4th Course ESO

Genetics

11/12

Mendelian genetics 1. Do the following genetic crosses knowing that Round seeds (R) are dominant to long seeds (r).

Rr x rr RR x rr RR x Rr Rr x Rr

What percentage of the offspring would be long? _______________ What percentage of the offspring would be round? _______________ What percentage of the offspring would be round?_______________ What percentage of the offspring would be round?_______________

2. In pea plants, spherical seeds (S) are dominant to dented seeds (s). In a genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait, what fraction of the offspring should have spherical seeds? A. None B. 1/4 C. 1/2 D. 3/4 E. All 3. In Mendel's "Experiment 1," true-breeding pea plants with spherical seeds were crossed with true-breeding plants with dented seeds. (Spherical seeds are the dominant characteristic.) Mendel collected the seeds from this cross, grew F1generation plants, let them self-pollinate to form a second generation, and analyzed the seeds of the resulting F2 generation. The results that he obtained, and that you would predict for this experiment are: A. 1/2 the F1 and 3/4 of the F2 generation seeds were spherical. B. 1/2 the F1 and 1/4 of the F2 generation seeds were dented. C. All of the F1 and F2 generation seeds were spherical. D. 3/4 of the F1 and 9/16 of the F2 generation seeds were spherical. E. All the F1 and 3/4 of the F2 generation seeds were spherical.

4. A genetic cross between two F1-hybrid pea plants for spherical seeds will yield what percent spherical-seeded plants in the F2 generation? (Recall, sphericalshaped seeds are dominant over dented seeds.) A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25% E. 0% 5. A genetic cross between two F1-hybrid pea plants having yellow seeds will yield what percent green-seeded plants in the F2 generation? Yellow seeds are dominant to green. A.0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100% 6. When true-breeding tall stem pea plants are crossed with true-breeding short stem pea plants, all of the _________ plants, and 3/4 of the __________ plants had tall stems. Therefore, tall stems are dominant. A. F1, F2. B. G1, G2. C. parental, F2. D. F2, parental. E. P1, P2 7. To identify the genotype of yellow-seeded pea plants as either homozygous dominant (YY) or heterozygous (Yy), you could do a test cross with plants of genotype _______. A. y B. Y C. yy D. YY E. Yy 8. In humans the allele for albinism is recessive to the allele for normal skin pigmentation. If two heterozygotes have children, what is the chance that a child will have normal skin pigment? A.25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% 9. In humans, the brown-eye (B) allele is dominant to the blue-eye allele (b).If two heterozygotes mate, what will be the likely phenotype ratios of the offspring. A. 25% Blue eyes B. 50% each C. 75% Blue eyes D. 100% Blue eyes 10. A genetic cross of inbred snapdragons with red flowers with inbred snapdragons with white flowers resulted in F1-hybrid offspring that all had pink flowers. When the F1 plants were self-pollinated, the resulting F2-generation plants had a phenotypic ratio of 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white. The most likely explanation is: A. pink flower color is the result of a mutation. B. flower color is due to 2 or more complementary genes. C. heterozygous plants have a different phenotype than either inbred parent because of incomplete dominance of the dominant allele. D. flower color inheritance in snapdragons does not behave as a Mendelian trait.

11. In northeast Kansas there is a creature know as a wildcat. It comes in three colors, blue, red, and purple. This trait is controlled by a single locus gene with incomplete dominance. A homozygous (BB) individual is blue, a homozygous (bb) individual is red, and a heterozygous (Bb) individual is purple. What would be the genotypes of the offspring if a blue wildcat were crossed with a red one? A. 100 % heterozygous B. 50% AA and 50%BB C.100% homozygous 12. The lubber grasshopper is a very large grasshopper, and is black with red and yellow stripes. Assume that red stripes are expressed from the homozygous RR genotype, yellow stripes from the homozygous rr genotype, and both from the heterozygous genotype. What will be the phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation resulting from a cross of two grasshoppers, both with red and yellow stripes (red : both : yellow)? A.All Red B. All Yellow C. All red and yellow D. All the previous three are possible. 13. In cats, long tail displays intermediate with no tail. (TLTN is the heterozygote which has a short tail). Felix, long tailed cat, is crossed with Alice, a cat with no tail. What are the expected and phenotypic ratios of the first litters. Alex and Samantha are bred several times. The resulting litters yield a total of 30 cats. Of this total, 16 have short tails. What are the most likely genotypes and phenotypes of Alex and Samantha. 14. Human blood type is determined by codominant alleles. There are three different alleles, known as IA, IB, and i. The IA and IB alleles are co-dominant, and the i allele is recessive. The possible human phenotypes for blood group are type A, type B, type AB, and type O. Type A and B individuals can be either homozygous (IAIA or IBIB, respectively), or heterozygous (IAi or IBi, respectively). A woman with type A blood and a man with type B blood could potentially have offspring with which of the following blood types?A. type A B. type B C. type AB D. type O 15. What are the possible blood types of the offspring of a cross between individuals that are type AB and type O? (Hint: blood type O is recessive) A. AB or O B. A, B, or O C. A or B D. A, B, AB, or O E. A, B, or AB 16. Jill is blood Type O. She has two older brothers (who tease her like crazy) with blood types A & B. What are the genotypes of her parents with respect to this trait?

17. A test was done to determine the biological father of a child. The child's blood Type is A and the mother's is B. Dude #1 has a blood type of O, & dude #2 has blood type AB. Which dude is the biological father? 18. A happy couple leaves a hospital with a newborn child, The medical card says that the baby is 0 blood type. The father proudly says that he has inherited his blood type as her wife is AB. Is he right? 19. There was a Woman that alleged that her child was a bullfighter son, the boy is group 0, the bullfighter A and both his parents AB. Is the bullfighter the father of the child? 20. In rabbits, grey hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black eyes are dominant to red eyes. These letters represent the genotypes of the rabbits. GG = gray hair Gg = gray hair gg = white hair BB = black eyes Bb = black eyes bb = red eyes

A. What are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that have the following genotypes: Ggbb ____________________ ggBB ________________________ ggbb ____________________ GgBb _________________________ B.A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring. How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? _ How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? _ How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? _ How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes? _ 21. A pea plant is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color. S is the allele for the dominant, spherical shape characteristic; s is the allele for the recessive, dented shape characteristic. Y is the allele for the dominant, yellow

color characteristic; y is the allele for the recessive, green color characteristic. What will be the distribution of these two alleles in this plant's gametes? A. 50% of gametes are Sy; 50% of gametes are sY B. 25% of gametes are SY; 25% of gametes are Sy;25% of gametes are sY; 25% of gametes are sy. C. 50% of gametes are sy; 50% of gametes are SY D. 100% of the gametes are SsYy E. 50% of gametes are SsYy; 50% of gametes are SSYY. 22. The gametes of a plant of genotype SsYy should have the genotypes: A. Ss and Yy B. SY and sy C. SY, Sy, sY, and sy D. Ss, Yy, SY and sy E. SS, ss, YY, and yy 23. Which of the following genetic crosses would be predicted to give a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1? A. SSYY x ssyy B. SsYY x SSYy C. SsYy x SsYy D. SSyy x ssYY E. ssYY x ssyy 24. Which of the following genotypes would you not expect to find among the offspring of a SsYy x ssyy test cross: A. ssyy B. SsYy C. Ssyy D. ssYy E. SsYY 25. The expected phenotypic ratio of the progeny of a SsYy x ssyy test cross is: A. 9:3:3:1 B. 3:1 C. 1:1:1:1 D. 1:2:1 E. 3:1:1:3 26. A phenotype ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a mating of two organisms heterozygous for two traits is expected when: A. the genes reside on the same chromosome B. each gene contains two mutations C. the gene pairs assort independently during meiosis D. only recessive traits are scored E. none of the above 27. In a dihybrid cross, AaBb x AaBb, what fraction of the offspring will be homozygous for both recessive traits? A. 1/16 B. 1/8 C. 3/16 D. 1/4 E. 3/4 28. Following a SsYy x SsYy cross, what fraction of the offspring are predicted to have a genotype that is heterozygous for both characteristics? A. 1/16 B. 2/16 C. 3/16 D. 4/16 E. 9/16 29. In a dihybrid cross, SsYy x SsYy, what fraction of the offspring will be homozygous for both traits? A. 1/16 B. 1/8 C. 3/16 D. 1/4 E. 3/4 30. In Mendel's experiments, the spherical seed character (SS) is completely dominant over the dented seed character (ss). If the characters for height were

incompletely dominant, such that TT are tall, Tt are intermediate and tt are short, what would be the phenotypes resulting from crossing a spherical-seeded, short (SStt) plant to a dented-seeded, tall (ssTT) plant? A. All the progeny would be spherical-seeded and tall. B. 1/2 would be spherical-seeded and intermediate height; 1/2 would be spherical-seeded and tall. C. All the progeny would be spherical-seeded and short. D. You cannot predict the outcome. E. All the progeny would be spherical-seeded and intermediate height. 31. Two unlinked loci effect mouse hair color. CC or Cc mice are agouti. Mice with genotype cc are albino because all pigment production and deposition of pigment in hair is blocked. At the second locus, the B allele (black agouti coat) is dominant to the b allele (brown agouti coat). A mouse with a black agouti coat is mated with an albino mouse of genotype bbcc. Half of the offspring are albino, one quarter are black agouti, and one quarter are brown agouti. What is the genotype of the black agouti parent? A. BBCC, B. BbCc, C. bbCC, D. BbCC, E. BBcc 32. George is a pig that is homozygous for black and short-hair. He is crossed with Linda, who is brown and longhaired. State the percentage of brown and short haired between the descendants. We assume that in guinea pigs black and short-haired are dominant over both brown and long-haired pigs (B-black; b brown, S- short; s- long) and both are in separated genes. A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25% E. 0% 33. About 70% of Americans perceive a bitter taste from the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). The ability to taste this chemical results from a dominant allele (T) and not being able to taste PTC is the result of having two recessive alleles (t). Albinism is also a single locus trait with normal pigment being dominant (A) and the lack of pigment being recessive (a). A normally pigmented woman who cannot taste PTC has a father who is an albino taster. She marries a homozygous, normally pigmented man who is a taster but who has a mother that does not taste PTC. What are the genotypes of the possible children (choose all that apply)? 34. Wolves are sometimes observed to have black coats and blue eyes. Assume that these traits are controlled by single locus genes and are located on different chromosomes. Assume further that normal coat color (N) is dominant to black (n) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). Suppose the alpha male and alpha female of a pack (these are the dominant individuals who do most of the breeding) are black with blue eyes and normal colored with brown eyes,

respectively. The female is also heterozygous for both traits (the male homozygous). How many of the offspring will have each of the parental genotypes? 35. In horses, black coat color is influenced by the dominant allele (B) and chestnut coat color is influenced by the recessive allele (b). Trotting gait is due to a dominant gene (T) and pacing gait to the recessive allele (t). If a homozygous black trotter is crossed to a chestnut pacer: A. What is the appearance of the F1 and F2 generations? B. Which phenotype will be most common? which genotype will be most common? C. Which of the potential offspring will be certain to breed true? 36. In horses the allele for black coat (B) is dominant to the allele for chestnut coat (b) and the allele for trotting gait (T) is dominant to the allele for running gait (t). Predict the phenotype ratio for the offspring of a heterozygous black heterozygous trotting horse with a chestnut running horse. 37. In the breeding season, male Anole lizards court females by bobbing their heads up and down while displaying a colorful throat patch. Assume for this question that both males and females bob their heads and have throat patches. Assume also, that both traits are controlled by single locus genes on separate chromosomes. Now, suppose that anoles prefer to mate with lizards who bob their heads fast (F) and have red throat patches (R) and that these two alleles are dominant to their counterparts, slow bobbing and yellow throats. A male lizard heterozygous for head bobbing and homozygous dominant for the red throat patch mates with a female that is also heterozygous for head bobbing but is homozygous recessive for yellow throat patches. A. How many of the F1 offspring have the preferred fast bobbing / red throat phenotype (assume 16 young)? B. What percentage of the offspring will lack mates because they have both slow head bobbing and yellow throats? C. What percentage of the offspring will have trouble finding mates because because they lack one of the dominant traits? 38. Racoons have rings around their tails and a habit of washing their food in water before eating it. Suppose that both of these traits are controlled via incomplete dominance so that wide bands on the tail are BB, medium sized bands are Bb, and narrow bands are bb and that washing all their food is WW, washing some of their food is Ww, and washing no food is ww. How many of each genotype will be in the F1 generation resulting from a cross of two racoons, both with medium sized tail bands and that wash some of their food (assume 16)?

39. A man takes his wife to court asking to get divorced of her, alleging that the child she had is not his. The judge orders a genetic test from the following traits: Man- Brown eyes and blood type 0. Woman: Blue eyes and blood type A. Child: Blue eyes and blood type AB. Could you predict the results? 40. In Labrador retrievers coat color is determined by 2 genes that sort independently: melanin production (B for black is dominant to b for brown) melanin deposition (E for deposition is dominant to e for no deposition)Yellow Labrador retrievers may be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous for pigment production but are homozygous recessive for melanin deposition. Chocolate Labrador retrievers are homozygous recessive for melanin production but may be homozygous dominant or heterozygous for melanin deposition. Black Labrador retrievers may be homozygous dominant or heterozygous for melanin production and for melanin deposition. a. Write all possible genotypes for yellow, chocolate, and black Labrador retrievers. b. b. A male and female chocolate Labrador retriever were mated and had a litter of 12 puppies. Eight of the puppies were yellow. What were the genotypes of the parents. C. How many of the other puppies were chocolate and how many were black? 41. In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and red-eyed male, what percent of the female offspring will have white eyes? (White eyes are X-linked, recessive) A.0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%

42. A female Drosophila of unknown genotype was crossed with a white-eyed male fly, of genotype (w = white eye allele is recessive, w+= red-eye allele is dominant.) Half of the male and half of the female offspring were red-eyed, and half of the male and half of the female offspring were white-eyed. What was the genotype of the female fly? A. B. C. D. E. 43. Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results of mating between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophilic male? A. half of daughters are normal and half of sons are hemophilic. B. all sons are normal and all daughters are carriers. C. half of sons are normal and half are hemophilic; all daughters are carriers. D. all daughters are normal and all sons are carriers.

E. half of daughters are hemophilic and half of daughters are carriers; all sons are normal. 44. Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results of mating between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophilac male? 45. In humans, normal vision (XC) is dominant to colorblindness (Xc) and is sex-linked. A normal-visioned man, whose father was colorblind, marries a colorblind woman. What are the chances that a son will be colorblind. A.0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100% 46. Hemophilia is due to a sex-linked recessive gene (Xh) and the normal condition to the gene (XH). A hemophiliac man marries a woman who is not. Their first son has hemophilia. What are the chances that their daughter, if they had one, will be hemophilic? A.0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%

47. The ability to roll your tongue is caused by a dominant gene (R). If you can't roll your tongue, you are a non-roller and must be homozygous recessive (rr). A father cannot roll his tongue but a mother can. Of their four children, one daughter cannot roll her tongue. The other daughter and both sons can roll their tongues. Draw the corresponding pedigree chart. 48. While eye colour is actually more complicated than this, dark eyes (such as brown or black) is dominant (E) and light eyes (such as blue or grey) is recessive (e). A father and a mother both have brown eyes. Their two sons have blue eyes and their two daughters have brown eyes. One daughter carries the gene for blue eyes, the other doesn't. Draw the corresponding pedigree chart.

49. While eye colour is actually more complicated than this, dark eyes (such as brown or black) is dominant (E) and light eyes (such as blue or grey) is recessive (e). A father and a mother both have brown eyes. Their two sons have blue eyes and their two daughters have brown eyes. One daughter carries the gene for blue eyes, the other doesn't. Draw the corresponding pedigree chart. 50. Which best describes the genetics of the afflicting allele in the following pedigree (it is a pedigree of taste blindness)?

A. B. C. D. E. F.

autosomal dominant autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive Y-linked dominant Y- linked recessive

51. On your first day interning in the office of a human geneticist, a man with purple ears walks in. You questioned the man and wrote down the following family history. The man's mother and one of his sisters also had purple ears, but his father, his brother, and two other sisters had normal ears. The man and his normal-eared wife had seven children, including four boys and three girls. Two girls and two boys had purple ears. Draw the family pedigree and indicate what form of inheritance that the purple-ear trait most likely follows. 52. A human geneticist determined the pedigree shown in the diagram with

follows. How is this pattern of inheritance described? A. autosomal dominant B. autosomal recessive C. X-linked dominant D. X-linked recessive E. Y-linked dominant F. Y- linked recessive