Building Java Programs

Chapter 1 Lecture 1-1: Introduction; Basic Java Programs reading: 1.1 - 1.3 self-check: #1-14 exercises: #1-4

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What is CSE?
Computer Science
Study of computation (information processing) Many subfields
Graphics Computer Vision Artificial Intelligence ...

Computer Engineering
Overlap with CS and electrical engineering Emphasis on hardware-software integration

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The CS job market

160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Computer science Biological science
PhD Master's Bachelor's Projected Job Openings

SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/SRS: Sur

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Programming languages
Some influential ones:
FORTRAN
science / engineering

COBOL
business data

LISP
logic and AI

BASIC
a simple language

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Java
A modern programming language
Sun Microsystems in 1995 Rich libraries Cross-platform Object-oriented

Taught in 142 and 143

Shows basic concepts Good free, cross-platform tools Industry-grade language

It's not the only language out there

see CSE Cool Stuff blog

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Basic Java programs with println statements

reading: 1.2 - 1.3 self-check: #5-14 exercises: #1-4

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Compiling/running a program
1. Write it.
code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.

2. Compile it.
compile: Translate a program from one language to another.

byte code: The Java compiler converts your code into a format named byte code that runs on many computer types.

3. Run (execute) it.

output: The messages printed to the user by a program. source code byte code output

compile

run

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A Java program
public class Hello { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world!"); System.out.println(); System.out.println("This program produces"); System.out.println("four lines of output"); } }

Its output:
Hello, world! This program produces four lines of output

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Structure of a Java program

public class name { public static void main(String[] args) { statement; statement; method: a named group ... of statements statement; } } statement: a command to be executed class: a program

Every executable Java program consists of a class,

that contains a method named main,
that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.
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System.out.println
A statement that prints a line of output on the console.
pronounced "print-linn" sometimes called a "println statement" for short

Two ways to use System.out.println :

System.out.println("text");

Prints the given message as output.

System.out.println();

Prints a blank line of output.

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Names and identifiers

You must give your program a name.
public class GangstaRap { Naming convention: capitalize each word (e.g. MyClassName) Your program's file must match exactly (GangstaRap.java)
includes capitalization (Java is "case-sensitive")

identifier: A name given to an item in your program.

must start with a letter or _ or $ subsequent characters can be any of those or a number
legal: _myName illegal: me+u TheCure 49ers ANSWER_IS_42 side-swipe $bling$ Ph.D's

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Keywords
keyword: An identifier that you cannot use because it already has a reserved meaning in Java.
abstract boolean break byte case catch char class const continue default do double else extends final finally float for goto if implements import instanceof int interface long native new package private protected public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws transient try void volatile while

i.e., You may not use char or while for the name of a class.

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Syntax
syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be used in a particular language.
Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ; The contents of a class or method occur between { and }

syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the structure of a program that causes the compiler to fail.
Examples: Missing semicolon Too many or too few { } braces Illegal identifier for class name Class and file names do not match ...
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Syntax error example

1 2 3 4 5 public class Hello { pooblic static void main(String[] args) { System.owt.println("Hello, world!")_ } }

Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected pooblic static void main(String[] args) { ^ Hello.java:3: ';' expected } ^ 2 errors

The compiler shows the line number where it found the error. The error messages can be tough to understand!
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Strings
string: A sequence of characters to be printed.
Starts and ends with a " quote " character.
The quotes do not appear in the output.

Examples: "hello" "This is a string. It's very long!"

Restrictions:
May not span multiple lines.
"This is not a legal String."

May not contain a " character.

"This is not a "legal" String either."
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Escape sequences
escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used to represent certain special characters in a string.
\t \n \" \\ tab character new line character quotation mark character backslash character

Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");

Output: \hello how are "you"?\\

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Questions
What is the output of the following println statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc"); System.out.println("\\\\"); System.out.println("'"); System.out.println("\"\"\""); System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward spiral");

Write a println statement to produce this output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\

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Answers
Output of each println statement:
a \\ ' """ C: in b c

he downward spiral

println statement to produce the line of output:

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");

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Questions
What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a quote from the Gettysburg Address. "Four score and seven years ago, our 'fore fathers' brought forth on this continent a new nation."

What println statements will generate this output?

A "quoted" String is 'much' better if you learn the rules of "escape sequences." Also, "" represents an empty String. Don't forget: use \" instead of " ! '' is not the same as "
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Answers
println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("This program prints a"); System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address."); System.out.println(); System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,"); System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on"); System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");

println statements to generate the output:

System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is"); System.out.println("'much' better if you learn"); System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\""); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String."); System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !"); System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");
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