tIc-f -im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jv

thWw, asmcp tIcfw kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\-n\v Hcp P\-Iob Imsbv

tIc-f-ns `qhn-\n-tbmKw inev]i

- me
\hw_ 26 i\n 10.00 aWnv, imkv{X kmt-XnI ayqknbw lm,Xncp-h--]pcw

{]nb krlr-t,
thWw, asmcp tIcfw F ap{Zm-hm-Iyapbn-smv tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jv
Hcp P\-Iob Ims-bv XpS-p-Ib
- m-Wv. Cy-bpsS ap-{]-tZ-i
- sf At]-nv Db Pohn-XKp-W\
- n-eh
- m-ca
- p {]tZ-ia
- mWv tIcfw. Fnepw tIc-f
- ns Cs Ahbpw `mhn-bn-tep hnImkZni-bpw DXvIWvT Df-hm-p-XpXs-bm-Wv. AXmWv Cu Ims-bvs {]tNmZ\w. kmnI hf-bp-sSbpw D]-t`m-K[
- m-cm-fn-
- n-sbpw AS-bm-f
- tIc-f
- n-eq-S\
- ofw
ImWmw. AXn-k
-
- p kpJ-t`mK kma-{Kn-I Fhn-sSbpw s]cp-Ip-p.-P\
- k
- w-Jy-bn sNdnsbmcp `mK-sa-nepw AXn-k
-
- c
- mbn amdp-p-ap-v. ]t Cu hn[-ap hnI-k\w D]-cn-h
- a
- mbXpw Dv s]m-bm-bX
- p-am-sW bmYmy-n-tev \s \bn-p \nc-h[n Nqp-]e
- I
- I- ImWmw. ]mcn-n-Xn-I
- bpw `y-[m-t\ym-ev]m-Z\
-
- nse CSnhpw Cu `ojnWn hyam-pp. IpSn-sh kvt{XmX-p-If
- S-
- a
- p Pem-ib
-
- f
- psS aeo-\n-Ic
- W
- hpw ay-k
- v AS-ap Pem-ib
- h
- n-`h
-
- f
- psS timj-Whpw \mw ImWp-p. Ip-Ir-Xy-fpw am^n-bh
- X
- vc
- W
- hpw
Bkq-c-ambn hf-cp-p.- a-Zyhpw kzhpw tNv \psS kv IS-n-sm-p-t]m-Ip-p.
Ans\ ]e-Xpv {]Xn-]m-Zn-m.
AXp-sImv asmcp tIcfw thWw. `y-kp-c
- b
- p, IpSn-shw e`n-p-, ]mcn-nXnI XI-bnm, D]-t`m-K{- `m-n hoWp-t]m-Im-, kwkvIm-ck
-
-
- a
- mb, Fm-hpw kpc-bp Hcp tIcfw thWw. Cu tIcfw km[y-amWv Fv {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw AXv bmYmy-amm Bfpw Bi-bhpw Ahpw ko-Ic
- n-p-Ibpw sNp-Ib
- mWv Cu Ims-bvs eyw.
2011 HIvtSm-_ 31\v sshIp-tcw Xriq kmln-Xy-A
- m-Zan lmfnhv {]ikvX Ncn-{X-]W
- T
- nX tUm. sI.-F ]Wn- Ims-bv DZvLmS\w sNvXp. Imsbvs `mK-ambn ]cn-j
- ns
Hmtcm taJ-ebpw X-fpsS {]tZ-iv P\-Po-hn-Xs {]Xn-Iq-ea
- mbn _m[n-p Hcp {][m\
hnI-k\
- {]iv\sn ]T\w \Sn AXv ]cn-lc
- n-m-\p \nt-i
- cq]o-Ic
- n-p. CXn-\mbn
Hv- H
-
- c hjw \op-\np _rl-mb Hcp Ims-bv\mWv Bcw-`n-p-X
- v.hn-hn[ hnj-b
- f
- n-embn 16 skan-\m-dp-Ifpw Ims-bvs `mK-ambn Xocp-am-\n-n-p-v.hop-ap-m-kp-I, Krl-k
- i-\
- Ne-Nn-{X-ta-fI
- Iem-Pm-YI
- XpS-n-bh
- bpw Ims-bvs Bib-{]-Nm-cW
-
- ns `mK-ambn \Spw. 2012 P\p-hcn 15-ap-X 30 hsc \S-p 2 ]Z-bm-{X-It- bmsS
Ims-bvs BZy-Lw kam-]npw. kmaq-lnI hnI-k\
-
- n-\p hn]p-ea
- mb Cu P\-Iob Imsbvs hnP-b
- n-\mbn Xm-fp-sSbpw kplr-p-If
- p-sSbpw klm-bk
- l
- I
- c
- W
- w A`yn-p-p.
Imsbvs `mK-ambn hnhn[ hnj-b
- f
- n-embn ]Xn-\mdp skan-\m-dp-I \S-m Xocp-am\n-n-pv tIc-f
- ns ]{mw ]-h-c ]Xn ey-amn \nt-i
- kan-pI
F-XmWv skan-\m-dp-If
- psS eyw. CXn tIc-f-ns `qhn-\n-tbmKw F skan-\m-dns
D-Sw N-sN-p-
- X
- n-\mbn Hcp inev]i
- me ta kqNn-n XobXnbn \S-m Dt-in-pp. Xm \n-ba
- mbpw Cu inev]i
- m-eb
- n ]s-Sp-Ww. inev]i
- m-eb
- nse N-Iv klmb-Ic
- a
- m-Ip Hcp Ipdnv CtXm-sSmw tNp-p.
A`n-hm-Z\
-
- t- fm-sS,
sI.-Sn. cm[m-Ir-jvW
{]kn-U v

Sn. ]n. {ioi-

P\-dsk-{I-dn

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jv

thWw,asmcp tIcfw
kmaqly hnI-k\
-
- n\v Hcp P\-Iob Imsbv

tIc-f
- nse `qhn-\n-tbmKw
(26.11.2011se inev]i
- m-eb
- n N-sN-p-X
- n-\p Ic-Sv)

`qan a\p-jys ASn-m\ D]m-Z\ D]m-[n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. CXn-ep-m-Ip am- Hmtcmpw

a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs kzm[o-\n-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. Nne-tm \ne-\n]n-t\bpw. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k
-
aptJ-\bpw a\pjy CS-s]-Se
- n-eq-sSbpw `qan-bn am- kw`-hn-p-p. a\pjy CS-s]-Se
- ns\ \nWbn-p-X
- nepw kzm[o-\n-p-X
- nepw `qan-bpsS DS-a
m-hI
- miw {][m\ LS-Ia
- m-Wv. Irjn Bcw-`n-Xp-ap-Xe
- mWv `qan Hcp]m-Z\ D]m[n-bmbn amdp-X
- v. `qan-bpsS DS-a
X Bcw-`n-p-Xv AtXmSp-IqSn Xs. a\p-jy a\p-jys\ NqjWw sNp-X
- n\pw kv BPn-p-X
- n-\p D]m-[n-IqSn-bmbn `qan-bpsS taep Cu Ah-Imiw. hnhn[ tKm{X- Xnepw cmjv{S Xnepw `qanbvv
thn-bp t]mcm-
- XpSp. AtXm-sSmw `qan-bn Ah-Imiw m]n-p-In-p-X
- n-\p-thn
AXn A[zm-\nv k-p-m-p-h
- \S-p ka-ch
- pw kmaq-ly-hy-h
n-Xn-I amdn adn-bp-Xn Acw t]mcm-
- pw ]p-v. Ncn-{X-ns hnhn[ L-f
- n cq]w sIm Hmtcm
kmaq-ly-hy-h
- b
- nepw `utam-]c
- n-Xe
-
- n am hcp-n-bXpw AXns\ ]cn-]m-enXpw hyXykvX
coXn-bn-em-Wv. Cn-tm BtKm-fh
- -cW Ime-L-
- nse apX-em-fn-w, `qansb as-n-s\bpw
t]mse Itmf Nc-mbn amn-bn-cn-p-p. `utam-]c
- n-Xe
-
- nse am-fpw `qan-bnse hnhn[ NqjWhpw ]Xn-S- v h[n-n-cn-p-p.
At\Iw am-f
- psS ^e-am-Wv Cs `qanbpw AXnse ssPh-k
- pw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xh
- p-samw. `qan-bnse B-cnI {]h-\
- hfsc ZoL-Im-ewsImv kw`-hn-p-h
- b
- mWv . Hw
AXn-{Zp-XK
- X
- n-bnepw A\n-n-Xa
- mbpw kw`-hn-p An-]h-X
- fpw `qan Ipep-hpw t]mep-hbpapv. shbnepw Impw agbpw `qan-bpsS ]pdw-tXm-Sns\ \nc-cw amn-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Poh-Pm-e-fpsS ]c-kv]c
- a
- p {]h-\hpw Cu am-n ]v hln-p-p. A]qh-am-sb-nepw _ln-cmIm-iv \nv ]Xn-m-dp D-I `qansb amn-Xop-X
- n ]v hln-n-p-v. Cu am-
Fmw tNmWv ISepw Icbpw ]h-Xhpw acp-`q-anbpw krjvSn-X
- v. Iptd IqSn kqvaX
- e
-
- n
`utam-]c
- n-Xe
-
- nse ]mdbpw apw aWepw Pe-t{km-X
- p-Ifpw Ippw ]pgbpw hbepw Xmgvhc-bpsamw cq]-s-Xv tImSn-W
-
- n\v hj-f
- n-eqsS \o Ccw {]Xn-`m-k
- f
- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kkyPm-e
- fpw a\p-jy-\ps-sS-bp Poh-Pm-e
- fpw Bhn`-hn-X
- v Cu am-f
- psS ^ehpw XpSbp-amWv. Ah-bn NneXv Xntcm-`h
- n-Xpw am-t- fmSv {]Xn-Ic
- n-p-Xs
- . Ctm-gm-Is Ime-h
mam-hpw BtKm-fX
- m-]\
- hpw ]pXnb {]Xn-k
- n-I krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
kky-Pm-e
- fpw Ic-bnse Poh-Pm-e
- fpw Pohn-m B{i-bn-p-Xv GXm\pw sk.ao I\ap taa-n-s\-bm-Wt- m. apw aWepw ssPhmwihpw Pe-hp-samw Iev CXv cq]w sImpp.
1000 hj-tmfw FSp-n-mWv Hcnv ap-m-hp-X
- v. ]pg-If
- nepw IS-tem-c
- f
- nepw h-Snbp aWepw sNv t]mep- ]md-Ifpw {]Ir-Xnbnse ZoL-Ime {]Xn-`m-k
- f
- n-eq-sS-bmWv cq]w
sImp-X
- v.
`ua k-n NneXv Bh\ kz`m-ht- msS krjvSn-s
- -Sp-p. CXn apJyw Pew Xs.
Hmtcm XhW ag s]p-tmgpw Ic sh-m do NmPv sN-s-Sp-Ibpw AXv kmh-[m\w hnhn[
Poh-Pm-e
- f
- psS Bh-iy-v hn\n-tbm-Kn-m Ah-kc
- ap-m-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ipsd `mKw
\ocm-hn-bmbn A-co-
- n-tepw _mn-`mKw \oscm-gp-mbn IS-en-tev XncnsI t]mIp-Ibpw
sNp-p. Ic-bnse timjn Pe-k
- v ASp ag-m-ev ]p\-kr-jvSn-s
- -Sp-p.`qan-bpsS
Ic-`m-Ks
- Pe-kw-`c
- W
- t- ijn \nW-bn-s
- -Sp-Xv `utam-]c
- n-Xe
-
- nse ssPhmw-iw, F{X-tmfw
Pew an-tev Dun-d
- pp, tXmSv, Ipfw, hb XoS- Fn-s
- \-bp Pe-kw-`c
- Wn-I XpSn \nc-h[n LS-I
- sf B{i-bn-m-Wv. ans ssPhmw-ihpw A-co-w, Poh-Pm-e-Wn-I XpSn \nc-h[n LS-I
- sf B{i-bn-m-Wv. ans ssPhmw-ihpw A-co-w, Poh-Pme-
- , av Fn-hbpw ]c-kv]c hn\n-abw sN-sv Nm{In-Ia
- mbn krjvSn-s
- -Sp-Ibpw timjn-

-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. Pohs ASn-m\ {]h-\- \nW-bn-p Im_UtbmIvsskUpw HmIvkn-P\pw A-co-

- n kp-e\w ]men-p-Xv Cu ssPh-k
-
- ns Nm{InI
{]h-\
- v A\p-kr-Xa
- m-bm-Wv.
`ua hn`-h--fpsS Nm{InI kz`m-h-n \np-sIm-mWv a\p-jys ASn-m\ DZv]m-Z\
{]h-\amb Irjn hnI-kn-p-h
- X
- v. Fm hyh-kmb bpK-n-tev IS-t- m nXn amdn.
AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -Sp `ua hn`-h
- an-Xpw [mXp-k
- pw Fbpw I-cn-bpw J\\w
sNp-X
- n-\\
- p-kc
- nv Xop-t]m-Ip-h
- b
- m-Wv. h\-hn-`h
-
- fpw aW-ep-samw ]p\-kr-jvSn-s
- -Sp-Xn-t\-m Db-tXm-Xn D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. {]IrXym D `ua hn`-h
- fpsS tij-Wa
- mWv CXn-eqsS kw`-hn-p-X
- v. CtXm-sSmw ]pXn-sbmcp {]Xn-`mkw IqSn hyh-km-bbpKw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp. hyh-km-b
- n \npw a\pjy D]-tbm-K
- n \npw ]pdw-X
- s
- -Sp
]e hkvXp-fpw CXp-hscbp {]Ir-Xnv ]cn-Nn-Xa
-
- m-, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kp-e\
- m-h
sb AhXm-f
- n-em-m t]m-hb
- pamWv. hn`-ht- im-jWw Hcp `mKpw amen\y Iqmcw adp-`m-Kpw hfcp Cu {]h-WX `qanbnse Poh\v Xs A]-IS- a
- m-bn-cn-p-p.
hyh-kmb bpK-n hn`-hN
- q-jWw A[n-Ic
- n-X
- ns apJy-Im-cWw apX-em-fn DZv]m-Z\ coXnbm-Wv. ImjnI DZv]m-Z\
- hpw hyh-km-bnI DZv]m-Z\
- hpw IpSpw-_
- n-sbpw kaq-l
- n-sbpw PohnXm-hi
- y-v F-Xn \nv amn hn]-W\
- m-hiyw apJy ey-ambn Xop. bYmY-n thXn-t\-m F{Xtbm aSv D]m-Zn-n-p-X
- n-tev Imcy- Fn. Imjn-tIm]m-Z\w h[nn-m IqSp-X {]tZ-is Irjn `qan-bmbn ]cn-h\w sNbvXp. cmk-hf IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmK-KneqsS \nnX `qan-bn \nv IqSp-X D]m-Zn-n-m\pw {ia-ap-m-bn. adp `mK-m-Is
hymh-km-bnI D]m-Z\ \ne-bvm-hi
- y-amb J\\w ]pXnb ]pXnb taJ-eI
- f
- n-tev av, aW,
]md, F, I-cn, {]IrXn hmX-Iw, teml Abn-cp-I hym]n-bpw AXns Xo{hX h[np-Ibpw sNbvXp. h\-hn-`h
-
- fpw hyh-km-bn-Im-hi
- y-n-\mbn IqSp-Xe
- mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-s
- -p. DZv]mZ\w Bh-iy-t-m Gsd-bm-bX
- n-\m hn]W\w Xf-cpw. hn]-W\w Xfm em`hpw apX-emfn-
- ns ASn-d
- bpw XI-cpw. AXn-\m hn]-W\
-
- ns hf Dd-m-m Bhiyw h[n-np X{-amWv apX-em-fnw ]b-n-bX
- v. D]-t`m-K
- ns sshhn-[y-tm-sSmw D]-tbm-Knv hens-dn-bepw t{]mm-ln-n-s
- -p. {]Ir-Xn, kp-eX
- m-h
b
- psS ASn-m-\a
- mb Nm{InI kz`mhw
IqSp-X XI-cm-dn-em-bn. {]IrXnhn`-h
- AXn-thKw timjn-bpw amen-\y-Iq-m-c
- krjvSn-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp Cu hnI-k\w em`s am{Xw ]Xn-S- v h[n-np. Cv ]ptcm-KXnbmbn
hnti-jn-n-s
- -Sp-Xv Cu D-]m-Z\ coXn-sb
- b
- m-Wv.
CS-s]-Se
- ns kz`m-ha
- \
- p-kc
- nv `q{]-tZ-i
- sf \appw aqmbn thXn-cn-mw. D]m-Z\
- m-hi
- yv thn As-n AXn-\m-bp Dt-iy-n-\mbn \on-sh-bvs
- `qan kzIm-cy-`q-an-bmWv. hynItfm {Kqp-Itfm m]-\
- tfm Bbn-cnpw Ccw {]tZ-iv Ah-Imiw m]n-n-cnpI. cm-as hn`mKw s]mXp CS-f
- m-Wv. P\-t-hpw D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-m ]nb {]tZi-am-Wn-h. DZm-lc
- W
- w, tdmUp-I, ssaXm-\
- , ]pg-I, Im-be
- p-I. a\pjy {]thiw \ntj-[np-Itbm \nb-{n-p-Itbm sNbvXn-p `qhn-`m-K
- (D-Zm. ImSv) BWv aqm-as hn`m-Kw. cpw
aqpw Xc-ns] {]tZ-i s]mXp DS-a
X
- b
- n \ne-\n-m am{Xta AXns kmaq-lyhpw
]mcn-n-Xn-Ih
- p-amb {]m[m\yw \nd-th-m-\m-hq. Fm apX-em-fn hf-bpsS Cu L-n
Ahbpw kzIm-cy-em`w krjvSn-m-\p D]m-[n-bmbn amn-sm-n-cn-p-p.
`qan-bpsS kz`m-h
- nepw AXns hn\n-tbm-K
- nepw hp-sIm-n-cn-p Cu am- a\-nem-n-sImp thWw tIc-f
- ns `q{]iv\w N-sN-m.

`q{]iv\w tIc-f
- n
tIc-fw `mcX-ns CXc `q{]-tZ-i
- f
- n \npw Xopw hyXy-kvXa
- m-Wn-hn-Sw. hnkvXr-Xamb ka-Xe
-
- f
- n-msX Ipp-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw sNdp hnkvXr-Xn-bn am{X-ap ka-Xe
-
- fpw
Xo-S
- fpw CS-Ie
- v Fm Imepw lcn-Xm-`a
- mbn \ne-\np {]tZ-iw. h\-Zn-If
- n-.
44 sNdp-\Z- n-I. AXn 41Dw Ingv kly-]h-X
- n XpSn ]Sn-mdv Ad-_n-S- e
- n-tev
HgpIn Fp-p. hj-n 300 sk. ao-dn\v ta ag. AXn `qcn-`m-Khpw Pq apX sk]vXw_ hsc e`n-p Ime-hjw. HIvtSm-_ \hw-_ amk-nse Xpem-hj-amWv ASp-X
- v.
A]qh-ambn am{Xw th\ ag-bpw.
`q{]-Ir-Xn-b\
- p-kc
- nv tIc-fs aqmbn Xncn-mw. IS\nc-n \nv 10 ao hsc am{Xw Db-

c-n-ep Xoc-{]-tZ-iw. samw `q{]-tZ-i

- ns ]v i
- X
- a
- m\w am{Xw hcp \nc-m Cu
{]tZ-iv Imb-ep-Ifpw Xo-S
- fpw Im-Sp-Ifpw kpe-`a
- m-Wv. tIc-f
- nse {][m-\s
-
an \K-c
- fpw Chn-sS-s
- . P\-km-{-Xb
- nepw apn-. 10 ao apX 70 ao hsc Db-c
- n
InS-p {]tZ-ia
- mWv Cu \mSv. sNdp-Ip-p-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw hb{]-tZ-i
- fpw CS-Xqv InSp Cu {]tZiw samw `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 40% `mKw hcpw. 70 ao-dn\v ta Db-c
- n kly]h-Xk
- m-\p- \nd {]tZ-ia
- mWv ae-\m-Sv. P\-km-{-Xb
- n Ghpw ]nn-emb ChnSw samw
`q{]-tZ-i
- ns 50% hcpw. `q{]-Ir-Xn-\
- p-kc
- nv ImjnI hnf-If
- nepw am-ap-v. sXv Fm {]tZi-f
- n-ep-ap-s-nepw Xoc-tZ-i
- mWv Gsd. AhnsS apJy Irjn-bn\w AXp Xs. s\pw ]-dnbpw CS-hn-fI
- fpw BWv CS-\m-n IqSp-X. ae-\m-n d_dpw ap \mWy-hn-fI
- f
- pw. s\pw sXpw
Fm {]tZ-i
- nepw Irjn sNp-p-v. d Ctm CS-\m-nepw {]Nm-ca
- m-bn-cn-p-p.
kqvaX
- e
-
- nse `q{]-IrXn tIc-f
- ns ImjnI ]mc-c
- y-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. `q{]-IrXn-\
- p-krX-amb Irjn F-tXm-sSmw Irjn-\
- p-kr-Xa
- mbn `q{]-Ir-Xnsb amn XoXpw IqSntmWv tIc-f
- ns `q{]-IrXn \nbn-s
- -X
- v. hbep-Ifpw tXmSp-Ifpw Ipn Ncn-hnse
kqva Xp-Ifpw Fmw Ans\ cq]-s-X
- m-Wv. Fm {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw Xn-ep ]mckv]c
- y-n ASn-bp-d
- p-sIm-p am-f
- m-bn-cpp Ah.
GXm\pw Zi-I
- app-hsc tIcfw ImjnI {][m-\a
- mb Hcp kwm\ambn-cp-p. 1957,
tIc-f]
- n-dhn ka-bv P\-kw-Jy-bn 70% t] Irjn-bp-ambn t\cnv _-s-mWv PohnXw ]penbn-cp-X
- v. Av D-bn-bvs
- {][m\ `q{]iv\w `qan-bpsS DS-a
X
- b
- p-ambn _-s-X
- m-bn-cpp. tIc-f
- ns ImjnI taJe \mSp-hmgn PnXz hy-h
b
- psS ssI]n-Sn-bn-em-bn-cpp. _lp-`qcn-]w Irjn-`q-anbpw \yq\-]w hcp Pn-If
- psS ssIh-ia
- m-bn-cp-p. t\cnv Irjn-sN-msX
`qan ]m-n\v \In Irjn-m-cpsS A[zm-\^
- e
- s htXm-Xn NqjWw sNm `qan-bpsS
taep Ah-Imiw Ah D]-tbm-Kn-p. ae-_m {]tZ-iv Am-ev 39% IpSpw-_hpw `qan ]mn-s\-Spv Irjn sNp Irjn-m-cm-bn-cp-p. kz-ambn Irjn-`q-an-bp Irjn-m sNdnb Hcp
iX-am\w am{X-am-bn-cp-p. 45%tmfw hcp-h
- kz-ambn Irjn-sN-msX Irjn-Wn Iqen-bS- nm-\
- n sNp Ij-Is
- m-gn-em-fn-If
- m-bn-cp-p. kz-ambn InS-m-Sw-t]mepw \smcp iXam\w t]p-m-bn-cp-n-. Ime-f
- n-eqsS hfp-h Irjn-k{- -Zmbw {]Ir-Xnv Xopw CWp-X
- m-bn-cp-p. Fnepw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS D]m-Z\
- t- ijn th{X {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp-n-bn-cp-p-an. AXn-\m Ap-bp-h `qan-kw_-a
- mb {][m\ cmjv{Sob ap{Zm-hmIyw Irjn-`qan IjI\v F-Xm-bn-cp-p. Hcp `mKv aXn-bmb `y-km-[\
-
- Irjn-`q-an-bn \nv D]m-Zn-n-m
Ign-bm-bvI, adp-`m-Kv an ]Wn-sb-Sp-p-h
- v A[zm-\^
- ew A\p-`h
- n-m-\m-ImsX NqjWw
sN-s-Sp-p. `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- n\v thn-bp apd-hnfn kaq-l
- n DbXpw AXv Pn-hn-cp
{]m-\a
- mbn DbXpw Am-cW
-
- m-em-Wv.
1957 cq]w-sIm tIc-f
- nse BZys P\-Iob km-cns apJy AP `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
- am-bn-cp-p. A[n-Im-ct- a-b
- p-SXs \nb-ak
- `
- b
- n CXn-\m-bp _n sImp-hs
- -nepw \nb-aam-bn-. {]kn-U
- ns A\p-aX
- n, tImSXn CS-s]-S, hntam-N\ kacw XpSn Htsd sshX-cW
- nI t\cnp. ]noSv Hcp Zi-I
- n-te-sd-mew ]nn-t- ijw am{X-amWv `q]-cn-jvc
- Ww \nb-aa
- m-bXv. Cu Ime-Xm-ak
- hpw CS-m-eb
- f
- h
- n h km-cp-I \nb-a
- n shw tN-Xpw, CjvSZm-\w-t]m-ep hyh-I
- Iqn-tXpw tXm-hn-fI
- sf `q]-cn-[n-bn \nv Hgn-hm-n-bX
- p-samw
tNv `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
- {- ]-{Inb Gsd Zp_-ea
- m-bn. Fnepw tIc-f
- n _lp-`q-cn-]
-
- n\pw InSmSw e`n-p. ]m-Ir-jn-mv Irjn-`q-an-bn Ah-Im-ia
- m-bn. Pn-amcpw ]m-Ir-jn-mcpw ImjnI
cwKv \nv A{]-Xy-a
- m-bn. `qan-bn bYmY-n ]Wn-sb-Sp-p Ij-Is
- m-gn-em-fn-Iv
Irjn-`q-an-bpsS taep Ah-Imiw e`y-am-m `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- n\v Ign-n F-XmWv henb
t]mcm-bva. AXn-\m `qc-ln-X hnpw Ah-ti-jn-p.
`q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- n\v tij-ap tIc-f
- nepw Imjn-It- a-Je
- v Xs-bm-bn-cpp {]m[m-\yw.
PnXz Ime-L-
- nse ]m-hy-h
b
- psS ASn-m-\
- n-ep ImjnI {]h-\
- n\p ]Icw
Iqen DSa k{-Zm-b
- n ImjnI taJe ]p\-kw-LS- n-s
- -p. Fm ssIh-i`
- q-an-bpsS Afhv
hyXy-kvXa
- m-bX
- n-\m IjI apX-em-fn Ij-Is
- Xm-gn-emfn F t\hn-`P
- \
- a
- kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw
Dm-bX
- v. cp hn[-n ImjnI cwK-phsc hKo-Ic
- n-mw. Hv, km IW-n sNp-t]mse Irjn-`q-an-bpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS ASn-m-\
- n. at-Xm-Is
- , Irjn-`q-an-bn sNep-p
A[zm\w kztam A\ytam F-Xns ASn-m-\
- n-epw. kzw InS-m-Ss
- am-gnsI Irjn-mbn

`qan kz-am-bn-msX ap-h

- c
- psS Irjn-`q-an-bn A[zm-\nv D]-Po-h\w \S-p-h
- c
- mWv Ij-IsXm-gn-em-fn-I. ssIh-ia
- p sNdnb hnkvXoWw Irjn-`q-an-bn A[zm-\n-p-t- Xm-sSmw ap-h-cpsS Irjn-`q-an-bn hcp-am-\
- n-\mbn A[zm-\n-tn hcp-h
- c
- mWv Zcn-{Z-Ir-jn-m. kzw IpSpw_-ns A[zm\s apJy-ambn B{i-bn-v, hfsc Ipdhv am{Xw Iqen-Wn FSp-n-p-h
- c
- mWv
CS-cw Irjn-m. [\nI Ij-I\
- m-Is ssIh-i`- q-an-bn kzw IpSpw-_
- ns A[zm\w sNepp-sa-nepw apJy-ambpw Iqen-thebneqsS Irjn-sN-p-h
- c
- m-Wv. apX-em-fn `q{]-`p-f
- m-Is kzambn Irjn-`q-an-bpv F-X
- msX Imjn-tIm]m-Z\ {]h-\
- n Hcp-hn-[
- nepw ]s-Spm-h
- c
- m-Wh
- . `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS Afhv {]Imcw Xcw Xncn-p-tm At-d
- n IqSp-X
Irjn-`qan kz-am-bp-h
- hIn-SI
- r-jn-mcm-Wv. (P-et- k-N\ kuI-cy-an-s-n Cc-n). cc Gdn\pw At-d
- n\pw CS-bn-ep-h
- CS-cw Ij-Ic
- m-Wv. cc G-dn Xmsg-bp Irjn-sXmgn-emfnIf-m-h
- sNdp-InS Ij-I\
- pw. `q]-cn-jvIc
- W \S-]S- n-I ]qn-bmb Fgp-]X
- p-If
- psS
Ah-km\w tIc-f
- n Av G-dn Xmsg Irjn`qan kz-am-bp-h
- Irjnsb B{i-bn-p-Ig
- nbp-h
- c
- nse 96% BWv. Ah-cpsS Irjn-`q-an-bm-Is samw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 66 iX-am-\hpw. Fm
`q]-cn-jvIc
- Ww ]qo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n\v apv (1966 67 se IW-v) Cu hn`m-K
- ns ssIh-i`
- qan
(]m-hpw kz-hpw) 40 iX-am\w am{X-am-bn-cp-p. F-am-Is 91 iX-am-\hpw. 25 G-dn\v apI-fn
D Irjn-`qan 6667 7 iX-am\w hcp-h
- ssIhiw sh 30 iX-am-\
- n \npw 7677 Bbtm 0.1 iX-am\w am{Xw hcp \mev iX-am\w Irjn-`q-an-bmbn Ipd-p. DS-a
X
- b
- psS kz`m-hn am{X-a Af-hnepw kmc-amb amw hcp-m `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- n\v Ignp Fm-WnXv kqNnn-p-X
- v. Fm Irjn-`qan Imcy-am-bn-m Ij-I- sXm-gn-em-fn-If
- m-bn-cpp Av ImjnI
{]hnsb B{i-bn-h
- c
- n 65 iX-am\w t]cpw FXv \S-n-em-s
- `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- ns
Zu_-eys kqNn-n-p-p.
Irjn-`q-an-bn-ep Ah-Imiw hntI-{o-Ic
- n-s
- -Xpw ]m-Ir-jnv ]Icw kzw `qan-bn Irjn
\S-m-\m-bXpw ImjnI D]m-Z\
-
- n henb Dt-P\
- a
- m-tI-X
- m-bn-cp-p. Fm tIc-f
- n
Cu h[-\h
- p-m-bn-. tIc-f
- ns kmaq-ly-cw-Kv h am-fpw Imjn-Ic
- w-Kv `q]-cn-jvIc
- W-n\v XpS-bmbn Dm-tI-n-bn-cp \S-]S- n-I \S-m-X
- p-am-bn-cpp AXn\v Imc-Ww.
hnZym-`ym-kw Btcm-Ky ta-]
- X
- n-Iv tIc-f
- nse P\-Iob km-cp-I \Inb Du
tkh\ taJ-eb
- psS hfbvpw hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KX
- npw klm-bI
- a
- m-bn. tkh\ taJ-eb
- nse
nc-Xbpw hcp-am-\h
- p-ap sXmgn-ep-I F-n h[n-p. ImjnI cwKv tI{o-Ic
- n-n-cp
IpSpw-_
- nse ]pXp-Xe
- a
- pd Ccw sXmgn-ep-If
- n-tev BIr-jvSc
- m-bn. kuP\y hnZym-`ym-khpw
kwh-cW
- hpw Zcn-{Z-Ij-Ic
- n-sebpw Ij-Is
- Xmgnem-fn-If
- n-sebpw sNdp-
- mv km tPmenI e`y-am-n. `q]-cn-jvIc
- W
-
- n-eq-sSbpw AXn\p appw Irjn-`qan kz-am-bp IpSpw-_
-
]eXpw Imjn-Ih
- rn apJy tPmen F nXn-bn \nv amdn D]-hc
- p-am\w F Xe-n-tev
\on. Hcp `mKv ImjnI sNehv h[n-p-Ibpw adp-`m-Kv Imjn-tIm]-
- v aXn-bmb
hne e`y-am-Im-Xn-cn-pbpw hnf-\jvSw t]mep sISp-Xn-I A\p-`h
- n-p-Ibpw sNtn h-Xn\m Ccw IpSpw-_
- ]eXpw Irjn {ItaW aXn-bmn. Irjn-`q-anb Xcn-im-bnSp {]h-WX
- bp-m-bn. Nne s\Ir-jnv ]Icw sXpw Ihppw hmg-bp-samw \Sm XpS-n. d Irjnv
km \Inb klm-bhpw B cwK-p nc-Xbpw BIj-Ih
- p-amb hcp-am-\hpw hen-sbmcp
hn`mKw Irjn-msc d_ Irjn-bn-tev Xncn-bm t{]cn-n-p. s\Ir-jn-bpsS timj-W
- n\v
asmcp ImcWw Xp-hIr-Xa
- mb ]mS-f
- n ]e B[p-\nI Irjn coXn-Ifpw hnP-bI
- c
- a
- mbn \Sn-em-m Ign-n FXp IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p. lcnX hn-h
- ns _mn-]{- X-ambn h ans
KpW-\n-e-hmc XIbpw ]mcn-n-XnI {]iv\hpw IqSn-bmbtm s\Irjn ]e-bn-S--fnepw
Xopw BZm-bI
- c
- a
-
- m-Xm-bn.
Fgp-]X
- p-If
- n Xo{h-ambn XpS-nb K^v IpSn-tb-hpw tIc-f
- nse ImjnI apc-Sn-n\v Hcp-hn[-n CS-bm-n. tk-h\
- t- a-Je
- b
- n \np hcp-am-\t- m-sSmw K^v taJ-eb
- n \np
hcp-am\w IqSn-bm-bt- m ImjnI taJ-eb
- n \nv ]ecpw ]nhm-n. Imjn-Ic
- w-Kv hntijnv `tym]m-Z\
-
- n Dd-p-\n-h
- km-n-Ia
- mbn ]n-Wn-bn-tev t]mbn. ImjnI hnfI-fn-ep am-tm-sSmw `yhnf-If
- n \nv \mWy-hn-fI
- f
- n-te-v ImjnI taJ-eb
- n \np
]nam-hpw Xo{h-am-bn. Fm ]e Imc-W
- f
- mepw Irjn-`qan hnphmt\m ssIam-dp-hmt\m
`qcn-`mKw t]cpw Xm-dm-bn-cp-n-. ]Icw Xcn-in-Sp {]h-WX
- b
- mWv hfXv. CtXm-sSmw kmaqly-LS- \
- b
- n h amw `qkz-ns\ kzm[o-\n-p. Db P\-km-{-Xb
- p {]tZ-ia
- mWv tIc-fw.

Btfm-lcn `qan AXn-\m tIc-f

- n CXc kwm-\
- t- f-m app-Xs Ipd-hm-Wv. Fm
]gb Iqp-Ip-Sw_ hyh-- XI-cp-Ibpw AWp-Ip-Spw_w hym]-Ia
- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXt- XmsS `qan-bpsS
Xp-h-cWw Xo{h-am-bn. Ch-sbmw `qhn-\n-tbm-K
- nepw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-i
- n-ep-samw am Dm-nb LS-I
- f
- m-Wv.
ta hnh-cn {]iv\
- fpw \h-en-_d
- \b-f
- psS ^e-ambn kw`-hn km-nI-amb amfpw IqSn-bm-bt- m `qkw-_
- a
- mb Htsd am- tIc-f
- n Ign cp-aqp Zi-I
- nS-bn kw`-hn-p. Chsb Xmsg hnh-cnpw hn[w Xcw-Xn-cn-mw.
`qDS-a
X
- bnse amw
`qan-bpsS Xp-h-cWw A\p-kyqXw XpS-cp-Ib
- m-Wv. IpSpw-_h
- n-`P
- \
-
- ns ^e-ambn ssIhi-e
- hpw hoXnp\Ip-Xpw hnhn[ Bh-iy-mbn hn]\ \S-p-Xpw Xp-h-cW-n\v Imc-Wa
- m-Ip-p. 1991se IWv {]Imcw icm-icn `qhn-kvXoWw 0.31 slIvS am{X-am-Wv.
ssIhi `qIj-W
- ns F-n kw`-hn-p h[-\hpw Xo{h-Xc
- a
- m-Wv. 197071 se IWv
{]Imcw 1/2 slIvSd
- n Xmsg-bp ssIh-i`
- q-an-bpsS Fw 20.3 e-am-bn-cpp Fn 199091
Bb-tm Cc-n-tb-m A[n-Ia
- mbn 45.50 e-ambn h[n-p. samw ssIh-i`
- q-an-bpsS F-amIs 28.22 e-n \nv 54.18 e-ambn Dbp. 1991se IWv {]Imcw BsI-bp ssIh-i`q-an-bn 48.2 iX-am-\h
- pw Htc-d
- n Xmsg-bp-h
- c
- m-Wv. \mte-d
- n\v aosX-bp e- 4.8
iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv.
`qa-kk
- ym-hc
- W
-
- n (Vegetation) h am-
]-na-L-
- nse h\- shn \in-nv tXbne tXmhpw Imn-tXm-hpw shp-]n-Sn-n-m
{_no-jp-Im-cpsS `c-WI
- m-ev Xs \S-]S- n-If
- p-m-bn. ]noSv A-Xp-If
- nepw Adp-]X
- p-If
- nepw
cq-amb `y-m-a
- ns thf-bn ImSp-sh-n-sX-fnv Irjn sNp-hm P\-Iob km-cp-I
Xs Irjn-msc t{]cn-n-p. CtX XpSv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq {]tZ-i
- f
- n \nv hym]-Ia
- mb IpSntbw ae-_m taJ-eb
- n-tebvpw ]n-aL
- ae-\n-cI
- f
- n-tebvpw Dm-bn. htXm-Xn-ep h\-\io-Ic
- W
- a
- mWv CXns ^e-am-bp-m-bX
- v. ]n-aL
- ae-\n-cI
- f
- n-eq-sS-bp tdmUp-I, AW-s-pI Fn-hb
- psS \nam-Whpw h\-k
- v \jvSa
- m-Im CS-bm-n. aqm-as Lw s\Irjn
em`-Ic
- a
-
- m-Xm-hp-Ibpw d_Irjn IqSp-X BIj-Ia
- m-bX
- n-sbpw ^e-ambn CS-\m-Sv Xoc-{]-tZi-f
- n h am-am-Wv. ]c-c
- m-KX
- a
- mb kn{i hnf-If
- psS ]dv Irjn Dt]-nv ]e-cpw GI-hnf-bmb d_ Irjn-bn-tev Xncn-p. s\Irjn sNbvX hb-ep-I \nIn sXpw ap-hn-fI
- fpw
Irjn-sN-bvXp. CtXm-sSmw Xcn-in-Sp `qanbpw h[n-p.
Ign \qm-ns BZyw tIc-f
- ns `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bn 27.8 iX-am-\hpw h\-{]-tZ-ia
- m-bn-cpp. Ctm 10.81 ew slIvSd
- mbn Npcp-n. hnf-am-
- ns ^e-ambn 1970 71 32.6 iX-am\w
Irjn-{]-tZiw s\Ir-jnv \on-sh-n-cp-s-n 9091 se IWv {]Imcw 16.1 iX-am\w Bbn
Npcp-n. d_Irjn 8.3 \nv 16.3 iX-am\w Bbpw sXvIrjn 16.5 iX-am-\
- n \nv 27.1 iXam-\a
- mbpw Dbp.
`qhn-\n-tbm-K
- n h amw
HmSv hyh-km-b
- n-sbpw CjvSnI hyh-km-b
- n-sbpw hf s\h-be
- p-If
- nse Ifn-as
- Spv Ahsb CjvSn-Ifmp ]Xnhv Bcw-`n-m CS-bm-n. hnf-If
- nse am-n\v A\p-kr-Xambn `qan-bn amw hcpn. hb {]tZ-i hym]-Ia
- mbn \nI-s
- -p. Fm sXmqdpIv
tijw in-{]m-]n \namW {]h-\a
- mWv `q{]-Ir-Xnsb amn adn-p-X
- n {][m\ ]v hlnp-X
- v. KXm-KX kuIcyw km[y-am-m-hp {]tZ-i
- sInS \nam-W
- n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
hn[-n amw hcpn hnSp-Ifpw tjmnwKv sk-dp-Ifpw m]n-p {]h-WX hf-cp-p. \namW-n\v Bh-iy-amb In\pw an\pw aW-en\pw thn-bp J\\ {]h-\hpw Xo{h-am-Ip-Ibm-Wv. hb {]tZ-i
- \nI-p-t- Xm-sSmw Ipn {]tZ-i
- CSn-p-\n-c
- p {]h-WX
- bpw
Htc kabw apt-dp-p. ]pg-bnse {Iam-Xo-Xa
- mb ]qgn-hm-c ]pg-If
- psS kzm`m-hn-IX
- bpw \jvSa
- mp-p. hoSp-If
- psS Fw h[n-p-X
- n-\\
- p-kc
- nv tdmUp-If
- psS Fhpw h[n-p. hb \nInbpw kzm`m-hnI Pe\nK-a\ amKs XS-s
- -Sp-n-bp-amWv ]pXnb tdmUp-I ]eXpw Dmb-Xv. hj-Im-ev sh-sv hym]-Ia
- mbn. ]e-{]-tZ-i
- fpw Irjn-tbm-Ky-a
- m-Xm-Im CS-bm-n.
tIc-f
- ns `q{]-Ir-Xn-bn ImX-emb am-amWv Cu {]h-\
- aqew Ign cv Zi-II
- m-en-\n-Sb
- n kw`-hn-X
- v.

ans LS-\bpw amdpp

GIhnf Irjn-bn-eq-sSbpw Bh\ Irjn-bn-eq-sSbpw timjn-p-t]m-Ip anse ^e-`q-bnjvTnX hos-Sp-m-\mWv cmk-hf {]tbmKw Bcw-`n-X
- v. `tym]m-Z\w h[n-n-m ey-an
lcn-Xh
- n-hw {][m-\a
- mbpw Dun-bXv ]pXnb k-cb
- n\w hnn-\
- t- fm-sSmw cmk-hf
- {- ]-tbm-Knepw IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-K
- n-ep-am-Wv. Fm CXv cpw ZoL-Im-e
- n ans\ tZmj-II
- c-ambn _m[n-p-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bX
- v. IqSp-X hnf \Im\pw Ffp-
- n IoS-sf \in-n-m-\pap X{-m-Sn Ah Aan-Xa
- mbn {]tbm-Kn-s
- -p. anse kqvamWp Pohn-Ifpw an-cI
- fpw
Xh-f, ayw t]mep an{X-Po-hn-Ifpw hym]-Ia
- mbn \in-n-s
- -p. Hmtcm {]tZipw Ime-fmbn cq]wsIm ssPh-]c
- n-n-Xnbpw AXns Nm{InI kz`m-hhpw \jvSa
- m-bn. ans ^e`q-bnjvTX Ipd-bp-X
- n-\pw CS-bm-n. Ign cp Zi-II
- m-es D]-t`m-Ki
- o-ehpw ans LS\bpw
amn-ad- n-bp-Ib
- m-W.v h[n D]-t`m-Khpw hen-s-dn-be
- p-amWv Cs coXn. h[n am-nwKv ioehpw
AXn-\mbn mnIv Imcn-_m-Kp-I hym]-Ia
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xpw henb Hcp ]cn-nXn {]iv\ambn hf-cp-Ib
- m-Wv. hgn-tbm-c
- fpw ]d-p-Ifpw \K-ca
- [
- y-hp-samw hen-s-dn-bs
- mnIv _mKpI-sf-sImv \nd-bp-p. hj-Im-ev ag-sh-
- n HgpIn Irjn-bn-S
- n-tepw Ah Fp-p.
anse \oscm-gppw LS-\bpw Xmdp-am-dm-p-X
- n\v Cu hn[w hen-s-dn-bs
- -Sp amen-\y- CSbm-Ip-p. h[n-p-hc
- p Cu amen-\y-Iq-mcw _lp-hn-[
- n a\p-jys\ tZmj-Ic
- a
- mbn kzm[o-\nm t]m `oj-Wn-bm-Wv.
Pe-e`
- yX Ipd-bpp
hjw apq-dn-tesd sk. ao ag e`n-p-Ibpw Imb-ep-Ifpw ]pg-Ifpw Ipf-fpw Acp-hn-If
- p-sam-ambn [mcmfw Pe-kw-`c
- W
- n-I D-Xp-amWv tIc-f
- ns \nXy-lc
- nX tim`v Imc-Ww. Fm
tIc-f
- ns Pe-e`
- y-Xbpw Ah-Xm-f
- n-em-hp-Ib
- m-Wv. Hcp `mKv `qan-bn-tev Bgvn-d
- p Pens Afhv Ipd-bp-p. adp-`m-Kv Pe-ns D]-t`mKw \m\m-hn-[
- n h[n-bpw `qK`-Pe
NqjWw Xo{h-am-Ip-Ibpw sNp-p.
hbep-If
- p-w Xo-S
- fpw Ipf-fpw tXmSp-Ifpw hj-Im-ev sh-m kar-a
- m-hpIbpw CXn-eqsS kmh-[m\w `qan-S- n-bn-tev In\n-n-dn `qan doNmPv sN-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-ambn-cp-p. ]dv Irjn-bnse In-SI
- s
- Imbvpw Xpem-sm-bvp-samw ag-shw an-\S- b
- n-tev
IS-n-hn-Sm klm-bI
- a
- m-bn-cp-p. Imjn-Ic
- w-Kp h am-fpw XoS- hym]Iambn
\nI-s
- -Xpw Cu nXn-bn amw hcp-n. AXn-\p-]p-dsa hoSv \nam-W
- n aphpw hoSns
]cn-kc
- h
- p-samw knanv shw ]pd-t-sm-gpn-If
- b
- p Hcp coXn IqSn hn-cn-p-p. hoSp-Ifp-sSbpw tdmUp-If
- p-sSbpw F-nse h[-\hv IqSn-bm-bt- m ag-m-ev s]p shw `qcn`m-Khpw an-te-n-d
- msX Hgpn hnSp-Ib
- m-Wv. Fm Cu Hgp-Iepw kpK-aa
- m-b \S-p-X
- v.
tdmUpw sIn-S
- fpw \nan-p-tm {Ubn-t\Pv kwhn-[m\w Bkq-{XWw sNp-Itbm ]cn-]m-enp-Itbm sN-s-Sp-n-. AXn-\m ag-m-ev Bh-iy-n-tesd shw sIn-\nv Xmgv {]tZi-f
- n {]iv\
- krjn-Sn-p-Ibpw Irjnsb ASw tZmj-Ic
- a
- mbn _m[n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Cu {]h-WX XpSm Gsd-mew Ign-bp-X
- n\v apv tIcfw IpSn-sh-
- n\v tIgp nXnbp-mIp sap-d
- m-Wv.
`qan Nc-m-hpp
ASn-m-\]
- c
- a
- mbn `qan D]m-Z\ D]m-[n-bm-Wv. ImjnIhrn sNp-X
- n\pw hn`-h
- Isp-X
- n\pw hymh-km-bn-I tkh\ taJ-ebvv Bh-iy-amb ew {]Zm\w sNp-X
- n-\p-amWv
`qan Bh-iy-ambn hcp-X
- v. AYhm Ans\ sNp-tm-gmWv `qan D]m-Z\ D]m-[n-bmbn amdp-X
- v.
Atm `qan-bpsS hne \n-bn-s
- -SpI AXn \S-p hnhn[ D]m-Z\ {]h-\
- f
- n-eqsS
F{X-tmfw anw D]m-Zn-n-m Ignbpw F-Xns\ B{i-bn-m-Wv. Acw {]h-\
- fpsS
Bhiyw ap\nn-bmWv `qan-bpsS {Ib-hn-{I-bhpw \S-p-I. Fm Cv nXn amdn-bn-cn-pp. `qan-bpsS {Ib-hn-{I-bhpw `qan-bpsS hnebpw AXv Fn\v thn D]-tbm-Kn-p Fn\v
thn Dt-in-pp F-Xp-ambn Imcy-amb _-an-. kzWw F-t]mse Hcp \nt-]a
- mbmWv,
`mhn-bn IqSp-X hnebvv hnm-\p Hcp hkvXp-sh \ne-bn-emWv Cv `qan {Ib-hn-{Ibw
sNp-X
- v. ]Ww In-ep-h
- _mntem hyh-km-bntem \nt-]n-msX ew hmn-bnSp ]Xnhv hym]-Ia
- m-Wv. IW-n s]Sm ]Ww \nt-]n-m ]nb amKw IqSn-bmWv ]epanv `qan.
Fn-s\-bmWv Cu Hcp Xe-n-tev `qan amdn-bXv? sXmq-dp-If
- n-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f
- n sInS

\namW {]h\w Xo{h-am-Ip-X

- v. K^v ]Ww BWv AXn\v BZyw XpS-a
- n-X
- v. Fm AXv
hym]-Ia
- m-bXv _mp-I hoSv \nam-W
- n\v DZm-ca
- mbn hmbv]I
- \Im XpS-n-bt- Xm-sS-bmWv. nc hcp-am\w kw_-n kqN\ \In-bm \nan-p hoSn-sbpw e-n-sbpw CuSn
Ffpw Krl-\namW hmbv] e`n-p-sav h-tXmsS K^v ae-bm-fn-It- fm-sSmw tIc-f
- nse
hn]p-e-amb a[y-hK hn`m-K-n-\v "BIjIamb hoSv' Hcp kz]v\w F-Xn-ep-]cn Ffpw
kmm-cn-m-hp Hm-bn. hoSn-\\
- p-tbm-Py-amb tmp-If
- psS Unam v CXv Ips\ Dbn.
e-ns hne Dbp XpS-n-bXv AtXm-sS-bm-Wv. Krl-\namWcwKs h Unam v, `qanbpsS hneb-
- ns tXmXv CXc \nt-]
- f
- psS hfm-\n-c
- n-t\-m F{Xtbm DbXm-hp-X
- n\v CS-bm-n. AtXmsS ew hmn-p-X
- mWv km-nI A\n-n- X-Xz-n Ghpw
_pn-]qh-ambXpw dnkvIn-m-Xpw hcp-am\ h-\h
- n\v DX-Ip-s
- Xpw km[m-cW
-
- m IcpXn. AXv `qan-bpsS Unam v hopw h[n-m CS-bm-n. h[n-h
- n-ebpw Db Unampw av
hmbv]I
- p skIyq-cnn F \ne-bn Ffpw ]cn-KW
- n-m-hp Hmbn `qansb _mp-I
Icp-Xm\nS-bmbn. AYhm ]Ww krjn-Sn-m-\pw GsX-nepw D]m-Z\ {]h-\
- e
- q-n-b
- , hmbv]bn-eq-sS `qanp Ign-bp-sa-m-bn. `qan-bpsS {Ib-hn-{Ibw Hcp {][m\ km-nI CS-]mSpw sXmgn-epambn amdn-bt- XmsS cmjv{So-b DtZymK _-ap am^n-bI
- fpw CXp-ambn _-sv hf-cm
XpS-n.
Fsmw kmaqly {]Xym-Lm-X
- f
- mWv CXv krjn-Sn-p-s
- Xv t\mmw. `qan-bpsS hne Cu
hn[w \new-sXm-SmsX IpXn-p-tm `qan Xcn-in-Sp-tXm, Irjn sNp-tXm at-sX-nepw D]mZ\ {]h-\
- n {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Spptm F-sXmpw {]k-a
-
- t- m. `qan Xcn-im-m\pw
hn]-\k
- m-[y-Xbvv A\p-tbm-Py-ambn amn-Xom-\p-amWv `qan ssIh-ia
- p IjI IpSw-_
-
Xm-dmb-Xv. AtX kabw IqSp-X sa-s hne `mhn-bn e`n-m-\n-Sb
- p-X
- p-sImv ew
]W-ns AXym-hiy-an-msX hnm\pw Xm-dm-bn-. D]-tbm-Ka
- n-s-nepw e-ns "kss'
AXn-\m ]cn-an-Xa
- mbn Xs \np. AtX kabw Irjnbpw hyh-km-bhpw \S-m Xm-dp-hv AXn \nv e`n-p hcp-am-\h
- p-ambn Xn-p-t\m-p-tm BZm-bI
- c
- a
- mb coXn-bn `qan
e`y-a
- m-Xm-bn. tIc-f
- nse DZv]m-Z\ {]h-\s
- f-bmsI Xfp-X
- n `qan-bpsS Cu ]cn-Wmaw
CS-bm-n-bc
- n-p-Ib
- m-Wv. `qan-bpsS ]pXnb tdmfn apv kqNn-n ]mcn-n-XnI {]iv\
- Hpw
Hcp hnj-ba
- mbn hcp-n F-Xn-\m Ah Xncp-s
- -SmsX IqSp-X hj--fmbn A\p-kyqXw XpScp-p. `qan-bpsS hne Dbp-X
- n tdmUp-Iv ]p-s-X
- n-\mepw tdmUp-If
- psS kz`mhw
A\p-kc
- nv hne IqSp-X Db-cp-sa-X
- n-\mepw tdmUv \nam-W
- n-\m-bp Bhiyw {]mtZ-inI `cW-IqSw apX tI{-`c
- W
- I
- qSw hsc Fp-X
- n-\m Ah Fm-Xe
-
- n-sebpw hnI-k\
-
- ns
apJy AP-bmbn amdp-p.- Cu \ne XpS-cm-\m-hptam? ]mcn-n-Xn-Ia
- mbpw km-n-Ia
- mbpw bpn]-ca
- mbn Nnn-p-tm km[y-a Fv Xs-bmWv adp-]S- n.
]cn-nXn {]iv\
- cq-amb Pe-m-aa
- mbpw ssPh-k
-
- ns \mi-ambpw ]cn-Wa
- n-t-mw.
amen-\y-Iq-mcw ]pXnb tcmK-fpw ]I-hym-[n-Ifpw hym]-Ia
- m-mw. A\y kwm-\
- sf am{Xw
B{i-bn-p `y kpc GXv ka-bhpw XI-cpw. AtXm-sSm-a
- m-Wv km-n-Ia
- mbn hfp-hep-Xmbn hcp Ipanf GXp ka-bhpw s]mm-\p km[y-Xb
- pw. \new sXmSmsX ]d-p Fn\pw
DuPw Xocp-tm \new-]X
- n-t-n-hc
- pw. D]m-Z\ {]h-\
- f
- p-ambn _-an-msX Cu ]dp-bc
- p `qhn-ebpw AXn-\m Hcn- \new]Xn-t-n-hc
- pw. \namW kma-{Kn-If
- psS maw,
{Ib-hn-{I-b
- nse \nb-{-Ww, K^n \ntm _mn \ntm kpe-`a
- mbn e`n-p ]W-nse
Hcn-Sn-hv GsX-nepw Hp kw`hnp-Itb thq. taml\ {]Xo-I
- v ]Icw Aip-`N
- n-I
-
cwKw I-S
- pw. ]ns ]X\w thK-n-em-Ipw. F{X Iv Dbtm A{Xbpw `oI-ca
- m-bn-cnpw B
]X-\w. AXn-\m `qansb kmh-[m\w \new sXmSobvt- -n-bn-cn-p-p.
Fp sNWw
a\p-jy\v \ne-\np-X
- n\pw ]ptcm-Ka
- np-X
- n\pw Bh-iy-amb apJy D]m-Z\ D]m[n F
]Z-hn-bn-tev `qansb XncnsI sImp-hc
- W
- w. a\p-jys \ne-\n]v {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw Xnep khn-ti-jhpw sshcp-[ym-Xa
- I
- h
- p-amb _s ASn-m-\a
- m-n-bmsW Xncn-d
- n-thmsS
kpnc hnI-k\
-
- n-\mbn `qan D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -SW
- w. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xmfw sX-ens\ AXns Nm{InI
kz`mhw A]-IS-
- n-em-p {]h-\
- \nb-{n-s
- -SW
- w. CXn-\mbn ]mcn-n-Xn-Ihpw kmn-Ihpw \nb-a]
- c
- h
- p-amb Xmsg ]d-bp Imcy- tIc-f
- n \S-n-em-W
- w.
1. `qan Hcp s]mXpkz-mbn {]Jym-]n-pI. AXm-bXv `qan-bpsS DS-am Ah-Imiw Irjn, hyh-

kmbw XpS-nb D]m-Z\ {]h-\

- p Ah-Imiw am{X-ambn ]cn-an-Xs
- -Sp-p-I. {]IrXn-bpsS XmfwsXepw (h-b \nI-, Ipn-Sn-), J\-\hpw s]mXp-Xm]-cy-n\pw s]mXp
\nb-{-W
- n\pw hnt[-ba
- mtb BIm-hq.
2. `qan-bpsS {Ib-hn-{Ibw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-Xa
- m-p-I. `qan hmp-tm GXm-hi
- y-n\v hn\n-tbmKn-m-\mWv Fv kXy-hmMvaqew \I-Ww. Ah sXn-m `qan Gs-Sp-m km-dn\v A[n-Imc-ap-m-hW
- w. "I-hSw' hm-ens Hcm-hi
- yambn Hcn-Spw ]cn-KW
- n-c
- p-Xv.
3. Irjn-`qan (`y D-]mZ-\
- n-\mbn) hos-Sp-p-X
- n\pw ]cn-]m-en-p-X
- n\pw km sNehn Hcp _rlZv ]Xn cq]-s-Sp-W
- w.
4. `qan Xcn-in-Sm-Xn-cn-pI Xcn-in-Sp Irjn-`qan km Gs-Spv Irjn sNm Xm-dp-hv ssIamd-Ww.
5. hnhn[ {]tZ-i
- `q{]-Ir-Xn-\
- p-kr-Xa
- mbn s\Irjn/ tXm-hnf/ \mWy-hnf Fn-s
- \bpw
]mn-Sm-hi
- yw, hmWn-Pym-hi
- yw, av s]mXp Bh-iy- Fn-hb
- vmbn Cb amv sN-Ww.
6. ]mn-S-n\pw hyh-km-b-n\pw \on-sh-p e- Gs-Spv Bh-iy-mv
\Im Hcp `q_mv cq]o-Ic
- n-W
- w.
7. tIc-f
- n ]mn-S
- n-sbpw sIn-S
- n-sbpw IW-s-Spv C\n F{X-tmfw \namW
{]h-\
- Bh-iy-apv Fv hne-bn-cp-W
- w. AXns ASn-m-\
- n am{Xsa ]pXnb
sIn-S
- v A\p-aXn \Im-hq.
8. sInS \namWw \S-p-tmgpw hoSv shbvp-tmgpw ag-shw kw`-cn-s
- -Sp-Itbm antev Bgvp-Itbm sNp-p-shv Ddv hcp-W
- w. CXv sXn-p-h
- v ]ng Npa-W
- w.
9. "amen\yw kv' Bbn amd-Ww. amen\yw ]c-am-h[n Ipdv Dm-s
- -Sm-\pw, Dm-bh ]cam-h[n Ahn-sS-Xs kwkvIc
- n-s
- -Sm\pw hgn-bp-m-IW
- w. ssPh-am-en-\y- hf-ambpw C-\ambpw cq]m-c
- sv {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp ]-Xn-I hym]-Ia
- mbn \S-m-W
- w.
10. BZn-hm-kn, Xoc-tZ-ih
- m-kn-I XpSn InS-m-S
- n\pw Irjn-`q-anpw {]iv\
- A\p-`h
- np-h
- v Bh-iy-amb `qan e`y-am-W
- w.
11. `qan-bpsS kz`m-ha
- \
- p-kc
- nv GXp Xcw Bh-iy-n-\p-th-n-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-t-sXv
Xocp-am-\n-W
- w CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Ka
- \
- p-kc
- nv `qansb taJ-eI
- f
- mbn Xncn-W
- w ( zonation ). CX\p-kc
- nv eob Bkq-{X-W
- n-eqsS ( spacial planning ) hnI-k\ {]h-\
- Xm-dm-Ww.
Cu {]iv\
- Hcp cmjv{Sob ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ambn cq]-sSpw F-Xm-hWw kmaq-ly-am-
- n\v \nesIm-p {]m\fpw kwL-S\
- I
- fpw eyw shbvt-X
- v.