Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions

Kinney, Prather, Raiborn

Chapter 8 The Master Budget

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Explain why budgeting is important Describe how strategic planning is related to budgeting Identify the starting point of a master budget and explain why it is the starting point Prepare various master budget schedules and explain how they relate to one another

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Explain why the cash budget is important in the master budgeting process List the benefits provided by a budget (Appendix) Explain how a budget manual facilitates the budgeting process

Management
Planning is the cornerstone of effective management

Terms
Budgeting - Formalizes plans and translates qualitative narratives into a documented, quantitative format Budget - Expresses a commitment to planned activities and resource acquisition and use

The Planning Process

Strategic Planning

Tactical Planning
Budget

Strategic Planning

Strategic Planning

Long-term (5 to 10 years) Top-level management Long-range goals, strategies, and policies Foundation for short-term planning Identify and gather information on key variables, both internal and external

Strategic Planning

Strategic Planning

Effective strategic planning requires that managers build plans and budgets that integrate external considerations and influences with internal factors

External Key Variables

Strategic Planning

Competitor actions U.S. market conditions U.S. political/regulatory climate Emerging technology issues Consumer trends and attitudes International market conditions Demographics International political/regulatory climate

Tactical Plans

Tactical Planning

Short-term (1 to 18 months) Top and middle management Specific objectives and means to achieve strategic plans Basis against which results can be measured

Budgets

Budget

Communicate objectives, constraints, and expectations Provide financial predictions Provide nonfinancial performance goals and objectives Identify potential difficulties Determine resource allocation and constraints Permit control through budget-to-actual comparisons

Budgeting

Budget

Short-term Top, middle, and operational management involvement Usable guidelines to implement strategic and tactical plans Allocates resources Standard against which performance can be measured

Planning Relationships
Strategic Planning
Top Management Top, Middle, and Operational Management

Tactical Planning
Top and Middle Management

Budget

The Control Phase

Actual-to-budget comparisons Determining and investigating variances Corrective action Feedback to operating managers
Budget

The Master Budget

A comprehensive set of budgets, budgetary schedules, and pro forma organizational financial statements For a specific period of time Static based on a single level of output demand Interactive departments generate and consume information

The Master Budget

Operating Budgets
Sales Budget Production Budget Purchases Budget Direct Labor Budget Overhead Budget Selling & Administrative Budget

Budget

Financial Budgets
Cash Budget Capital Expenditures Budget Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Retained Earnings

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget

Sales Forecast
Ask sales personnel Extrapolate past trends Use market research Employ statistical models and simulation

Sales Forecast

Sales Budget
Units to be sold * Selling price per unit = Dollars of sales

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget

Production Budget

Production Budget
Production manager combines
Sales estimates Beginning inventory targets Ending inventory targets

Determines the types, quantities, and timing of products to be manufactured

Ending Inventory Policy

Percentage of next periods projected sales Constant amount Increasing amount Near-zero in just-in-time systems Cost of holding inventory includes storage, insurance, obsolescence, shrinkage, damage

Production Budget Finished Good Units

Units to be sold (from sales budget) + Desired ending inventory = Total units needed during period - Units in beginning inventory = Units to be produced

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget

Production Budget

Purchases Budget

Purchases Budget
Units to be produced (from production budget) + Desired ending inventory = Total needed - Beginning inventory = Units for which purchases are required * Quantity required per unit = Quantity to purchase * Price per pound = Total cost of purchases

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget

Production Budget

Purchases Budget Direct Labor Budget

Direct Labor Budget

Total number of people Specific types of workers Production hours needed Costs
Union contracts Minimum wage laws Fringe benefit costs Payroll taxes

Direct Labor Budget

Units to be produced (or DM components) * Standard time allowed per unit = Standard labor time allowed * Per hour direct labor cost = Total direct labor cost

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget

Production Budget

Purchases Budget

Overhead Budget

Direct Labor Budget

Overhead Budget
Identify activity base Estimate overhead costs Separate costs as fixed or variable Show total costs for operating budgets Show costs without depreciation for cash budgets

Overhead Budget
Predicted activity base * Variable overhead rate per unit of activity = Total variable overhead cost + Fixed overhead cost = Total overhead cost
= Total cost without depreciation

The Operating Budget

Sales Budget Selling and Admin Budget

Production Budget

Purchases Budget

Overhead Budget

Direct Labor Budget

Selling and Administrative Budget

Predicted sales dollars (or other measure) * Variable S&A rate per dollar = Total variable overhead cost + Fixed S&A cost = Total S&A cost
= Total cost without depreciation

The Financial Budget

Operating Budget

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Operating Budget

Cash Budget
Highlights importance of cash for organizations continued existence Translates accrual-based information into cash flows Indicates effectiveness of credit practices Allows for planned cash borrowing or investing Used to prepare pro forma Cash Flow Statement

Cash Budget
Beginning cash balance + Cash receipts (collections) = Cash available for disbursements - Cash disbursements = Cash excess or deficiency - Minimum desired cash balance = Cash needed/available for investment or loan repayment +/- Various financing measures = Ending cash balance

Cash Collections/Disbursements
Collections
Sales
Cash Accounts Receivable

Disbursements
Purchases
Cash Accounts Payable

Cash Collections/Disbursements
From Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Total Receipts/Disbursements Jan Feb Mar Total
Percentage of cash received/paid during the month Reduced by discounts and estimated uncollectible accounts

How to Improve Cash Flow

Establish sound credit practices Expedite fulfillment and shipping Bill promptly and accurately Offer discounts for prompt payments Aggressively follow up on past due accounts Deposit payments promptly Seek better payment terms from suppliers/banks Keep tight control of inventory Review and reduce expenses Pay bills on time but never before they are due

NY State Society CPAs

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Operating Budget

Capital Budget

Capital Budget
Long-term fixed asset needs
Plant Equipment

Payment points

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Income Statement/ COGMfg

Operating Budget

Capital Budget

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Income Statement/ COGMfg

Operating Budget

Capital Budget

Statement of Retained Earnings

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Income Statement/ COGMfg

Operating Budget

Capital Budget

Statement of Retained Earnings

Balance Sheet

The Financial Budget

Cash Budget

Statement of Cash Flows

Capital Budget

Income Statement/ COGMfg

Operating Budget

Statement of Retained Earnings

Balance Sheet

Budgets Provide
Guide to align activities and resources with organizational goals Vehicle to promote employee participation, cooperation, and departmental coordination Tool to enhance planning, controlling, problem solving, and evaluating
Budget

Budgeting Provides
Basis to sharpen responsiveness to internal and external factors Model to view future performance and consider alternative measures Benchmark to judge organizational effectiveness and efficiency
Budget

Budgeting Terms
Continuous budgeting 12-month rolling budget

Budgeting Terms
Continuous budgeting Budget slack
intentional underestimation of revenue intentional overestimation of expenses

Budgeting Terms
Continuous budgeting Budget slack Participatory budget
developed by top management and operating personnel

Budgeting Terms
Continuous budgeting Budget slack Participatory budget Imposed budgets
developed by top management imposed on operating personnel

Activity Budget
Connect line items in budget to list of activities Raise awareness of non-value-added activities Question and reduce non-value-added costs
Budget

Budget Manual
Statements of budgetary purpose and its desired results Listing of specific budgetary activities to be performed Calendar of scheduled budgetary activities Sample of budgetary forms Original, revised, and approved budgets

Questions
How are strategic and tactical planning related to budgeting? In what order are the master budget schedules prepared? Why is the cash budget important in the master budgeting process?