Formtester.

Form and Location Tolerances

General notes on form and location tolerances
A form and location tolerance of a feature (surface, axis, point or median plane) defines the zone within which every point of this feature is to be contained. According to the feature to be toleranced and the manner in which it is dimensioned, the tolerance zone is one of the following: the area within a circle the area between two concentric circles the area between two parallel, straight lines the area between two equidistant lines the space between two parallel planes the space between two equidistant surfaces the space within a cylinder the space between two coaxial cylinders the space within a parallelepiped For location tolerances, it is necessary to define a datum indicating the exact location if the tolerance zone. A datum is a theoretically exact, geometrical feature (e.g. axis, plane, straight line, etc.); datums can be based on one or several datum features. The toleranced feature may be on any form, location or orientation within the tolerance zone, unless a more restrictive indication is given. The tolerance value t is indicated in the same unit used for linear measurements. If not otherwise specified, the tolerance applies to the whole lenght or surface of the toleranced feature.

Roundness, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane perpendicular to the axis by two concentric circles a distance t apart.

Example The circumference of any crosssection of the toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between two concentric circles 0.1 apart.

Cylindricity, ISO 1101

t

Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two coaxial cylinders a distance t apart.

Straightness, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart. Examples Any generating line of the toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between two parallel, straight lines 0.1 apart. Any portion of length 200 of any generating line of the toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between two parallel, straight lines 0.1 apart. Note For further straightness tolerances, see ISO 1101. Example The toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between two coaxial cylinders 0.1 apart.

Angularity, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and inclined at the specified angle to the surface. Example The tolerance surface shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.05 apart which are inclined at 12 to the datum axis A.

Flatness, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart.

Example The toleranced surface shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.08 apart.

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Formtester. Form und Location Tolerances

Position, ISO 1101
Definition If the tolerance value is preceded by the sign , the tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t, the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the toleranced line. Example This axis of the toleranced bore shall be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0.02, the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position with respect to the surfaces A and B. Note For the positional tolerance of a point or a plane, see ISO 1101.

Concentricity / Coaxiality, ISO 1101

Definition (coaxiality) The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t, the axis of which coincides with the datum axis.

Example (coaxiality) The axis of the toleranced cylinder shall be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0.08 coaxial with the datum axis A. Note For concentricity tolerance, see ISO 1101

Symmetry, ISO 1101 Profile any line, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two lines enveloping circles of diameter t, the centres of which are situated on a line having the true geometrical form. Example In each section parallel to the plane of projection, the toleranced profile shall be contained between two lines enveloping circles of diameter 0.04, the centres of which are situated on a line having a true geometrical form. Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and symmetrically disposed to the median plane with respect to the datum axis or datum plane.

Example The median plane of a slot shall be contained between two parallel planes which are 0.08 apart and symmetrically disposed to the median plane with respect to the datum feature A. Note For symmetry tolerance of a line or an axis, see ISO 1101.

Profile any surface, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited by two surfaces enveloping spheres of diameter t, the centres of which are situated on a surface having the true geometrical form.

Parallelism, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two straight lines a distance t apart and parallel to the datum.

Example The considered surface shall be contained between two surfaces enveloping spheres of diameter 0.02 the centres of which are situated on a surface having the true geometrical form.

Example Any generating line of the toleranced surface shall be contained between two straight lines 0.1 apart and parallel to the datum surface A. Note For further parallelism tolerances, see ISO 1101. IV

Formtester. Form und Location Tolerances

Perpendicularity, ISO 1101
Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel, straight lines a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum. Example Any generating line of the toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between two straight lines 0.1 apart and perpendicular to the datum surface. Note For further perpendicular tolerances, see ISO 1101.

Angular sector roundness, not yet described by standards.

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane perpendicular to the axis by two concentric circles a distance apart. The measured circumfence shall be contained in any angular sector t starting from the profile centre within the tolerance zone. Example The local roundness deviation shall be smaller than 0.012 in any angular sector starting from the profile centre and featuring a width of 15. Note The roundness deviation as per ISO 1101 may be greater, if necessary, it can be toleranced separately.

Radial run-out, ISO 1101

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane perpendicular to the axis by two concentric circles a distance t apart, the common centre of which lies on the datum axis. Example The circumference of any crosssection of the toleranced cylindrical surface shall be contained between concentric circles 0.1 apart, the common centre of which lies on the datum axis formed by A and B. Note When taking the measurement, the workpiece has to be turned about the datum axis. For axial run-out and run-out tolerances in any or a specified direction, see ISO 1101.

Conicity, Not yet described by standards.

Definition The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two straight lines a distance t apart and parallel to the datum. Not the measured profile, but that section of the reference straight line calculated according to LSS which is restricted to the measuring lenght shall be contained within the tolerance zone. Example Each section of a reference straight line calculated according to LSS which is measured in the toleranced, cylindrical surface shall be contained between two straight lines 0.04 apart and parallel to the opposite generating line. Note The parallelism deviation may be greater, if necessary, it can be toleranced separately.

Total run-out, ISO 1101

Definition (total axial run-out) The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum axis. Example (total axial run-out) The toleranced surface shall be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart and perpendicular to the datum axis D. Notes When taking the measurement, the workpiece has to be turned around the datum axis several times. Workpiece and measuring instrument have to move radially to each other. For total radial run-out, see ISO 1101. V

Formtester. Form und Location Tolerances

General tolerances [mm] for machined workpieces, ISO 2766
Tolerance class H Range of nom, lenght ... 10 0,02 10 ... 30 0,05 0,2
>

30 ... 100 0,1

>

100 > 300 > 1,000 ... 300 ... 1,000 ... 3,000 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,1
>

Tolerance class L Range of nom, lenght ... 10 0,1

> 10 ... 30 0,2 0,6 0,6

> 30 ... 100 0,4

> 100 > 300 > 1,000 ... 300 ... 1,000 ... 3,000 0,8 1,2 1,6 1 1,5 2 1 1,5 2

0,5 Roundness The general tolerance on roundness is the minimum formed by the diameter tolerance and the general tolerance on run-out. Parallelism The general tolerance on parallelism is the maximum formed by the dimensional tolerance and the general tolerance on straightness/flattness.

Tolerance class K Range of nom, lenght ... 10 0,05

10 ... 30 0,1 0,4

>

30 ... 100 0,2

>

0,6

100 > 300 > 1,000 ... 300 ... 1,000 ... 3,000 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,8 1 0,8 1 0,2
>

Formtester Evaluation methods

e.G. ISO 2766 Regression circle (Gaussian straight circle) Circle laid into the measured circular profile such that the sum of the squares of all profile deviations is a minimum. (LSC = Least Square Circle) Circular zone with minimum radial separation Concentric circles enclosing the circular profile and having the least radial separation. (MZC = Minimum Zone Circles)

Regression straight line (Gaussian straight line) Mean line laid throught the measured profile such that the sum of the squares of all profile deviations is a minimum. (LSS = Least Square Straight line) Enveloping parallel lines Parallel, straight lines enclosing the profile and having the least separation. (MZS = Minimum Zone Straight lines)

Regression parabola Mean parabola (2nd order) laid through the profile such that the sum of the squares of all profile deviations is a minimum. (LSP = Least Square Parabola) Edge identifikation The position of a profile interruption (edge) is determindes. The profile is evaluated up to the edge according to LSS. (EID = EdgeIDentification)

Minimum circumscribed circle Smallest possible circle which can be fitted around the circular profile. (MCC = Minimum Circumscribed Circle)

Maximum inscribed circle Largest possible circle which can be fitted within the circular profile. (MIC = Maximum Inscribed Circle)

by Mahr GmbH, Gttingen Reproduced with the DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V. (German Institut for Standardization). When applying the standard, the latest version available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrae 6, 10787 Berlin, will be relevant. http://www.din.de http://www.beuth.de

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