 v2 ) and V 2 = ( v1 v2 )
2
2

At the v01 node:

v01 v01 v02
+
+ g mV 1 = 0
RC
RL
1
1
1
v01
+
v02
RL
RC RL
At the v02 node:

1
= g m ( v2 v1 )
2

(1)

v02 v02 v01

+
+ g mV 2 = 0
RC
RL
1
1 1
1
v02
+
v01 = g m ( v1 v2 )
R
R
L
RL 2
C
From (1):

(2)

 R 1
v02 = v01 1 + L g m RL ( v2 v1 )
RC 2
Substituting into (2)
R 1
1
1
1 1
1
+
+
v01 1 + L
g m RL ( v2 v1/ )
v01
R
R
R
R
R
2
RL
C C
L
L

C
RL
1 RL

1 1
+ 2 +
+ 1
v01
= g m ( v1 v2 ) 1
RC RC RC 2

RC
v01
RL
1 RL
2+
= gm
( v1 v2 )
RC
RC
2 RC
For v1 v2 = vd
1
g m RL
v01
Av1 =
= 2
vd
RL
2+

RC

1
g m RL
v02
From symmetry: Av 2 =
= 2
vd
RL
2+

RC

Then Av =

v02 v01
g m RL
=
vd

RL
2+

RC

11.23
The small-signal equivalent circuit is

KVL equation: v1 = V 1 V 2 + v2 or v1 v2 = V 1 V 2
KCL equation:

1
= g m ( v1 v2 )
2

V 1
V
+ g mV 1 + g mV 2 + 2 = 0
r
r
1

+ g m = 0 V 1 = V 2
r

(V 1 + V 2 )

Then v1 v2 = 2V 2 or V 2 =
Now

v0 = g mV 2 ( RC & RL )

1
( v1 v2 )
2

1
g m ( RC & RL )( v1 v2 )
2
v
1
For v1 v2 vd Ad = 0 = g m ( RC & RL )
vd 2
=

11.23
a.
10 7
RD = 6 k
0.5
I Q = I D1 + I D 2 I Q = 1 mA
RD =

b.
10 = I D ( 6 ) + VDS VGS
and VGS =

ID
+ VTN
Kn

For I D = 0.5 mA, VGS =

0.5
+ 2 = 3.12 V
0.4

and VDS = 10.12

Load line is actually nonlinear.

c.
Maximum common-mode voltage when M 1 and M 2 reach the transition point, or
VDS ( sat ) = VGS VTN = 3.12 = 2 = 1.12V

Then
vcm = v02 vDS ( sat ) + VGS = 7 1.12 + 3.12
Or vcm ( max ) = 9 V
Minimum common-mode voltage, voltage across I Q becomes zero.
So vcm ( min ) = 10 + 3.12
vcm ( min ) = 6.88 V

11.24

We have VC 2 = g mV 2 RC = g m (Vb 2 Ve ) RC
and
VC1 = g mV 1 RC = g m (Vb1 Ve ) RC
Then
V0 = VC 2 VC1

= g m (Vb 2 Ve ) RC g m (Vb1 Ve ) RC
= g m RC (Vb1 Vb 2 )

Differential gain Ad =

V0
= g m RC
Vb1 Vb 2

Common-mode gain Acm = 0

11.25
(a)
vcm = 3 V VC1 = VC 2 = 3 V
10 3
Then RC =
RC = 70 k
0.1
(b)
CMRRdB = 75 dB CMRR = 5623
Now
CMRR =
5623 =

1 (1 + ) I Q Ro
1 +

VT
2

1 (151)( 0.2 ) Ro
1 +
Ro = 1.45 M
2 (150 )( 0.026 )

Use a Widlar current source.

Ro = ro [1 + g m RE ]
Let VA of current source transistor be 100 V.
100
0.2
= 500 k , g m =
= 7.69 mA / V
Then ro =
0.2
0.026
(150 )( 0.026 )
r =
= 19.5 k
0.2
So 1450 = 500 1 + ( 7.69 ) RE RE = 0.247 k
Now RE = RE & r 0.247 = RE & 19.5 RE = 250
I
Then I Q RE = VT ln REF
I
Q

I REF
I REF = 1.37 mA
( 0.2 )

( 0.2 )( 0.250 ) = ( 0.026 ) ln

Then R1 =

10 0.7 ( 10 )

11.26
At terminal A.
RTHA = RA & R =

1.37

R1 = 14.1 k

R (1 + ) R

R (1 + ) + R

R (1 + )
2+

R
= 5 k
2

Variation in RTH is not significant

RA + R (1 + )( 5 ) 5 (1 + )
VTHA =
=
V =
R (1 + ) + R
2+
RA + R

At terminal B.
R
= 5 k
2
R +
VTHB =
V = 2.5 V
R+R
From Eq. (11.27)
RC (V2 V1 )
VO =
where V2 = VTHB and V1 = VTHA
2 ( r + RB )
RTHB = R & R =

RB = 5 k , r =
So VO =

(120 )( 0.026 )

0.25
(120 )( 3)(V2 V1 )
2 (12.5 + 5 )

= 12.5 k

= 10.3 (V2 V1 )

We can find V2 V1 = VTHB VTHA

5 (1 + )
VTHB VTHA = 2.5

2+
2.5 ( 2 + ) 5 (1 + ) 2.5 5
=
=
2+
2+
2.5

= 1.25
2
Then VO = (10.3)( 1.25 ) = 12.9

So for 0.01 0.01

We have 0.129 VO 2 0.129 V
11.27
a.
Rid = 2r
r =

(180 )( 0.026 )

0.2
So Rid = 46.8 k

= 23.4 k

Assuming r , then

b.

Ricm (1 + ) R0
Ricm = (181)(1)
= 181 Ricm = 181 M

11.28
(a)
10 0.7 ( 10 )
I1 =
= 0.5 R1 = 38.6 K
R1
R2 =

(b)

0.026 0.5
ln
R2 = 236
0.14 0.14

Ricm (1 + ) Ro
0.14
= 5.385 mA/V
0.026
(180 )( 0.026 )
r 4 =
= 33.4 K
0.14
RE = 33.4 0.236 = 0.234 K

Ro = ro 4 (1 + g m 4 RE ) g m 4 =

100
= 714 K
0.14
Ro = 714 1 + ( 5.385 )( 0.234 )
ro 4 =

= 1614 K

Ricm = (181)(1614 ) 292 M

(c)
Acm =

g m1 RC
2 (1 + ) Ro
1+
r 1

g m1 =

r 1 =

0.07
= 2.692 mA/V
0.026

(180 )( 0.026 )
0.07

( 2.692 )( 40 )
2 (181)(1614 )
1+
66.86
Acm = 0.0123

= 66.86 K

Acm =

11.29
Ad 1 = g m1 ( R1 r 3 )
g m1 =
r 3 =
Ad 2 =

I Q1 / 2
VT

VT
IQ2 / 2

= 19.23I Q1
=

2 (100 )( 0.026 )
IQ 2

5.2
IQ 2

IQ 2 / 2
g m 3 R2
, g m3 =
= 19.23I Q 2
2
VT

(19.23) I Q 2

R2 I Q 2 R2 = 3.12 V
2
Maximum vo 2 vo1 = 18 mV for linearity
Then 30 =

vo3 ( max ) = ( 18 )( 30 ) mV 0.54 V

so I Q 2 R2 = 3.12 V is OK.

From Ad 1 :


5.2
R1

I Q 2

20 = 19.23I Q1 ( R1 & r 3 ) = 19.23I Q1

R + 5.2
1 IQ 2

19.23I Q1 R1 ( 5.2 )
20 =
I Q 2 R1 + 5.2
I Q1

Let

R1 = 5V I Q1 R1 = 10 V

Then 20 =

19.23 (10 )( 5.2 )

I Q 2 R1 + 5.2

Now I Q1 R1 = 10 R1 =

I Q 2 R1 = 44.8 V

10
I Q1

10
IQ2
= 44.8
= 4.48
So I Q 2

I
I
Q1
Q1
Let I Q1 = 100 A, I Q 2 = 448 A
Then
I Q 2 R2 = 3.12 R2 = 6.96 k
I Q1 R1 = 10 R1 = 100 k

11.30
a.
20 VGS 3
2
I1 =
= 0.25 (VGS 3 2 )
50
20 VGS 3 = 12.5 (VGS2 3 4VGS 3 + 4 )
12.5VGS2 3 49VGS 3 + 30 = 0
VGS 3 =

49

( 49 )

4 (12.5 )( 30 )

2 (12.5 )

VGS 3 = 3.16 V

20 3.16
I1 = I Q = 0.337 mA
50
IQ
=
I D1 = 0.168 mA
2

I1 =
I D1

0.168 = 0.25 (VGS 1 2 ) VGS1 = 2.82 V

VDS 4 = 2.82 ( 10 ) VDS 4 = 7.18 V
2

VD1 = 10 ( 0.168 )( 24 ) = 5.97 V

VDS1 = 5.97 ( 2.82 ) VDS 1 = 8.79 V

(b)

(c)

Max vCM VDS 1 = VDS 2 = VDS ( sat ) = VGS1 VTN

2.82 2 = 0.82 V
Now VD1 = 10 ( 0.168 )( 24 ) = 5.97 V

VS ( max ) = 5.97 VDS1 ( sat ) = 5.97 0.82

VS ( max ) = 5.15 V

vCM ( max ) = VS ( max ) + VGS1 = 5.15 + 2.82

vCM ( max ) = 7.97 V

vCM ( min ) = V + VDS 4 ( sat ) + VGS 1

VDS 4 ( sat ) = VGS 4 VTN = 3.16 2 = 1.16 V

Then vCM ( min ) = 10 + 1.16 + 2.82 vCM ( min ) = 6.02 V

11.31
a.
I D1 = I D 2 = 120 A = 100 ( VGS1 1.2 ) VGS 1 = VGS 2 = 2.30 V
2

For v1 = v2 = 5.4 V and VDS1 = VDS 2 = 12 V 5.4 2.30 + 12 = 4.3 V = VD

10 4.3
RD = 47.5 k
0.12
I Q = I D1 + I D 2 I Q = I1 = 240 A
RD =

I1 = 240 = 200 (VGS 3 1.2 ) VGS 3 = 2.30 V

2

R1 =

20 2.3
R1 = 73.75 k
0.24

b.
r04 =

IQ

I Q =

( 0.01)( 0.24 )

= 416.7 k

1
5.4
VDS =
I Q 13 A
r04
416.7

11.32
(a)
I Q = 160 A
k W
2
I D = n (VGS VTN )
2L
80
2
80 = ( 4 )(VOS 0.5 )
2
80 = 160 (Vo5 0.5 )

80
+ 0.5 = 1.207 V
160
52
= 37.5 K VDS = 2 ( 1.207 ) = 3.21 V
RD =
0.08
(c)
VDS ( sat ) = VGS VTN = 1.207 0.5 = 0.707 V
VGS =

Then VS = VO 2 VDS ( sat ) = 2 0.707 = +1.29 V

And v1 = v2 = vcm = VGS + VS = 1.207 + 1.29
vcm = 2.50 V

(b)

11.33
vD = 5 ( 0.2 )( 8 ) = 3.4 V
VGS =

ID
+ VTN
Kn

0.2
+ 0.8 = 1.694 V
0.25
VDS ( sat ) = VGS VTN = 1.694 0.8
= 0.894 V
VS = VD VDS ( sat ) = 3.4 0.894
= 2.506
=

vCM = VS + VGS = 2.506 + 1.694 vCM = 4.2 V

(b)
vD = I D RD

I D = g m

Vd
2

gm = 2 Kn I D
=2

( 0.25)( 0.2 ) = 0.4472 mA/V

I D = ( 0.4472 )( 0.05 ) 22.36 A

vD = ( 22.36 106 )( 8 103 ) = 0.179 V

vD 2 = 3.4 + vD
vD 2 = 3.4 + 0.179 vD 2 = 3.58 V
(c)
vd = 50 mV

I D = ( 0.4472 )( 0.025 ) 11.18 A

vD = (11.18 106 )( 8 103 ) = 0.0894 V

vD 2 = 3.4 0.0894 vD 2 = 3.31 V

11.34
a.
I D1 = I D 2 = 0.5 mA
v01 v02 = V + I D1 RD1 V + I D 2 RD 2
v01 v02 = I D 2 RD 2 I D1 RD1 = I D ( RD 2 RD1 )

i.

RD1 RD 2 = 6 k, v01 v02 = 0

ii.

RD1 = 6 k, RD 2 = 5.9 k

v01 v02 = ( 0.5 )( 5.9 6 ) v01 v02 = 0.05 V

b.

K n1 = 0.4 mA / V 2 , K n 2 = 0.44 mA / V 2
VGS1 = VGS 2
I Q = ( K n1 + K n 2 )(VGS VTN )

1 = ( 0.4 + 0.44 )(VGS VTN ) (VGS VTN ) = 1.19

2

I D1 = ( 0.4 )(1.19 ) = 0.476 mA

I D 2 = ( 0.44 )(1.19 ) = 0.524 mA
i.
RD1 = RD 2 = 6 k

v01 v02 = ( 0.524 0.476 )( 6 ) v01 v02 = 0.288 V

ii.
RD1 = 6 k,

RD 2 = 5.9 k

v01 v02 = ( 0.524 )( 5.9 ) ( 0.476 )( 6 )

= 3.0916 2.856 v01 v02 = 0.236 V

11.35
(a)

From Equation (11.69)

K
Kn
iD 2 1
=
vd 1 n
2IQ
IQ 2
2IQ

0.90 = 0.50

2
vd

0.1 2
0.1
vd 1
vd
2 ( 0.25 )
2 ( 0.25 )

+0.40 = ( 0.4472 ) vd 1 ( 0.2 ) vd2

0.8945 = vd 1 ( 0.2 ) vd2

Square both sides

0.80 = vd2 (1 [ 0.2] vd2 )

( 0.2 ) ( vd2 )
vd2 =

vd2 + 0.80 = 0

1 1 4 ( 0.2 )( 0.80 )
2 ( 0.2 )

= 4V 2 or 1V 2

Then vd = 2 V or 1 V
But vd

max

IQ
kn

0.25
= 1.58
0.1

So vd = 1V, vd = 1V

b.
11.36

From part (a), vd ,max = 1.58 V

i
d D1
I
Q=
dvd

K
Kn
1 n
2I
2IQ
Q

) vd

vd =0

Kn
2IQ

=
So linear

2
vd + (

Kn
iD1 1
= +
vd
IQ 2
2 IQ

K
Kn
Kn
1
+
vd ( max ) +
vd ( max ) 1 n vd2( max )
2
2IQ
2 IQ
2

2I n
Then
= 0.02
Kn
1
+
v
2
2 I Q d ( max )
1
1
K
Kn
Kn
0.98 +
vd ( max ) = +
vd ( max ) 1 n
2I
2IQ
2IQ
Q
2
2

0.49 + 0.98

2
vd ( max )

0.15 2
0.15
0.15
vd ( max ) = +
vd ( max ) 1
vd ( max )
2 ( 0.2 )
2 ( 0.2 )
2

2 ( 0.2 )

0.49 + 0.600 vd ( max ) = 0.50 + 0.6124 vd ( max ) 1 ( 0.6124 ) vd2( max )

0.600 vd ( max ) = 0.010 + 0.6124 vd ( max ) 1 ( 0.6124 ) vd2( max )

By trial and error vd ( max ) 0.429 V

11.37
(b)
gm = 2 K p I D = 2

( 0.05 )( 0.008696 )

= 0.0417 mA/V
Vd
= ( 0.0417 )( 0.05 ) = 0.002085 mA
2
vD = ( 0.002085 )( 510 ) = 1.063
I = g m

vD 2 vD 2 = 1.063 4.565 = 3.502 V

vD1 = 1.063 4.565 = 5.628 V
9 = I S RS + VSG + 1
I S = 2I D
8 = 2 K P RS (VSG + VTP ) + VSG
2

8 = ( 2 )( 0.05 )( 390 )(VSG 0.8 ) + VSG

2

2
1.6VSG + 0.64 ) + VSG
8 = 39 (VSG
2
61.4VSG + 16.96 = 0
39VSG

VSG =

61.4 3769.96 4 ( 39 )(16.96 )

2 ( 39 )

= 1.217 V VS = 2.217
I S = 0.01739 mA

I D1 = I D 2 8.696 A

vD1 = vD 2 = ( 8.696 )( 0.510 ) 9 = 4.565 V

(b)

g m = 2 K P I DQ = 2

( 0.05 )( 0.008696 ) = 0.0417 mA/V

Vd
= ( 0.0417 )( 0.05 ) = 0.002085 mA
2
vD = ( 0.002085 )( 510 ) = 1.063 V
vD = I D RD

I D = g m

v1 , I D1 , vD1

vD1 = 4.565 1.063 = 5.628 V

vD 2 = 4.565 + 1.063 = 3.502 V
11.38
(a)
v1 = v2 = 0
I D = K n (VSG + VTP )
ID = 6 A

6
+ 0.4 = VSG
30
VSG = 0.847 V
VS = +0.847 V
vD = I D RD 3

= ( 6 )( 0.36 ) 3 = 0.84 V

VSD = VS vD = 0.847 ( 0.84 )

vSD = 1.69 V
(b)
(i)
Ad = g m RD g m = 2 K n I D

=2

( 30 )( 6 ) = 26.83 A/V

Ad = ( 26.83)( 0.36 ) Ad = 9.66

Acm = 0
(ii)
( 26.83)( 0.36 )
g R
Ad = m D =
Ad = 4.83
2
2
( 26.83)( 0.36 )
g m RD
Acm =
=
= 0.0448
1 + 2 g m RO 1 + 2 ( 26.83)( 4 )

11.39

For v1 = v2 = 0.30 V
I D1 = I D 2 = 0.1 mA
VSG =

ID
VTP
KP

0.1
+1 = 2 V
0.1
= vD 2 = ( 0.1)( 30 ) 10
= 7 V
=

vD1

gm = 2 K p I D = 2

( 0.1)( 0.1) = 0.2 mA/V

V
I D = g m d = ( 0.2 )( 0.1) = 0.02 mA
2
vD = ( I D ) RD = ( 0.02 )( 30 ) = 0.6 V
vD 2 vD 2 = 7 + 0.6 vD 2 = 6.4 V
vD1 = 7 0.6 vD1 = 7.6 V

11.40
For v1 = v2 = 0
0 = VGS + 2 I D RS 10
10 = VGS + 2 K n RS (VGS VTN )

= VGS + 2 ( 0.15 )( 75 )(VGS 1)

22.5VGS2 44VGS + 12.5 = 0

So VGS = 1.61 V and I D = ( 0.15 )(1.61 1) 55.9 A
2

gm = 2 Kn I D = 2

( 0.15 )( 0.0559 )

g m = 0.1831 mA/V
Use Half-circuits Differential gain
R
V
vD1 = g m d RD +

2
2
R
V
vo 2 = g m d RD

2
2
vo = vD1 vD 2 = g mVd RD
v
Ad = o = g m RD
Vd
Now Common-Mode Gain

Vi = Vgs + g mVgs ( 2 RS ) = Vcm

Vcm
Vgs =
1 + g m ( 2 RS )
vD1

vD 2

g m RD + D Vcm
2

=
1 + g m ( 2 RS )
R

gm RD D Vcm
2

=
1 + g m ( 2 RS )

vO = vD1 vD 2
So vo =
Acm =

g m ( RD ) Vcm
1 + g m ( 2 RD )

g m ( RD )
vo
=
Vcm 1 + g m ( 2 RS )

Then
Ad = ( 0.1831)( 50 ) = 9.16
Acm =

( 0.1831)( 0.5 )

1 + ( 0.1831)( 2 )( 75 )

= 0.003216

C M R R = 69.1 dB
bB

11.41
a.
Ad = g m ( r02 r04 )
r02 =

VA 2 150
=
= 375 k
I C 2 0.4

r04 =

VA 4 100
=
= 250 k
I C 4 0.4

gm =

IC 2
0.4
=
= 15.38 mA/V
VT
0.026

Ad = (15.38 ) ( 375 250 ) Ad = 2307

b.
RL = r02 r04 = 375 250 RL = 150 k

11.41
From 11.40
I D1 = I D 2 = 55.9 A
g m = 0.183 mA/V

 +V
vD 2 = + g m 2 d RD
2
V
V
vO = vD1 vD 2 = g m1 d RD g m 2 d RD
2
2
V
V

g
g

vO = d RD ( g m 2 + g m1 ) = d RD g m m + g m m
2
2
2
2

Ad = g m RD = ( 0.183) ( 50 ) = 9.15
Ad : vD1 = g m1

Vd
RD
2

g
g

g m + M RD vcm g m M RD vCM
2
2

=
+
1 + g m ( 2 RS )
1 + g m ( 2 RS )

ACM : vO = vD1 vD 2
g m RD
vO
=
vcm 1 + g m ( 2 RS )

Acm =
Acm =

g m = ( 0.01) ( 0.183) = 0.00183

( 0.00183) ( 50 )

1 + ( 0.183)( 2 ) ( 75 )

= 0.003216

C M R R = 69.1 dB
dB

11.42
(a)
v1 = v2 = 0
5 = 2 I D RS + VSG
5 = 2 K p RS (VSG + VTP ) + VSG
2

2
5 = 2 ( 0.5 )( 2 ) (VSG
1.6VSG + 0.64 ) + VSG
2
5 = 2VSG
2.2VSG + 1.28
2
2VSG 2.2VSG 3.72 = 0

VSG =

2.2 4.84 + 4 ( 2 )( 3.72 )

2 ( 2)

VSG = 2.02 V
vS = 2.02 V,

5 2.02
= 1.49 mA
2
= I D 2 = 0.745 mA

IS =
I D1

vD1 = vD 2 = ( 0.745 (1) 5 ) vD1 = vD 2 = 4.26 V

(b)
5 = I S RS + VSG 2
5 = ( I D1 + I D 2 ) RS + VSG 2
2
2
5 = K p (VSG1 + VTP ) + K p (VSG 2 + VTP ) RS + VSG 2

VSG1 = VSG 2 1

5 = ( 0.5 )( 2 ) (VSG 2 1.8 ) + (VSG 2 0.8 ) + VSG 2

2
2
5 = VSG 2 3.6VSG 2 + 3.24 + VSG 2 1.6VSG 2 + 0.64 + VSG 2
2

2
5 = 2VSG
2 4.2VSG 2 + 3.88
2
2VSG 2 4.2VSG 2 1.12 = 0

VSG 2 =

4.2 17.64 + 4 ( 2 ) (1.12 )

2 ( 2)

VSG 2 = 2.339 V VSG1 = 1.339 V

vS = 2.339 V
I D1
I D1
vD1
vD1

= 0.5 (1.339 0.8 )

= 0.1453 mA
= ( 0.1453)(1) 5
= 4.855 V

I D2
I D2
vD 2
vD 2

= 0.5 ( 2.339 0.8 )

= 1.184 mA
= (1.184 ) (1) 5
= 3.816 V

(c)
I = g m

Vd
2

gm = 2 K p I D

vS 2.02 V = 2

( 0.5 )( 0.745 )

g m = 1.22 mA/V
I = (1.22 )( 0.1) = 0.122 mA
vD = ( I ) RD = ( 0.122 )(1) = 0.122 V
vD 2 vD1
vD1 = 4.26 + 0.122 vD 2 = 4.26 0.122
vD1 = 4.138 V
vD 2 = 4.382 V

11.43

a.

gf =

IQ
4VT

I Q = g f ( 4VT ) = ( 8 )( 4 )( 0.026 )

I Q = 0.832 mA

Neglecting base currents.

30 0.7
R1 =
R1 = 35.2 k
0.832
V
100
r04 = r02 = A =
= 240 k
b.
I CQ 0.416

gm =

I CQ
VT

0.416
= 16 mA / V
0.026

Ad = g m ( r02 || r04 ) = 16 ( 240 || 240 )

Ad = 1920
Rid = 2r , r =

(180 )( 0.026 )
0.416

= 11.25 k

Rid = 22.5 k
R0 = r02 || r04 R0 = 120 k

c.
Max. common-mode voltage when
VCB = 0 for Q1 and Q2 .
Therefore
vcm ( max ) = V + VEB ( Q3 ) = 15 0.7
vcm ( max ) = 14.3 V
Min. common-mode voltage when
VCB = 0 for Q5 .
Therefore
vcm ( min ) = 0.7 + 0.7 + ( 15 ) = 13.6 V
So 13.6 vcm 14.3 V
1
(1 + )( 2 R0 )
2
V
100
R0 = A =
= 120 k
I Q 0.832
Ricm

Ricm = (181)(120 ) Ricm = 21.7 M

11.43
(a)
gm = 2 Kn I D
=2

( 0.4 )(1)

g m = 1.265 mA/V
v
1
Ad = o =
= 10
vd 0.1
Ad = g m RD
10 = (1.265 ) RD
RD = 7.91 K

(b)
Quiescent v1 = v2 = 0
vD1 = vD 2 = 10 (1)( 7.91) = 2.09 V
VGS =

ID
1
+ VTN =
+ 0.8 = 2.38 V
Kn
0.4

VDS ( sat ) = 2.38 0.8 = 1.58

So vcm = vD VDS ( sat ) + VGS
= 2.09 1.58 + 2.38
vcm = 2.89 V

11.44

g m RD
2
For vCM = 2.5 V
IQ
= 0.25 mA
I D1 = I D 2 =
2
Ad =

Let VD1 = VD 2 = 3 V , then RD =

Then 100 =

g m ( 28 )

2
k W
And g m = 2 n
2L

10 3
RD = 28 k
0.25

g m = 7.14 mA / V

ID

0.080 W
7.14 = 2
( 0.25 )
2 L
W W
= = 1274 (Extremely large transistors to meet the gain requirement.)
L 1 L 2
Need ACM = 0.10
From Eq. (11.64(b))
g m RD
ACM =
1 + 2 g m Ro

( 7.14 )( 28)
Ro = 140 k
1 + 2 ( 7.14 ) Ro
For the basic 2-transistor current source
1
1
Ro = ro =
=
= 200 k
I Q ( 0.01)( 0.5 )
So 0.10 =

This current source is adequate to meet common-mode gain requirement.

11.45
Not in detail, Approximation looks good.
a.
V ( 5 )
2
I S = GS 1
and I S = 2 I D = 2 K n (VGS 1 VTN )
RS
5 VGS 1
2
= 2 ( 0.050 )(VGS 1 1)
20
5 VGS 1 = 2 (VGS2 1 2VGS1 + 1)
2VGS2 1 3VGS 1 3 = 0
VGS1 =

( 3)

+ 4 ( 2 )( 3)

2 ( 2)

VGS1 = 2.186 V

5 2.186
I S = 0.141 mA
20
I
I D1 = I D 2 = S I D1 = I D 2 = 0.0704 mA
2
v02 = 5 ( 0.0704 )( 25 ) v02 = 3.24 V
IS =

b.
g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 ( 0.05 )( 2.186 1)
g m = 0.119 mA/V
1
1
r0 =
=
= 710 k
I DQ ( 0.02 )( 0.0704 )

Vgs1 = v1 VS , Vgs 2 = v2 VS
v01
v V
+ g mVgs1 + 01 S = 0
RD
r0

1
V
1
v01
+ + g m ( v1 VS ) S = 0
r0
RD r0
v02
v VS
+ g mVgs 2 + 02
=0
RD
r0
1
V
1
v02
+ + g m ( v2 VS ) S = 0
R
r
r0
D 0
v V v VS
V
+ g mVgs 2 = S
g mVgs1 + 01 S + 02
r0
r0
RS

(1)

(2)

g m ( v1 VS ) +

v01 v02 2VS

V
+

+ g m ( v2 VS ) = S
r0
r0
r0
RS

g m ( v1 + v2 ) +

v01 v02
+
= VS
r0
r0

2 1
2 g m + +
r
RS
0

(3)

From (1)

1
VS g m + g m v1
r
0
v01 =
1
1
+

RD r0
Then

1
VS g m + g m v1
r0

v
2 1
g m ( v1 + v2 ) +
+ 02 = VS 2 g m + + (3)
r0
r0 RS
1
1

r0
+
R
r
D 0

1
1
1
2 1 1
1
g m ( v1 + v2 ) r0
+ + VS g m + g m v1 + v02
+ = VS 2 g m + + r0
+
r0
r0 RS RD r0
RD r0

RD r0

r
r0
1
2 1
1

g m ( v1 + v2 ) 1 + 0 g m v1 + v02
+ = VS 2 g m + +
1 +
gm +
R
R
r
r
R
R
r

0
0

D
S
D
D 0

r
r
r
r
1
2 1
2
1
g m v1 0 + v2 + v2 0 + v02
+ = VS 2 g m + +
+ 2gm 0 +
+ 0 gm
RD
r0 RS
RD RD RS RD
r0
RD
RD r0

r
r
r0 2
1
1 1
g m v1 0 + v2 + v2 0 + v02
+ = VS 2 g m + +
(1 + g m r0 ) (4)
1 +
+
RD
r0 RS RD RD

RD
RD r0

1
1
Then substituting into (2), v02
+ + g m v2 = VS g m +
r0
RD r0

710
1
710
1
+ v2 + v2
+ v02 +
(4)
Substitute numbers: ( 0.119 ) v1

25
25
25 710

1
1 710 2
= VS 0.119 +
+ 1 +
+ 1 + ( 0.119 )( 710 )
710 20
25 25

( 0.119 ) [ 28.4v1 + 29.4v2 ] + ( 0.0414 ) v02 = VS {0.1204 + 1.470 + 6.8392}

= VS ( 8.4296 )
or VS = 0.4010v1 + 0.4150v2 + 0.00491v02
1
1
1

(2)
Then v02 +
+ ( 0.119 ) v2 = VS 0.119 +

710
25 710

v02 ( 0.0414 ) + v2 ( 0.119 ) = ( 0.1204 ) [ 0.401v1 + 0.4150v2 + 0.00491v02 ]

v02 ( 0.0408 ) = ( 0.04828 ) v1 ( 0.0690 ) v2
v02 = (1.183) v1 (1.691) v2

vd
2
vd
v2 = vcm
2
v
v

So v02 = (1.183) vcm + d (1.691) vcm d

2
2

Or v02 = 1.437vd 0.508vcm Ad = 1.437, Acm = 0.508

Now

v1 = vcm +

1.437
C M R RdB = 20 log10
C M R RdB = 9.03 dB
0.508

11.46

KVL:

v1 = Vgs1 Vgs 2 + v2
So v1 v2 = Vgs1 Vgs 2

KCL:
g mVgs1 + g mVgs 2 = 0 Vgs1 = Vgs 2
1
1
So Vgs1 = ( v1 v2 ) , Vgs 2 = ( v1 v2 )
2
2
Now
v02 v02 v01
+
= g mVgs 2
RD
RL
1
1 v01
= v02
+

RD RL RL
v01 v01 v02
+
= g mVgs1
RD
RL
1
1 v02
= v01
+

R
R
RL
L
D

R
From (1): v01 = v02 1 + L + g m RLVgs 2
R

(1)

(2)

Substitute into (2):

1
v02
R 1
1
1
g mVgs1 = v02 1 + L
+
+
+ g m RL
Vgs 2
R
R
R
R
R
RL

D
D D
L
L

1
R 1
R
1
g m ( v1 v2 ) + g m 1 + L ( v1 v2 ) = v02
+ L2 +

RD 2
RD RD RD
1
g m RL
v02
v02
RL
1 RL
2
2
gm
v

v
=
+

A
=
=
(
)
1 2

d2
2 RD
RD
RD
v1 v2
RL
2+

RD

1
g m RL
v01
From symmetry Ad 1 =
= 2
v1 v2
RL
2+

R
D

Then Av =

11.47

v02 v01
g m RL
=
v1 v2

RL
2+

RD

v1 v2 = Vgs1 Vgs 2 and g mVgs1 + g mVgs 2 = 0 Vgs1 = Vgs 2

Then v1 v2 = 2Vgs 2
Or Vgs 2 =

1
( v1 v2 )
2

v0 = g mVgs 2 ( RD RL ) =
Or Ad =

gm
( RD RL ) ( v1 v2 )
2

gm
( RD RL )
2

11.48
From Equation (11.64(a)), Ad =
We need Ad =
Then 10 =

Kn IQ
2

RD

2
= 10
0.2

K n ( 0.5 )

RD or K n RD = 20
2
If we set RD = 20 k , then K n = 1 mA / V 2

For this case VD = 10 ( 0.25 )( 20 ) = 5 V

0.25
+ 1 = 1.5 V
1
VDS ( sat ) = VGS VTN = 1.5 1 = 0.5 V
VGS =

Then vcm ( max ) = VD VDS ( sat ) + VGS

= 5 0.5 + 1.5
Or vcm ( max ) = 6 V

11.49
Vd 1 = g mVgs1 RD = g m RD (V1 Vs )
Vd 2 = g mVgs 2 RD = g m RD (V2 Vs )
Now Vo = Vd 2 Vd 1 = g m RD (V2 Vs ) ( g m RD (V1 Vs ) )
Vo = g m RD (V1 V2 )
Define V1 V2 Vd
V
Then Ad = o = g m RD and Acm = 0
Vd

11.49
Ad = g m ( r02 r04 )
g m = 2 kn I DQ

=2

( 0.12 )( 0.075 )

= 0.1897 mA/V
1
1
r02 =
=
= 889 k
n I DQ ( 0.015 )( 0.075 )
r04 =

p I DQ

1
= 667 k
0.02
( )( 0.075)

Ad = ( 0.1897 ) ( 889 667 ) Ad = 72.3

11.50
(a)

 K W
K n1 = K n 2 = n
2 L
VGS1 = VGS 2 =

0.080
2
=
(10 ) = 0.40 mA / V
2

ID
0.1
+ VTN =
+ 1 = 1.5 V
Kn
0.4

VDS1 ( sat ) = 1.5 1 = 0.5 V

For vCM = +3 V VD1 = VD 2 = vCM VGS 1 + VDS 1 ( sat )

= 3 1.5 + 0.5 VD1 = VD 2 = 2 V

RD =

10 2
RD = 80 k
0.1

(b)
1
g m RD and g m = 2 ( 0.4 )( 0.1) = 0.4 mA / V
2
1
Then Ad = ( 0.4 )( 80 ) = 16
2
16
C M R RdB = 45 C M R R = 177.8 =
Acm
Ad =

So Acm = 0.090
Acm =

g m RD
1 + 2 g m Ro

0.090 =

( 0.4 )(80 )
1 + 2 ( 0.4 ) Ro

Ro = 443 k

If we assume = 0.01 V 1 for the current source transistor, then

1
1
ro =
=
= 500 k
I Q ( 0.01)( 0.2 )
So the CMRR specification can be met by a 2-transistor current source.
W W
Let = = 1
L 3 L 4
IQ
0.2
0.080
2
Then K n 3 = K n 4 =
+ VTN =
+ 1 = 3.24 V
(1) = 0.040 mA / V and VGS 3 =
2
0.04
K

n3
For vCM = 3 V , VD 3 = 3 VGS1 = 3 1.5 = 4.5 V VDS 3 ( min ) = 4.5 ( 10 ) = 5.5 V > VDS 3 ( sat )

So design is OK.
W
On reference side: For 1, VGS ( max ) = 3.24 V
L
20 VGS 3 = 20 3.24 = 16.76 V

Then

16.67
= 5.17 We need six transistors in series.
3.24

20 3.24
= 2.793 V
6
2
K W
= n (VGS VTN )
2 L

VGS =
I REF

2
0.080 W
W
0.2 =
( 2.793 1) = 1.56 for each of the 6 transistors.
2 L
L

11.51

Ad =

1
g m RD
2

gm = 2 Kn I D = 2

( 0.25 )( 0.25) = 0.50 mA / V

1
( 0.50 )( 3) = 0.75
2
From Problem 11.26
Ad =

V1 = VA =

5 (1 + )
2+

, V2 = VB = 2.5 V and V1 V2 = 1.25

Then
Vo 2 = Ad (V1 V2 ) = ( 0.75 )(1.25 ) = 0.9375

So for 0.01 0.01

9.375 Vo 2 9.375 mV

11.52
From previous results
v v
Ad 1 = o 2 o1 = g m1 R1 = 2 K n1 I Q1 R1 = 20
v1 v2
and Ad 2 =
Set

I Q1 R1
2

vo3
1
1
2 K n3 I Q 2 R2 = 30
= g m 3 R2 =
2
vo 2 vo1 2
I Q 2 R2

= 5 V and

= 2.5 V

Let I Q1 = I Q 2 = 0.1 mA
Then R1 = 100 k , R2 = 50 k
2

0.06 W
20
W W
Then 2
( 0.1) =
= = 6.67
2 L 1
100
L 1 L 2
2

2 ( 30 )
0.060 W
W W
and 2
= = 240
( 0.1) =
2 L 3
L 3 L 4
50

11.53
a.

iD1

v
= I DSS 1 GS 1
VP

v
iD 2 = I DSS 1 GS 2
VP

iD1 iD 2

v
v
= I DSS 1 GS 1 I DSS 1 GS 2
VP
VP

I DSS

( vGS 2 vGS1 )

VP

I DSS

VP

vd =

I DSS

( VP )

vd

iD1 + iD 2 = I Q iD 2 = I Q iD1

iD1 I Q iD1

I DSS

( VP )

vd2

iD1 2 iD1 ( I Q iD1 ) + ( I Q iD1 ) =

Then iD1 ( I Q iD1 ) =

Square both sides

I DSS

( VP )

vd2

I
1
I Q DSS 2 vd2
2
( VP )

I
1
i iD1 I Q + I Q DSS 2 vd2 = 0
4
( VP )
2
D1

I
1
I Q I 4 I Q DSS 2 vd2
4
( VP )

2
Q

iD1 =

2
2

1 2 2 2 I Q I DSS vd I DSS vd2

iD1 =
IQ IQ

+
2
2

2 2
( VP ) ( VP )

Use + sign

IQ

iD1

1 2 I Q I DSS 2
=
+
vd
2 2 ( VP )2

iD1 =

IQ

IQ
2

DSS 2 vd2
( V )

2 I DSS I DSS
1 IQ
vd

I
2 ( VP )
IQ
Q

vd

VP

2 I DSS I DSS

vd
I
IQ

vd

VP

2 I DSS I DSS

vd
I
IQ

vd

VP

Or
iD1 1 1
= +
I Q 2 2VP
We had
iD 2 = I Q iD1
Then
iD 2 1 1
=
I Q 2 2VP
b.
If iD1 = I Q , then
1 1
1= +
2 2VP

2 I DSS I DSS

vd
I
IQ

2 I DSS I DSS
VP = vd

I
IQ
Q
Square both sides

vd

VP

vd

VP

VP

I DSS

IQ

vd2 =

2I
I
= v DSS DSS
I
IQ
Q

2
d

2
2
vd

VP

1 2 2 2 I DSS 2
vd + VP
( vd )
IQ
VP
2I
2 I DSS
DSS
I
IQ
Q

I
4 DSS

IQ

2I
2 DSS
IQ

=0
2

1
2
(VP )
VP

1

VP

2 IQ
vd2 = (VP )

I DSS
1/ 2

IQ
Or vd = VP

I DSS
c.
For vd small,
IQ 1 IQ
2 I DSS
+
vd
iD1
IQ
2 2 ( VP )
gf =

diD1
d vd

vd 0

2 I DSS
1 IQ

IQ
2 ( VP )

1 I Q I DSS
Or g f ( max ) =

2
VP

11.53
Ad = g m ( ro 2 Ro )
Want Ad = 400
From Example 11.15, ro 2 = 1 M
Assuming that g m = 0.283 mA / V for the PMOS from Example 11.15, then Ro = 285 M .
k W
So 400 = g m (1000 285000 ) g m = 0.4014 mA / V = 2 n I DQ
2 L 1
0.080 W
W W
0.04028 =
( 0.1) = = 10.1
2 L 1
L 1 L 2

11.54
a.
I Q = I D1 + I D 2 I Q = 1 mA
v0 = 7 = 10 ( 0.5 ) RD RD = 6 k

b.
1 I Q I DSS
g f ( max ) =

2
VP
1 (1)( 2 )
g f ( max ) =
g f ( max ) = 0.25 mA/V
2
4
c.
g R
Ad = m D = g f ( max ) RD
2
Ad = ( 0.25 )( 6 ) Ad = 1.5

11.55
a.
IS =

VGS ( 5 )
RS

V
= ( 2 ) I DSS 1 GS
VP

V
5 VGS = ( 2 )( 0.8 )( 20 ) 1 GS
( 2 )
1

5 VGS = ( 2 )16 1 + VGS + VGS2

4

2
8VGS + 33VGS + 27 = 0
VGS =

33 1089 4 ( 8 )( 27 )
2 (8)

= 1.125 V
IS =

5 ( 1.125 )

20
= 0.306 mA

I D1 = I D 2 = 0.153 mA
vo 2 = 1.17 V
(b)

11.56
Equivalent circuit and analysis is identical to that in problem 11.36.
1
g m RL
Ad 2 = 2

RL
2+

RD

1
g m RL
Ad 1 = 2

RL
2+

RD

Av =

v02 v01
g m RL
=
vd

RL
2+

11.57
(a)
Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )
0.1
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
120
ro 2 =
= 1200 K
0.1
80
ro 4 =
= 800 K
0.1
Ad = ( 3.846 ) (1200 800 )
gm =

Ad = 1846

(b)

For Ad = 923 = ( 3.846 ) (1200 800 RL )

240 = 480 & RL =

480 RL
RL = 480 K
480 + RL

11.58
(a)

2
I Q = 250 A I REF = I Q 1 +

2

= 250 1 +
= 252.8 A
180
5 ( 0.7 ) ( 5 )
R1 =
R1 = 36.8 K
0.2528
(b)
0.125
= 4.808 mA/V
Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )
gm =
0.026
150
= 1200 K
ro 2 =
0.125
100
= 800 K
Ad = ( 4.808 ) (1200 800 ) ro 4 =
0.125
Ad = 2308

(c)
Rid = 2r =

2 (180 )( 0.026 )
0.125

Rid = 74.9 K

Ro = ro 2 ro 4 = 1200 800 = 480 K = Ro

(d)
vcm ( max ) = 5 0.7 = 4.3 V
vcm ( min ) = 0.7 + 0.7 5 = 3.6 V
11.59
a.
IQ 1
I 0 = I B3 + I B 4 2
2
I Q 0.2
I0 =
=
I0 = 2 A
100
b.
V
100
= 1000 k
r02 = r04 = A =
I CQ 0.1
gm =

I CQ
VT

0.1
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026

Ad = g m ( r02 r04 ) = ( 3.846 ) (1000 1000 ) Ad = 1923

c.
Ad = g m r02 r04 RL

Ad = ( 3.846 ) (1000 1000 250 ) Ad = 641

11.60
a.

Ad = g m ( r02 r04 RL )
gm =

I CQ
VT

IQ
2VT

V
125
r02 = A 2 =
I CQ I CQ
r04 =

VA 4 80
=
I CQ I CQ

If I Q = 2 mA, then g m = 38.46 mA/V

r02 = 125 k, r04 = 80 k
So Ad = 38.46 125 80 200
Or Ad = 1508
For each gain of 1000. lower the current level
For I Q = 0.60 mA, I CQ = 0.30 mA
0.3
gm =
= 11.54 mA/V
0.026
125
r02 =
= 417 k
0.3
80
r04 =
= 267 k
0.3
Ad = 11.54 417 267 200 = 1036
So I Q = 0.60 mA is adequate

b.
For V + = 10 V, VBE = VEB = 0.6 V
For VCB = 0, vcm ( max ) = V + 2VEB = 10 2 ( 0.6 )
Or vcm ( max ) = 8.8 V
11.61
a.

From symmetry.

VGS 3 = VGS 4 = VDS 3 = VDS 4 =

0.1
+1
0.1

Or VDS 3 = VDS 4 = 2 V
0.1
+1 = 2 V
0.1
= VSD 2 = VSG1 (VDS 3 10 )
= 2 ( 2 10 )

VSG1 = VSG 2 =
VSD1

Or VSD1 = VSD 2 = 10 V

b.
r0 n =
r0 p =

n I DQ
1

=
=

1
1 M
0.01
( )( 0.1)
1

0.667 M

( 0.015 )( 0.1)
g m = 2 K p (VSG + VTP )
= 2 ( 0.1)( 2 1) = 0.2 mA / V
Ad = g m ( ron rop ) = ( 0.2 ) (1000 667 ) Ad

(c)

P I DQ

= 80

IQ

I D 2 = I D1 =

= 0.1 mA

1
1
=
= 1000 k
n I D 4 ( 0.01)( 0.1)

ro 4 =

ro 2 =

P I D 2

( 0.015)( 0.1)

= 667 k

Ro = ro 2 ro 4 = 667 1000 = 400 k

11.62
Ad = g m ( ro 4 ro 2 )
0.08
gm = 2
( 2.5 )( 0.05 )
2
= 0.1414 mA/V
1
ro 4 =
= 1000 K
( 0.02 )( 0.05 )
ro 2 =

1
= 1333 K
( 0.015)( 0.05 )

Ad = ( 0.1414 ) (1000 1333)

Ad = 80.8

11.63
R04 = r04 1 + g m 4 ( R r 4 )
80
= 800 K
0.1
0.1
gm4 =
= 3.846
0.026
(100 )( 0.026 )
r 4 =
0.1
= 26 K
r04 =

R r 4 = 1 26 = 0.963 K
Assume = 100
r 3 =

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.1

= 26 k

0.1
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
R04 = 800 1 + ( 3.846 )( 0.963) 3.763 M

g m3 =

R0 = 3.763M
Then
Av = g m ( r02 R0 )
120
= 1200 k
0.1
0.1
gm =
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
Av = ( 3.846 ) 1200 3763 Av = 3499
r02 =

b.
For

R = 0, r04 =
Av = g m ( r02

80
= 800 k
0.1
r04 )

= ( 3.846 ) 1200 800 Av = 1846

(c)

For part (a), Ro = ( 3.763 1.2 ) = 0.910 M

For part (b), Ro = (1.2 0.8 ) = 0.48 M

11.64
I B5 =

IE5
I +I
I +I
= B3 B4 = C 3 C 4
1+
1+
(1 + )

Now I C 3 + I C 4 I Q
IQ
So I B 5
(1 + )
I B6 =

I Q1
IE6
=
1 + (1 + )

For balance, we want I B 6 = I B 5

So that I Q1 = I Q

11.65
Resistance looking into drain of M4.

Vsg 4 I X R1
I X g m 4Vsg 4 =

VX Vsg 4
r04

R V
I X 1 + g m 4 R1 + 1 = X
r04 r04

R
Or R0 = r04 1 + g m 4 R1 + 1
r04

a.

Ad = g m 2 ( ro 2 Ro )
g m 2 = 2 K n I DQ = 2

( 0.080 )( 0.1)

= 0.179 mA / V
1
1
ro 2 =
=
= 667 k
n I DQ ( 0.015 )( 0.1)
g m 4 = 2 K P I DQ = 2

ro 4 =

p I DQ

( 0.080 )( 0.1)

= 0.179 mA / V
1
=
= 500 k
0.02
( )( 0.1)

R0 = 500 1 + ( 0.179 )(1) +

= 590.5 k
500

Ad = ( 0.179 ) 667 590.5 Ad = 56.06

b.
When R1 = 0, R0 = r04 = 500 k
Ad = ( 0.179 ) 667 500 Ad = 51.15
(c)

For part (a), Ro = ro 2 Ro = 667 590.5 Ro = 313 k

For part (b), Ro = ro 2 ro 4 = 667 500 Ro = 286 k

11.66
Let = 100, VA = 100 V

ro 2 =

VA 100
=
= 1000 k
I CQ 0.1

Ro 4 = ro 4 [1 + g m RE ] where RE = r RE
Now
r =

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 26 k
0.1
0.1
gm =
= 3.846 mA / V
0.026
RE = 26 1 = 0.963 k
Then Ro 4 = 1000 1 + ( 3.846 )( 0.963) = 4704 k

Ad = g m ( ro 2 Ro 4 ) = 3.846 (1000 4704 ) Ad = 3172

11.67
(a) For Q2, Q4

Vx V 4
V
+ g m 2V 2 + g m 4V 4 + x
ro 2
ro 4

(1)

Ix =

(2)

g m 2V 2 +

(3)

V 4 = V 2

From (2)

Vx V 4
V
= 4
ro 2
r 4 r 2

Vx
1
= V 4
+
+ gm2
ro 2
r
r
r
4 2 o 2

Now
120
=
( 0.5 ) = 0.496 mA
121
120
IQ 1
I C 2 = 0.0041 mA
=

= ( 0.5 )
2

2 1+ 1+
(121)

IC 4 =
1+
IC 2

IQ

So
r 2 =

(120 )( 0.026 )

= 761 k
0.0041
0.0041
gm2 =
= 0.158 mA/V
0.026
100
ro 2 =
24.4 M
0.0041
(120 ) ( 0.026 )
r 4 =
= 6.29 k
0.496
0.496
gm4 =
= 19.08 mA / V
0.026
100
ro 4 =
= 202 k
0.496
Now

Vx
Vx
1
1
= V 4
+
+ 0.158 which yields V 4 =
ro 2
( 0.318) ro 2
6.29 761 24400

From (1),

V V
1
I x = x + x + V 4 g m 4 g m 2
ro 2 ro 4
ro 2

19.08 0.158

Ix 1
V
1
24400
which yields Ro 2 = x = 135 k
=
+
+
Vx 24400 202
Ix
( 0.318)( 24400 )

80
Now ro 6 =
= 160 k
0.5
Then Ro = Ro 2 ro 6 = 135 160 Ro = 73.2 k

(b)
Ad = g mc Ro where g mc =

i
vd / 2

i = g m1V 1 + g m 3V 3 and V 1 + V 3 =

vd
2

Also 1 + g m1V 1 r 3 = V 3
r 1

1+
So V 1
r 3 = V 3
r 1
121
Or V 1
( 6.29 ) = V 3 V 1
761
v
v
Then 2V 1 = d V 1 = d
2
4
v
v
So i = ( g m1 + g m 3 ) V 1 = ( 0.158 + 19.08 ) d = 9.62 d
4
2
i
= 9.62 Ad = ( 9.62 )( 73.2 ) Ad = 704
So g mc =
vd / 2
Now Rid = 2 Ri where Ri = r 1 + (1 + ) r 3
Ri = 761 + (121)( 6.29 ) = 1522 k
Then Rid = 3.044 M

11.69
(a)
Ad = 100 = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )
Let I Q = 0.5 mA
1
1
ro 2 =
=
= 200 k
n I D ( 0.02 )( 0.25 )
ro 4 =

1
1
=
= 160 k
P I D ( 0.025 )( 0.25 )

Then 100 = g m ( 200 160 ) g m = 1.125 mA / V

K W
gm = 2 n
2 L

ID

0.080 W
W
1.125 = 2
( 0.25 ) = 31.6
2 L
L n
W
W
Now somewhat arbitrary. Let = 31.6
L
P
L P

11.70

Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )

P = ( I Q + I REF ) (V + V )
Let I Q = I REF
Then 0.5 = 2 I Q ( 3 ( 3) ) I Q = I REF = 0.0417 mA
ro 2 =

1
1
=
= 3205 k
n I D ( 0.015 )( 0.0208 )

ro 4 =

1
1
=
= 2404 k
P I D ( 0.02 )( 0.0208 )

Then
Ad = 80 = g m ( 3205 2404 ) g m = 0.0582 mA/V
k W
gm = 2 n I D
2 L n
0.080 W
W
0.0582 = 2
( 0.0208 ) = 1.02
2 L n
L n

11.71
Ad = g m ( ro 2 Ro )
g m ro 2
1
ro 2 =
n I D
=

1
= 666.7 K
( 0.015)( 0.1)

Ad = 400 = g m ( 666.7 )
g m = 0.60 mA/V
k W
= 2 n
2 L

ID

0.08 W
0.60 = 2
( 0.1)
2 L
W
0.090 = 0.004
L
W W
= = 22.5
L 1 L 2

11.72

Ad = g m ( Ro 4 Ro 6 )
where
Ro 4 = ro 4 + ro 2 [1 + g m 4 ro 4 ]

Ro 6 = ro 6 + ro8 [1 + g m 6 ro 6 ]
We have
1
= 1667 k
ro 2 = ro 4 =
( 0.015 )( 0.040 )
ro 6 = ro8 =

1
= 1250 k
0.02
( )( 0.040 )

0.060
gm4 = 2
(15 )( 0.040 ) = 0.268 mA/V
2
0.025
gm6 = 2
(10 )( 0.040 ) = 0.141 mA/V
2
Then
Ro 4 = 1667 + 1667 1 + ( 0.268 )(1667 ) 748 M

Ro 6 = 1250 + 1250 1 + ( 0.141)(1250 ) 222.8 M

(a)
Ro = Ro 4 Ro 6 = 748 222.8

Ro = 172 M

(b)
Ad = g m 4 ( Ro 4 Ro 6 ) = ( 0.268 )(172000 ) Ad = 46096
11.73
Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )
ro 2 = ro 4 =
=

1
ID
1

( 0.02 )( 0.1)

gm = 2 Kn I D = 2

= 500 K

( 0.5)( 0.1)

= 0.4472 mA/V
Ad = ( 0.4472 ) ( 500 500 ) Ad = 112
Ro = ro 2 ro 4 = 500 500 Ro = 250 K

11.74
(a)
I DP = K p (VSG + VTP )

0.4
+ 1 = VSG 3 = 1.894 V
0.5
I DN = K n (VGS VTN )

0.4
+ 1 = VGS 1 = 1.894 V
0.5
VDS1 ( sat ) = VGS1 VTN = 1.894 1 = 0.894 V
V + = VSG 3 + VDS1 ( sat ) VGS 1 + vCM
V + = 1.894 + 0.894 1.894 + 4 V + = 4.89 V = V
(b)

Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 )
ro 2 = ro 4 =

ID

gm = 2 Kn I D

= 166.7 K

( 0.015 )( 0.4 )
= 2 ( 0.5 )( 0.4 ) = 0.8944 mA/V

Ad = ( 0.8944 ) (166.7 166.7 ) Ad = 74.5

11.75
(a)
For vcm = +2V V + = 2.7 V
If I Q is a 2-transistor current source,
V = vcm 0.7 0.7
V = 3.4 V V + = V = 3.4 V
(b)
100
= 1000 K
Ad = g m ( ro 2 ro 4 ) ro 2 =
0.1
60
= 600 K
ro 4 =
0.1
0.1
= 3.846 mA/V
gm =
0.026
Ad = ( 3.846 ) (1000 600 ) Ad = 1442

11.76
(a)
(b)

V + = V = 3.4 V

75
= 1250 K
0.06
40
= 666.7 K
ro 4 =
0.06
0.06
= 2.308 mA/V
gm =
0.026
Ad = ( 2.308 ) (1250 666.7 )
ro 2 =

Ad = 1004

11.77
g m1 = 2 K n I Bias1 = 2
gm2 =
r 2 =

I CQ
VT

VT
I CQ

=
=

( 0.2 )( 0.25 ) = 0.447 mA/V

0.75
= 28.85 mA/V
0.026

(120 )( 0.026 )
0.75

= 4.16 k

i0 = g m1Vgs1 + g m 2V 2
V 2 = g m1Vgs1r 2 and vi = Vgs1 + V 2
i0 = Vgs1 ( g m1 + g m 2 g m1r 2 )

vi = Vgs1 + g m1Vgs1r 2 and Vgs1 =

i0 = vi
g mC =

g m1 (1 + )

vi
1 + g m1r 2

1 + g m1r 2

( 0.447 )(121)
i0 g m1 (1 + )
=
=
vi
1 + g m1r 2 1 + ( 0.447 )( 4.16 )

g mC = 18.9 mA/V

11.78
r0 ( M 2 ) =
r0 ( Q2 ) =

n I DQ

( 0.01)( 0.2 )

= 500 k

VA
80
=
= 400 k
I CQ 0.2

g m ( M 2 ) = 2 K n I DQ = 2

( 0.2 )( 0.2 )

= 0.4 mA/V
Ad = g m ( M 2 ) r0 ( M 2 ) r0 ( Q2 )
= 0.4 500 400 Ad = 88.9
If the IQ current source is ideal, Acm = 0 and C M RRdB =

11.79
a.

b.

Assume RL is capacitively coupled. Then

I CQ + I DQ = I Q
I DQ =

VBE 0.7
=
= 0.0875 mA
R1
8

I CQ = 0.9 0.0875 = 0.8125 mA

g m1 = 2 K P I DQ = 2 (1)( 0.0875 ) g m1 = 0.592 mA/V
gm2 =
r 2 =

I CQ
VT

VT
I CQ

0.8125
g m 2 = 31.25 mA/V
0.026

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.8125

r 2 = 3.2 k

c.
V0 = ( g m1Vsg g m 2V 2 ) RL
Vi + Vsg = V0 Vsg = V0 Vi
V 2 = ( g m1Vsg ) ( R1 r 2 )

V0 = g m1Vsg + g m 2 g m1Vsg ( R1 r 2 ) RL
V0 = (V0 Vi ) g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 ) RL

g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 ) RL
V0
=
Vi 1 + g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 ) RL

We find
Av =

g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 ) = 0.592 + ( 31.25 )( 0.592 ) ( 8 3.2 )

= 42.88
Then Av =

( 42.88 )( RL )
1 + ( 42.88 )( RL )

11.80
a.
I DQ
I CQ

Assume RL is capacitively coupled.

0.7
=
= 0.0875 mA
8
= 1.2 0.0875 = 1.11 mA

g m1 = 2 K p I DQ = 2 (1)( 0.0875 ) g m1 = 0.592 mA/V

gm2 =
r 2 =

b.

I CQ
VT

VT
I CQ

=
=

1.11
g m 2 = 42.7 mA/V
0.026

(100 )( 0.026 )
1.11

r 2 = 2.34 k

Vsg = VX
I X = g m 2V 2 + g m1Vsg

(g

m1 sg

)(R

r 2 ) = V 2

I X = VX g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 )
V
1
R0 = X =
IX
g m1 + g m 2 g m1 ( R1 r 2 )
=

0.592 + ( 0.592 )( 42.7 ) ( 8 2.34 )

R0 = 21.6

11.81
(a)

(1)

g m 2V +

(2)

g m 2V +

Then V =
From (1)

Vo ( V )
ro 2
Vo ( V )

g m1Vi
1 1
+
ro1 r

ro 2

=0
= g m1Vi +

1 1
V V
+
or 0 = g m1Vi V +
ro1
r
ro1 r


Vo
1
=0
g m 2 + V +
ro 2
ro 2

1
gm2 +
ro 2

1
Vo = ro 2 g m 2 + V = ro 2 g m1Vi
ro 2
1 1

+
ro1 r

1
g m1ro 2 g m 2 +
ro 2
V

Av = o =
Vi
1 1
+
ro1 r
Now

( 0.25)( 0.025 ) = 0.158 mA / V

g m1 = 2 K n I Q = 2
gm2 =
ro1 =

VT
1

IQ

=
=

0.025
= 0.9615 mA / V
0.026
1

( 0.02 )( 0.025)

= 2000 k

VA
50
=
= 2000 k
I Q 0.025

ro 2 =
r =

IQ

VT
IQ

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.025

= 104 k

Then
1

( 0.158 )( 2000 ) 0.9615 +

2000

A = 30039
Av =
v
1
1
+

2000 104
To find Ro; set Vi = 0 g m1Vi = 0

I x = g m 2V +

Vx ( V )

V = I x ( ro1 r )

ro 2

Then

V
1
I x = g m 2 + ( I x ) ( ro1 r ) + x
ro 2
ro 2

Combining terms,
Ro =

Vx
1
= ro 2 1 + ( ro1 r ) g m 2 +
Ix
ro 2

= 2000 1 + ( 2000 104 ) 0.9615 +

Ro = 192.2 M
2000

(b)

Vo ( Vgs 3 )

(1)

g m 3Vgs 3 +

(2)

g m 3Vgs 3 +

(3)

Vgs 3 ( V 2 )
( V 2 )
V 2
+ g m 2V 2 +
= g m1Vi +
r 2
ro 2
ro1

From (2), V 2 =

ro3
Vo ( Vgs 3 )
ro3

=0
= g m 2V 2 +

Vgs 3 ( V 2 )
ro 2

Vgs 3

1
ro 2 g m 2 +
ro 2

Then
(3)
or

Vgs 3
1
1
1
+ gm2 +
+ = g m1Vi +
V 2
ro 2 ro1
ro 2
r 2

1 Vgs 3
or 0 = V 2 g m 2 +
r
ro 2
o2

Vgs 3
1
1
1
+ = g m1Vi +
+ gm2 +
ro 2 ro1
ro 2

1 r
ro 2 g m 2 + 2
ro 2

Vgs 3
Vgs 3
1
1
1
+ 0.9615 +
+
= 0.9615Vi +

1 104
2000 2000
2000

2000 0.9615 +

2000

Then Vgs 3 = 1.83 105 Vi

Vgs 3

V
1
1

5
From (1), g m 3 + Vgs 3 = o or Vo = 2000 0.158 +
(1.83 10 ) Vi
r
r
2000

o3
o3

V
Av = o = 5.80 107
Vi

To find Ro

Vx ( Vgs 3 )

(1)

I x = g m 3Vgs 3 +

(2)

g m 3Vgs 3 +

(3)

V 2 = I x ( ro1 r 2 )

ro3

Vx ( Vgs 3 )
ro 3

= g m 2V 2 +

1 V
From (1) I x = Vgs 3 g m 3 + + x
ro 3 ro3

1 Vx

I x = Vgs 3 0.158 +
+
2000 2000

V
Ix x
2000
So Vgs 3 =
0.1585

Vgs 3 ( V 2 )
ro 2

From (2),

1
1 V
1
+ + x = V 2 g m 2 +
Vgs 3 g m 3 +
ro 3 ro 2 ro 3
ro 2

1
1 Vx
1

+
+
= V 2 0.9615 +
Vgs 3 0.158 +

2000 2000 2000

2000

Vx
I Vx / 2000
Then x
( 0.159 ) + 2000 = I x ( 2000 104 ) ( 0.962 )
0.1585
V
We find Ro = x = 6.09 1010
Ix

11.82
Assume emitter of Q1 is capacitively coupled to signal ground.
80
I CQ = 0.2 = 0.1975 mA
81
0.2
I DQ =
= 0.00247 mA
81
(80 )( 0.026 )
r =
= 10.5 k
0.1975
0.1975
g m ( Q1 ) =
= 7.60 mA / V
0.026
gm ( M1 ) = 2 K n I D = 2

g m ( M 1 ) = 0.0445 mA / V

( 0.2 )( 0.00247 )

Vi = Vgs + V and V = g m ( M 1 ) Vgs r or Vgs =

1
Then Vi = V 1 +
g
M
(
m
1 ) r

V
g m ( M 1 ) r

Vi
or V =

1 + g ( M ) r
m
1

g m ( Q1 ) RC
V
Vo = g m ( Q1 ) V RC Av = o =
Vi

1
1 +

g m ( M 1 ) r
( 7.60 )( 20 )
Then Av =
Av = 48.4

1
1 +

( 0.0445 )(10.5 )

11.83
Using the results from Chapter 4 for the emitter-follower:

r 9 + r07 R011
r 8 +

1+

R0 = R4 ||

1+

VT (100 )( 0.026 )
r 8 =
=
= 2.6 k
1
IC8
IC 8

IC 9
r 9 =

1
= 0.01 mA
100

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 260 k
0.01
V
100
r07 = A =
= 500 k
I Q 0.2

r011 =

VA 100
=
= 500 k
I Q 0.2

R011 = r011 [1 + g m RE ] , g m =
r 11 =

(100 ) ( 0.026 )

0.2
= 7.69
0.026

= 13 k
0.2
RE = 0.2 13 = 0.197 k
R011 = 500 1 + ( 7.69 )( 0.197 ) = 1257 k
Then
260 + 500 1257

2.6 +

101

R0 = 5 ||
101

= 5 0.0863 R0 = 0.0848 K 84.8

11.84
Ri = r 1 + (1 + ) r 2
r 2 =

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.5

= 5.2 k

(100 )( 0.026 ) (100 ) ( 0.026 )

=
= 520 k
0.5
( 0.5 /100 )
Ri = 520 + (101)( 5.2 ) Ri 1.05 M
(100 )( 0.026 )
r 3 + 50
2

r 1 =

R0 = 5
R0 = 5

101

, r 3 =

= 2.6 k

2.6 + 50
= 5 0.521 R0 = 0.472 k
101

V0 = 3 + g m 3V 3 ( 5 )
r 3

1+
V0 = V 3
( 5)
r 3

(1)

(V V )
V 3
= g m 2V 2 + 0 3
50
r 3
1
1 V
g m 2V 2 = V 3
+ 0
r 3 50 50
V

V 2 = 1 + g m1V 1 r 2
r 1

1+
= V 1
r 1

r 2

and
Vin = V 1 + V 2
gm2 =

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.5
= 19.23 mA/V
0.026

Then
101
V0 = V 3
( 5 ) V 3 = V0 ( 0.005149 )
2.6
And
1 V
1
+ 0
19.23V 2 = V0 ( 0.005149 )
2.6 50 50
= V0 ( 0.02208 )

(1)

(2)

Or V 2 = V0 ( 0.001148 )

And
V 1 = Vin V 2 = Vin + V0 ( 0.001148 )

(4)

So
101
V0 ( 0.001148 ) = Vin + V0 ( 0.001148 )
( 5.2 )
520
V0 ( 0.001148 ) V0 ( 0.001159 ) = Vin (1.01) Av =

11.85

(3)
V0
= 438
Vin

I2 =

5
= 1 mA
5

1
+ 0.8 = 2.21 V
0.5
2.21 ( 5 )
I1 =
= 0.206 mA
35

VGS 2 =

V0 = ( g m 2Vgs 2 ) ( R2 r02 )

Vgs 2 = ( g m1Vsg1 ) ( r01 R1 ) V0 and Vsg1 = Vin

So Vgs 2 = ( g m1Vin ) ( r01 R1 ) V0
Then
V0 = g m 2 ( R2 r02 ) ( g m1Vin ) ( r01 R1 ) V0
Av =

V0 g m 2 ( R2 r02 ) g m1 ( r01 R1 )
=
Vin
1 + g m 2 ( R2 r02 )

gm2 = 2 Kn2 I D 2 = 2

( 0.5 )(1) = 1.414 mA / V

g m1 = 2 K p1 I D1 = 2

( 0.2 )( 0.206 ) = 0.406 mA / V

r01 =

1 I D1

r02 =

( 0.01)( 0.206 )

= 485 k

1
1
=
= 100 k
2 I D 2 ( 0.01)(1)

R2 r02 = 5 100 = 4.76 k

R1 r01 = 35 485 = 32.6 k
Then Av =

(1.414 )( 4.76 )( 0.406 )( 32.6 )

1 + (1.414 )( 4.76 )

So Av = 11.5

Output ResistanceFrom the results for a source follower in Chapter 6.

1
1
R0 =
R2 r02 =
5 100
gm2
1.414
= 0.707 4.76
So R0 = 0.616 k

11.86
a.

R2 =

5
R2 = 10 k
0.5
I D2
0.5
VTP 2 =
+ 1 = 2.41 V
K p2
0.25

VSG 2 =
R1 =

5 ( 2.41)
0.1

R1 = 74.1 k

b.

V0 = ( g m 2Vsg 2 ) ( r02 R2 )

Vsg 2 = V0 ( g m1Vgs1 ) ( r01 R1 ) and Vgs1 = Vin

Av =

V0 ( g m 2 ) ( r02 R2 ) ( g m1 ) ( r01 R1 )
=
Vin
1 + ( g m 2 ) ( r02 R2 )

g m1 = 2 K n1 I D1 = 2
gm2 = 2 K p 2 I D 2 = 2
r01 =
r02 =

1 I D1

( 0.1)( 0.1) = 0.2 mA / V

( 0.25)( 0.5) = 0.707 mA / V

( 0.01)( 0.1)

= 1000 k

1
1
=
= 200 k
2 I D 2 ( 0.01)( 0.5 )

r02 R2 = 200 10 = 9.52 k

r01 R1 = 1000 74.1 = 69.0 k
Then Av =

( 0.707 )( 9.52 )( 0.2 )( 69 )

1 + ( 0.707 )( 9.52 )

So Av = 12.0
R0 =

1
1
10 200
R2 r02 =
0.707
gm2

= 1.414 9.52
Or R0 = 1.23 k

11.87
a.
I C 2 = 0.25 mA
52
R=
R = 12 k
0.25
v VBE ( on )
2 0.7
I C 3 = 02
RE1 =
RE1 = 2.6 k
RE1
0.5
RC =

5 v03 5 3
=
RC = 4 k
IC 3
0.5

v03 VBE ( on ) ( 5 )
IC 4 =
RE 2
RE 2 =

3 0.7 + 5
RE 2 = 2.43 k
3

b.

Input resistance to base of Q3,

Ri 3 = r 3 + (1 + ) RE1
r 3 =

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 5.2 k
0.5
Ri 3 = 5.2 + (101)( 2.6 ) = 267.8 k
v
1
Ad 1 = 02 = g m 2 ( R Ri 3 )
vd 2
0.25
= 9.62 mA/V
0.026
1
Ad 1 = ( 9.62 ) (12 267.8 ) Ad 1 = 55.2
2
( RC Ri 4 )
v
Now 03 =
v02 r 3 + (1 + ) RE1
gm2 =

where Ri 4 = r 4 + (1 + ) RE 2
and

(1 + ) RE 2
v0
=
v03 r 4 + (1 + ) RE 2
(100 )( 0.026 )

r 4 =

= 0.867 k
3
(101)( 2.43)
v0
=
= 0.9965
v03 0.867 + (101)( 2.43)

Ri 4 = 0.867 + (101)( 2.43) = 246.3 k

r 3 = 5.2 k
So

v03 (100 ) ( 4 246.3)

=
= 1.47
5.2 + (101)( 2.6 )
v02
v0
= ( 55.2 )( 0.9965 )( 1.47 ) Ad = 80.9
vd
Using Equation (11.32b)
g m 2 ( R Ri 3 )

So Ad =

c.
Acm1 =

1+
r 2 =

2 (1 + ) R0
r 2

(100 )( 0.026 )

= 10.4 k
0.25
( 9.62 ) (12 267.8 )
= 0.0569 = Acm1
Acm1 =
2 (101)(100 )
1+
10.4
v0 v03
Then Acm =
Acm1
v03 v02

= ( 0.9965 )( 1.47 )( 0.0569 ) Acm = 0.08335

80.9
C M RRdB = 20 log10
C M RRdB = 59.7 dB
0.08335

11.88
a.
RC1 =

10 v01 10 2
=
RC1 = 80 k
I C1
0.1

RC 2 =

10 v04 10 6
=
RC 2 = 20 k
IC 4
0.2

b.
Ad 1 =

v01 v02
= g m1 ( RC1 r 3 )
vd

0.1
= 3.846 mA/V
0.026
(180 )( 0.026 )
r 3 =
= 23.4 k
0.2
Ad 1 = ( 3.846 ) ( 80 23.4 ) Ad 1 = 69.6

g m1 =

Ad 2 =

v04
1
= g m 4 RC 2
v01 v02 2

0.2
= 7.692 mA/V
0.026
1
Ad 2 = ( 7.692 )( 20 ) = 76.9
2
Then Ad = ( 76.9 )( 69.6 ) Ad = 5352
gm4 =

11.89
a.

Neglect the effect of r0 in determining the differential-mode gain.

v02 1
Ad 1 =
= g m 2 ( RC Ri 3 ) where Ri 3 = r 3 + (1 + ) RE
vd 2
A2 =

I1 =

RC 2
r 3 + (1 + ) RE

12 0.7 ( 12 )
R1

23.3
= 1.94 mA I C 5
12

1
(1.94 )
gm2 = 2
= 37.3 mA/V
0.026
( 200 )( 0.026 )
r 3 =
IC 3
1
(1.94 )(8) = 4.24 V
2
4.24 0.7
= 1.07 mA
IC 3 =
3.3
( 200 )( 0.026 )
= 4.86 k
r 3 =
1.07
Ri 3 = 4.86 + ( 201)( 3.3) = 668 k

v02 = 12

Ad 1 =

1
( 37.3) 8 668 = 147.4
2

Then
Ad = Ad 1 A2 = (147.4 )( 1.197 ) Ad = 176
R0 = r05 =
Acm1 =

g m 2 ( RC Ri 3 )
1+

r 2 =

VA
80
=
= 41.2 k
I C 5 1.94

2 (1 + ) R0
r 2

( 200 )( 0.026 )
1
(1.94 )
2

= 5.36 k

Acm1 =

( 37.3) ( 8 668 )

2 ( 201)( 41.2 )
1+
5.36
A2 = 1.197

= 0.09539

Acm = ( 0.09539 )( 1.197 ) Acm = 0.114

b.
vd = v1 v2 = 2.015sin t 1.985sin t
vd = 0.03sin t ( V )
v +v
vcm = 1 2 = 2.0sin t
2
v03 = Ad vd + Acm vcm
= ( 176 )( 0.03) + ( 0.114 )( 2 )
Or v03 = 5.052sin t
Ideal, Acm = 0
So
v03 = Ad vd = ( 176 )( 0.03)
v03 = 5.28sin t

c.
Rid = 2r 2 = 2 ( 5.36 ) Rid = 10.72 k
2 Ricm 2 (1 + ) R0 (1 + ) r0
VA
80
=
= 82.5 k
1
IC 2
(1.94 )
2
2 Ricm = 2 ( 201)( 41.2 ) ( 201)( 82.5 )

r0 =

= 16.6 M 16.6 M
So Ricm = 4.15 M

11.90
a.
24 VGS 4
2
= kn (VGS 4 VTh )
I1 =
R1
24 VGS 4 = ( 55 )( 0.2 )(VGS 4 2 )

24 VGS 4 = 11 (VGS2 4 4VGS 4 + 4 )

11VGS2 4 43VGS 4 + 20 = 0
VGS 4 =

43

( 43)

4 (11)( 20 )

2 (11)

= 3.37 V

24 3.37
= 0.375 mA = I Q
55
0.375
v02 = 12
( 40 ) = 4.5 V
2
v02 VGS 3
2
= I D 3 = kn (VGS 3 VTh )
R5
I1 =

4.5 VGS 3 = ( 0.2 ) ( 6 ) (VGS2 3 4VGS 3 + 4 )

1.2VGS2 3 3.8VGS 3 + 0.3 = 0
VGS 3 =
I D3 =

3.8

( 3.8)

4 (1.2 ) ( 0.3)

2 (1.2 )

= 3.09 V

4.5 3.09
= 0.235 mA
6

gm2 = 2 Kn I D2 = 2

( 0.2 )

0.375

= 0.387 mA/V
1
1
g m 2 RD = ( 0.387 )( 40 ) Ad 1 = 7.74
2
2
g m 3 RD 2
A2 =
1 + g m 3 R5

Ad 1 =

g m3 = 2 K n I D3 = 2

( 0.2 )( 0.235 )

= 0.434 mA/V
A2 =

( 0.434 ) ( 4 )

1 + ( 0.434 )( 6 )

= 0.482

So Ad = Ad 1 A2 = ( 7.74 ) ( 0.482 ) Ad = 3.73

R0 = r05 =
Acm1 =

1
1
=
= 133 k
I Q ( 0.02 )( 0.375 )

( 0.387 ) ( 40 )
g m 2 RD
=
1 + 2 g m 2 R0 1 + 2 ( 0.387 ) (133)

= 0.149

Acm = ( 0.149 )( 0.482 ) Acm = 0.0718

b.
vd = v1 v2 = 0.3sin t
v +v
vcm = 1 2 = 2sin t
2
v03 = Ad vd + Acm vcm
= ( 3.73)( 0.3) + ( 0.0718 )( 2 ) v03 = 0.975sin t ( V )
Ideal, Acm = 0
v03 = Ad vd = ( 3.73)( 0.3)

Or
v03 = 1.12sin t ( V )
11.91
The low-frequency, one-sided differential gain is

v02 1
= g m RC
vd 2
r + RB
1
RC
= 2
r + RB

Av 2 =

r =

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.5

= 5.2 k

1
(100 )(10 )
Av 2 = 87.7
Av 2 = 2
5.2 + 0.5
CM = C (1 + g m RC )
0.5
= 19.23 mA/V
0.026
CM = 2 1 + (19.23)(10 ) CM = 387 pF
gm =

1
2 r RB ( C + CM )
1
=
So f H = 883 kHz
3
2 5.2 0.5 10 ( 8 + 387 ) 1012

fH =

11.92
From Equation (11.117), f Z =

a.

1
1
=
2 R0 C0 2 ( 5 106 )( 0.8 1012 )

Or f Z = 39.8 kHz
b.
From Problem 11.69, f H = 883 kHz. From Equation (11.116(b)), the low-frequency
common- mode gain is
g m RC
Acm =
RB 2 (1 + ) R0
1 +

+
r
r

r = 5.2 k, g m = 19.23 mA/V

So
Acm =

(19.23)(10 )

0.5 2 (101) ( 5 106 )

1 +

+
5.2 103
5.2

4
= 9.9 10

87.7
C M RRdB = 20 log10
= 98.9 dB
4
9.9 10

11.93
a.

From Equation (7.72), fT =

gm

2 ( C + C )

1
= 38.46 mA/V
0.026
38.46 103
Then 800 106 =
2 ( C + C )
gm =

Or C + C = 7.65 1012 F = 7.65 pF

And C = 6.65 pF
CM = C (1 + g m RC ) = 1 1 + ( 38.46 )(10 )
= 386 pF
1
fH =
2 r RB ( C + CM )
r =

(120 )( 0.026 )
1

= 3.12 k

1
2 3.12 1 10 ( 6.65 + 386 ) 1012
Or f H = 535 kHz
fH =

b.

From Equation (11.140), f Z =

1
1
=
2 R0 C0 2 (10 106 )(1012 )

Or f Z = 15.9 kHz
11.94
The differential-mode half circuit is:

v
g m d RC
2
or Av =
v02 =
r
1+
1+
R
E
r

r =

(100 )( 0.026 )
0.5

1
RC
2
+ (1 + ) RE

= 5.2 k

1
(100 )(10 )
500
2
=
Av =
5.2 + (101) RE 5.2 + (101) RE

a.

For RE = 0.1 k : Av = 32.7

b.

For RE = 0.25 k : Av = 16.4