Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Acoustic measurement functions ....................................................5
Sound pressure level ........................................................................... 5 Sound Intensity ................................................................................... 5 Residual intensity ................................................................................ 6 Pressure residual intensity index......................................................... 7

Section 1.1 Section 1.2 Section 1.3 Section 1.4

Chapter 2

Calculation of acoustic quantities....................................................9

Effective sound pressure ..................................................................... 9 Acoustic intensity................................................................................ 9 Sound power ..................................................................................... 10 Particle velocities .............................................................................. 10

Section 2.1 Section 2.2 Section 2.3 Section 2.4

Chapter 3

Acoustic measurement surfaces ................................................... 13

Acoustic ISO standards ..................................................................... 13

Section 3.1

Chapter 4

Frequency bands ............................................................................. 15

Field indicators.................................................................................. 15 The criteria ........................................................................................ 18

Section 4.1 Section 4.2

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 1

Acoustic measurement functions

Chapter 1

Acoustic measurement functions In This Chapter

Sound pressure level .........................................................5 Sound Intensity..................................................................5 Residual intensity...............................................................6 Pressure residual intensity index .......................................7 This section describes the acoustic quantities that can be measured. From measured quantities it is possible to derive further quantities as described in section 3.2.

Section 1.1

Sound pressure level

This is defined by equation 2-12 and can be measured using a single channel. It will result in an averaged pressure or autopower spectrum. For measurements in the free field, and in the direction of propagation, the normal sound intensity level will be equal to the sound pressure level. In practice, when not working under free field conditions, the sound intensity level will be lower than the sound pressure level.

Section 1.2

Sound Intensity
The sound intensity in a specified direction at a point is the average rate of sound energy transmitted in the specified direction through a unit area normal to this direction at the point considered. In most situations, it is the component of the sound intensity vector normal to the measurement surface, In, which is measured. In order to determine sound intensity, you can measure both the instantaneous pressure and the corresponding particle velocity simultaneously. In practice, the sound pressure can be obtained directly using a microphone. The instantaneous particle velocity can be calculated from the pressure gradient between two closely spaced microphones. A sound intensity probe can therefore consist of two closely spaced pressure microphones which measure both the sound pressure and the pressure gradient between the microphones. For frequency domain calculations, it can be shown that the sound intensity can be calculated from the imaginary part of the crosspower between the two

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 1

Acoustic measurement functions

microphone signals. The following formula is used:

Where S1,2 is the double sided crosspower between the two microphone signals, f is the signal frequency, d is the microphone distance and r is the air density. For this function, all channels are processed as channel pairs, each pair consisting of two consecutive channels. It therefore requires that an even number of channels is defined. The reactive sound intensity (non propagating energy) is calculated as:

For the idealized case of measurements in the free field (free space without reflections) and in the direction of propagation, the reactive intensity is zero.

Section 1.3

Residual intensity
This is defined as:

where Lp is the measured sound pressure level and p I0 is the pressure residual intensity index. To calculate the residual intensity, it is therefore necessary to have the pressure residual intensity index available. This is described below. Intensity measurements can be made in a sound field where the sound intensity level is in the range

Lp is defined in equation 2-12, and LI in equation 2-10. In a free field, the pressure and intensity levels are the same, whereas in all other cases, the measured intensity will be less than the pressure. The residual intensity (Lp-p I0) represents the lowest intensity level which can be detected by the system for the given sound pressure level.

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 1

Acoustic measurement functions

Section 1.4

Pressure residual intensity index

For the calculation of the pressure residual intensity index of a sound intensity probe, it is required to place the intensity probe in a sound field such that the sound pressure is uniform over the volume. In these conditions, there will be no difference between the two signals at both microphones, and hence the measured intensity should be zero. However, the phase mismatch between the two measuring channels causes a small difference between the two signals, making it appear as if there is some intensity. The intensity detected can be likened to a noise floor below which measurements cannot be made. This intensity lower limit is not fixed but varies with the pressure level. What is fixed is the difference between the pressure and the intensity level when the same signal is fed to both channels. This is defined as the pressure residual intensity index. Mathematically, the pressure residual intensity index can be expressed as:

where Lp is the sound pressure level and LIn is the normal sound intensity level.

Dynamic capability index In order to ensure a particular level of accuracy for the measurements, it is necessary to increase the measurement floor defined by the residual intensity level by an amount termed the 'bias error factor' (k)

Figure 3-1

Dynamic capability index Ld

The 'bias error factor' (k) is selected according to the grade of accuracy

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 1

Acoustic measurement functions

required from the table below. Grade of accuracy Precision Engineering (class 1) (class 2) Bias error factor dB 10 10 7

Survey (class 3) Table 3.1

Bias error factor (k)

The difference between the pressure residual intensity index and k therefore represents the range in which the probe should be operating and is termed the 'dynamic capability index' (Ld) for the probe.

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 2

Calculation of acoustic quantities

Chapter 2

Calculation of acoustic quantities In This Chapter

Effective sound pressure ...................................................9 Acoustic intensity ..............................................................9 Sound power......................................................................10 Particle velocities...............................................................10 Acoustic functions can be derived from ones that have been measured. This section describes these analysis functions and table 3.2 gives an overview of them and the measured quantities required for their derivation. Calculations will be made over specific frequency bands This subject is discussed in section 3.4. Some functions are computed over a known area. The subject of defining surfaces (meshes) for acoustic functions is discussed in section 3.3.

Section 2.1

Effective sound pressure

The effective sound pressure pe or prms may be computed from a measured sound pressure spectrum or from its autopower spectrum.

Section 2.2

Acoustic intensity
This as a vector quantity calculated directly from measured acoustic intensity functions.

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 2

Calculation of acoustic quantities

When intensity measurements are not available but sound pressure measurements are available, then the magnitude of the acoustic intensity can be computed from the effective sound pressure p and the acoustic impedance ro.c

but only under the assumption of plane progressive waves in a free field.

Section 2.3

Sound power
This is calculated from the geometrical area S and the acoustic intensity component perpendicular to a surface

Under certain circumstances, intensity can be assumed to be proportional to effective sound pressure, and then

Section 2.4

Particle velocities
These can be calculated when both acoustic intensity and sound pressure data are available

All the possible analysis functions are summarized in table 3.2. (These are based on the assumption of plane progressive waves in a free field.) Acoustic quantity Effective (RMS) sound Symbol Required data sound pressure spectrum p Formula MKS units Pa or N/m2

pe

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 2

Calculation of acoustic quantities

pressure

pressure autopower A intensity W/m2

Intensity

Sound power

Intensity and area Sound pressure spectrum and area pressure autopower and area

Particle velocity

intensity and sound pressure Overview of analysis functions for acoustic signals

m/s

Table 3.2

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

Chapter 3

Acoustic measurement surfaces

Chapter 3

Acoustic measurement surfaces In This Chapter

Acoustic ISO standards......................................................13 Acoustic measurements differ from other types of signals in that they are measured some distance away from the object rather than on the test structure itself. The measurement points are termed associated nodes, that are surrounded by a hypothetical measurement surface. An organized collection of measurement surfaces and nodes are termed a measurement mesh and there are ISO standards that define such meshes for particular measurement types.

Figure 3-2 Sound source, acoustic measurement mesh and nodes

Acoustic measurement meshes can be parallelepiped, cylindrical or spherical in shape. Associated nodes on measurement meshes have a nodal orientation. This is always Cartesian, and the orientation of the +Z nodal coordinate system for a measurement defines the measurement direction.

Section 3.1

Acoustic ISO standards

The ISO-3744 and ISO-3745 standards describe sound pressure measurements. The microphone positions are defined on a (hemi-) spherical or a parallelepiped measurement mesh. The possible dimensions of the

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 3

Acoustic measurement surfaces

measurement mesh depend on the characteristic distance of the reference surface. This reference surface is defined as the smallest rectangular box that encloses the noise source. ISO-3744 Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Engineering methods for free-field conditions over a reflecting plane. ISO-3745 Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Precision methods for anechoic and semi-anechoic rooms

The ISO-9614-1 standard describe sound intensity measurements. In this case, the microphone positions of the measurement meshes are not defined. The quality of the mesh has to be judged during measurements. It describes a number of field indicators that allow a judgment of the accuracy of the measurements and the mesh.

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 4

Frequency bands

Chapter 4

Frequency bands In This Chapter

Field indicators ..................................................................15 The criteria.........................................................................18 Whenever an acoustic quantity is integrated over a certain frequency band, the following formula applies

The integration of a continuous function a(f) is replaced by a finite sum over the corresponding discrete samples:

This integration takes into account the full value of all data samples between the two limits, and 50 % of the first and last sample. It can be obtained between any two measured frequency limits. It is good practice to maintain the type of frequency band that was used in the acquisition of the data for the calculation. In fact, data acquired in octave bands must remain in those bands for the analysis. The calculation of the field indicators also makes little sense unless the analysis bands correspond with the measurement bands.

Section 4.1

Field indicators
When attempting to analyze the sound power being radiated from a noise source in situ, the international standard ISO 9614-1 describes a number of measurement conditions that have to be applied in order to get acceptable results. A number of criteria must be satisfied, based on the values of particular indicator functions, to ensure the required adequacy of the measurements and

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 4

Frequency bands

meshes. This section describes both the field indicators themselves and the criteria used to assess the results.

F1 Sound field temporal variability indicator This gives the measure of temporal (or time) variability of the field. It is defined as follows

Where In is the mean value of M short time averages of Ink defined in the following equation.

F2 Surface pressure-intensity indicator In a free field where sound is only radiating out from a source, the pressure and intensity levels are equal in magnitude. In a diffuse or reactive field however, intensity can be low when the pressure is high. A lower measured intensity can also arise if the sound wave is incident at an angle to the probe, since this also affects the phase change detected across the probe. The pressure-intensity indicator examines the difference between the pressure and the absolute values of intensity. This function can be determined on a point to point basis during the acquisition, but the function F2 described here represents the value averaged over all the measured surfaces.

is the surface sound pressure level defined as

where i indicates the measurement surface and N is the total number of surfaces (of the local component).

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 4

Frequency bands

is the surface normal unsigned acoustic intensity level defined as

where |Ini| is the absolute (unsigned) value of the normal intensity vector. Note: A large difference between intensity and pressure suggests that the probe is not well aligned or that you are operating in diffuse field. In order to calculate F2 it is necessary to have both intensity and autopower (or pressure) measurements for all points on the mesh.

F3 Negative partial power indicator This indicator also examines the difference between measured intensity and pressure, but in this case the direction of the intensities is taken into account. Thus, this function expresses the variation between intensities arising from the source under investigation (positive) and those being generated by extraneous sources (negative).

is the surface sound pressure level defined above.

is the surface normal signed acoustic intensity level defined as Note! If the quantity Error! is negative, then the effect of extraneous sources is too great and the set of measurements do not satisfy the ISO requirements. In order to calculate F3, it is necessary to have both intensity and autopower (or pressure) measurements for all points on the mesh.

F4 Non-uniformity indicator

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 4

Frequency bands

This indicates the measure of spatial (or positional) variability that exists in the field. It can be compared with the statistical parameter standard deviation.

Where i indicates the measurement surface and N is the total number of surfaces. In is the mean of the normal acoustic intensity vectors taken over the N surfaces.

In order to calculate F4, only intensity measurements are required.

Section 4.2

The criteria
Three criteria can be evaluated in verifying the results of an acoustic intensity analysis.

Ld - F2

Measurement chain accuracy

If a measurement array is to be considered suitable for determining the sound power level of a noise source according to ISO 9614-1, then the dynamic capability index (Ld) must be greater than the indicator F2 for each frequency band.

Ld is dependent on the measurement equipment and is defined in equation NO TAG. F2 is defined in equation 3-18. Ld is derived from the pressure residual intensity index which must be computed during the measurement phase. If this criterion is not satisfied, it is an indication that the measured levels are too low for the source and that it is necessary to reduce the average distance between the measurement surface and the source.

F3 - F2

Extraneous noise sources

If the difference between field indicators F2 and F3 is significant (greater than 3dB), it is a strong indication of the presence of a directional extraneous noise source in the vicinity of the noise source under test.

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Chapter 4

Frequency bands

If the difference between these two indicators is greater than 3 dB, the situation can be improved by reducing the average distance between the measurement surface and the source, shielding measurement sources from the extraneous noises or reducing some reflections towards the source under investigation.

Measurement mesh adequacy A check on the adequacy of the measurement positions (mesh) can be made using the following criterion.

where N is the number of measurement (probe) positions F4 is the indicator defined in equation 3-23 C is a factor selected from table 3.3 depending on the accuracy required. Where the same mesh is used for a number of bands, the maximum value of C.F42 will be considered when evaluating the criterion. Center frequencies (Hz) Octave band 63-125 1/3 band 50-160 Octave C Precision class 1 19 Engineering class 2 11 Survey class 3

250-500 1000-4000

200-630 800-5000 6300

9 57 19

19 29 14 8

A weighted (63 - 4k or 50 - 6.3k) Hz Table 3.3

Values of factor C for measurement mesh accuracy

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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Index
A
Acoustic intensity 9 Acoustic ISO standards 13 Acoustic measurement functions 5 Acoustic measurement surfaces 13

C
Calculation of acoustic quantities 9

E
Effective sound pressure 9

F
Field indicators 15 Frequency bands 15

P
Particle velocities 10 Pressure residual intensity index 7

R
Residual intensity 6

S
Sound Intensity 5 Sound power 10 Sound pressure level 5

T
The criteria 18

Fundamentals of acoustics - Intensity-based sound power measurement according to ISO 9614-1 and ISO 9614-2 - LMS International

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