Delivered To Batch# ND 07 Date: 01.11.

2011

Hydraulics
Hydraulics has been derived from Hudour which

means WATER.
It is the science which deals with water, at rest and at

motion.
Fluid Mechanics is that branch of Engineering

Science which deals with the behavior of fluid under the conditions at rest & motion.

Important Terms
Density: It is Mass per Unit Volume at NTP. Specific Weight(Weight Density): It is Weight per

Unit Volume at NTP.

Specific Volume: It is the Volume per Unit Mass of

Liquid.
Specific Gravity: It is the ratio of Specific Weight of a

Liquid to the Specific Weight of pure Water at 4C.

Properties of Liquid
Viscosity: It is the property of fluid which offer resistance to the

movement of one layer of fluid to another adjacent layer.

Kinematic Viscosity: It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density

of liquid.
Compressibility: It is the virtue of fluid for which liquids undergo a

change in volume with change in pressure.

Surface Tension: It is the property of fluid which enables it to resist

tensile stress.
Capillarity: It is the phenomena of rise or fall of liquid surface in a

vertical tube held in a liquid relative to general level of the liquid.

Pressure of a Liquid
When a liquid is contained in a vessel, it exerts force at

all points on the sides and bottom of the vessel.

Force per unit area is called Intensity of Pressure.

p=P/A Intensity of Pressure at any point =Weight Density X Vertical Height

Pascals Law
According to Pascals Law:

The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all direction. In other words, when a certain pressure is applied at any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is equally transmitted in all the directions and to every other point in fluid.

Pressure Types
Atmospheric Pressure: It is the normal pressure which the atmospheric

air exerts upon all surface in contact. At sea level,its value is 101.325 KPa or 760 mm Hg Pressure
Gauge Pressure: The pressure measured with the help of pressure gauge,

taking atmospheric pressure as datum, is known as gauge pressure.

Absolute Pressure: It is pressure actually exerted. All the pressure gauges

shows the difference between the actual and atm. pressure.It is called absolute pressure.
Vacuum Pressure: It is the pressure of a liquid which is below the

atmospheric pressure.

Relationship between Pressures

Pressure Measuring Equipments

Two main types:

1. Manometers: Works on balancing column of liq. 2. Mechanical Gauges: Works on deflection of applied pressure & this movement mechanically magnified 1. Manometers: a) Simple: Piezometer, U-tube & Single Column. b) Differential: 2-Piezometer, Inverted u-tube, U-tube Differential & Micromanometer. 2. Mechanical Gauges: Bourdon Tube, Diaphragm, Bellows and Dead-Weight Pressure Gauge

Lock Gates
Lock Gates: Lock gates are provided in navigation chambers to change the water level in a canal or river for navigation.

In Lock Gates,the reaction between two gates is: R=P/2sin

Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle: When a body is immersed, wholly or partially in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body.
Buoyancy: The tendency of liquid to uplift an immersed body, because of upward thrust of the liquid, is known as buoyancy. The force tending to lift

up the body is called the Buoyant Force. The point through which buoyant force is supposed to act, is known as Centre of Buoyancy.

Equilibrium of Floating Body

Three types. 1. Stable: If a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, tending to bring it back to its original position. 2. Unstable: If a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to further increase the angular displacement of the body, resisting the tendency to restore its original position. 3. Neutral: If a small angular displacement of the body doesnt set up any couple of any kind, and therefore the body adopts the new position given to it by the angular displacement, without tending to bring it back to its original position neither resisting the tendency to restore its original position.

Metacentre and Metacentric Height

Metacentre: It is the point about which a floating

body starts to oscillate, when given a small angular displacement.

Metacentric Height: It is the distance between the

centre of Gravity & the Metacentre. Mathematically, Metacentric Height, GM=(I/V)-BG=BM-BG

Types of Flows

Uniform Flow Non-Uniform Flow Streamline Flow Turbulent Flow Steady Flow Unsteady Flow Compressible Flow Incompressible Flow Rotational Flow Irrotational Flow 1-D,2-D & 3-D Flow

Types of Energies or Head of Liquid in Motion

Potential Energy/Potential Head(z): It is due to the position

above some suitable datum line

Kinetic Energy/Kinetic Head: It is due to velocity of fluid. Pressure Energy/Pressure Head: It is due to the pressure of

liquid.

Important Equations
Bernoullis Equation: For a perfect incompressible fluid, flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of a particle remains same, while the particle moves from one point to another.
z1 + v12/2g + p1/w= z2 + v22/2g + p2/w=Constant

Eulers / Energy Equation:

The equation is: dp/ + g.dx + v.dv=0

Momentum Equation:
The equation is: F= d(mv)/dt