Overview

An Example

Double Check

The Method of Frobenius

Bernd Schr der o

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

1. The method of Frobenius works for differential equations of the form y + P(x)y + Q(x)y = 0 in which P or Q is not analytic at the point of expansion x0 .

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

1. The method of Frobenius works for differential equations of the form y + P(x)y + Q(x)y = 0 in which P or Q is not analytic at the point of expansion x0 . 2. But P and Q cannot be arbitrary: (x x0 )P(x) and (x x0 )2 Q(x) must be analytic at x0 .

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

1. The method of Frobenius works for differential equations of the form y + P(x)y + Q(x)y = 0 in which P or Q is not analytic at the point of expansion x0 . 2. But P and Q cannot be arbitrary: (x x0 )P(x) and (x x0 )2 Q(x) must be analytic at x0 . 3. Instead of a series solution y =

cn(x x0)n, we obtain a

n=0

solution of the form y =

cn(x x0)n+r .
n=0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

1. The method of Frobenius works for differential equations of the form y + P(x)y + Q(x)y = 0 in which P or Q is not analytic at the point of expansion x0 . 2. But P and Q cannot be arbitrary: (x x0 )P(x) and (x x0 )2 Q(x) must be analytic at x0 . 3. Instead of a series solution y =

cn(x x0)n, we obtain a

n=0

solution of the form y =

cn(x x0)n+r .
n=0

4. The method of Frobenius is guaranteed to produce one solution, but it may not produce two linearly independent solutions.
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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

5. As for series solutions, we substitute the series and its derivatives into the equation to obtain an equation for r and a set of equations for the cn .

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

5. As for series solutions, we substitute the series and its derivatives into the equation to obtain an equation for r and a set of equations for the cn . 6. These equations will allow us to compute r and the cn .

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

5. As for series solutions, we substitute the series and its derivatives into the equation to obtain an equation for r and a set of equations for the cn . 6. These equations will allow us to compute r and the cn . 7. For each value of r (typically there are two), we can compute the solution just like for series.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

What is the Method of Frobenius?

5. As for series solutions, we substitute the series and its derivatives into the equation to obtain an equation for r and a set of equations for the cn . 6. These equations will allow us to compute r and the cn . 7. For each value of r (typically there are two), we can compute the solution just like for series. Thats it.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2

cn xn+r
n=0

+ 3x2

cn xn+r
n=0

+2

cn xn+r
n=0

= 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2

cn xn+r
n=0

+ 3x2

cn xn+r
n=0

+ 2 cn xn+r = 0
n=0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2

cn xn+r
n=0

+ 3x2 cn (n + r)xn+r1 + 2 cn xn+r = 0

n=0 n=0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2 cn (n + r)(n + r 1)xn+r2 + 3x2 cn (n + r)xn+r1 + 2 cn xn+r = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2 cn (n + r)(n + r 1)xn+r2 + 3x2 cn (n + r)xn+r1 + 2 cn xn+r = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0

9(n + r)(n + r 1)cn xn+r + 3(n + r)cn xn+r+1 + 2cn xn+r

n=0

= 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2 cn (n + r)(n + r 1)xn+r2 + 3x2 cn (n + r)xn+r1 + 2 cn xn+r = 0
n=0 n=0 k=0 k=1 n=0 n=0 n=0

9(n + r)(n + r 1)cn xn+r + 3(n + r)cn xn+r+1 + 2cn xn+r

n=0

= 0 = 0

9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck xk+r + 3(k + r 1)ck1 xk+r + 2ck xk+r

k=0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

9x2 y + 3x2 y + 2y = 0 9x2 cn (n + r)(n + r 1)xn+r2 + 3x2 cn (n + r)xn+r1 + 2 cn xn+r = 0
n=0 n=0 k=0 k=1 n=0 n=0 n=0

9(n + r)(n + r 1)cn xn+r + 3(n + r)cn xn+r+1 + 2cn xn+r

n=0

= 0 = 0

9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck xk+r + 3(k + r 1)ck1 xk+r + 2ck xk+r

k=0 k=1
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

9r(r1)+2 c0 xr + 9(k+r)(k+r1)ck + 3(k+r1)ck1 +2ck xk+r = 0

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0 9r2 9r + 2 = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0 9r2 9r + 2 = 0 9 81 72 r1,2 = 18

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0 9r2 9r + 2 = 0 9 81 72 r1,2 = 18 93 = 18

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0 9r2 9r + 2 = 0 9 81 72 r1,2 = 18 93 = 18 2 = 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Indicial equation: 9r(r 1) + 2 c0 = 0 9r(r 1) + 2 = 0 9r2 9r + 2 = 0 9 81 72 r1,2 = 18 93 = 18 2 1 , = 3 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Recurrence Relation.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Recurrence Relation. 9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 + 2ck = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Recurrence Relation. 9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 + 2ck = 0 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 = 0

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Recurrence Relation. 9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 + 2ck = 0 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 = 0 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 ck = 3(k + r 1)ck1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

Recurrence Relation. 9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 + 2ck = 0 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 ck + 3(k + r 1)ck1 = 0 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 ck = 3(k + r 1)ck1 3 3k 3r ck = ck1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = 3 3k 3r ck1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k ck1 (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 131 c11 9 12 + 3 1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 131 c11 = 1 12 9 12 + 3 1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 c21 9 22 + 3 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 1 5 c21 = 9 22 + 3 2 42 6

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 1 5 5 c21 = = 9 22 + 3 2 42 6 252

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 1 5 5 c21 = = 9 22 + 3 2 42 6 252 133 c31 9 32 + 3 3
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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 1 5 5 c21 = = 9 22 + 3 2 42 6 252 133 8 5 c = 2 + 3 3 31 93 90 252
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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

2 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 2 2 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 1 3k 1 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k + 3k (3k + 2) (3k 1) + 2 2 1 131 c11 = 1 = 12 6 9 12 + 3 1 132 1 5 5 c21 = = 9 22 + 3 2 42 6 252 133 8 5 1 c = = 2 + 3 3 31 93 90 252 567
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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3 c4 = 134 c41 9 42 + 3 4

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3 c4 = 134 1 11 c = 2 + 3 4 41 94 156 567

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3 c4 = 134 1 11 c = 2 + 3 4 41 94 156 567 = 11 88452

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3 c4 = y1 134 1 11 11 c = = 2 + 3 4 41 94 156 567 88452 2 1 2 +1 5 2 +2 1 2 +3 11 2 +4 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x3 6 252 567 88452

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 2 3 c4 = y1 134 1 11 11 c = = 2 + 3 4 41 94 156 567 88452 2 1 2 +1 5 2 +2 1 2 +3 11 2 +4 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x3 6 252 567 88452 2 1 5 5 8 1 11 11 14 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x3 6 252 567 88452

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = 3 3k 3r ck1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k ck1 (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 231 c11 9 12 3 1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 c21 9 22 3 2

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 4 1 c21 = 9 22 3 2 30 6

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 =
1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 4 1 1 c21 = = 9 22 3 2 30 6 45

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 4 1 1 c21 = = 9 22 3 2 30 6 45 233 c31 9 32 3 3
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An Example

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Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 4 1 1 c21 = = 9 22 3 2 30 6 45 7 1 233 = c 2 3 3 31 72 45 93
logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 , c0 = 1 3 ck = = c1 = c2 = c3 =
Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

1 3 3k 3 3 3 3k 3r ck1 = ck1 1 1 9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2 3 k+ 3 3 k+ 3 1 +2 2 3k 2 3k ck1 ck1 = 2 9k 3k (3k + 1) (3k 2) + 2 1 231 c11 = 6 9 12 3 1 232 4 1 1 c21 = = 9 22 3 2 30 6 45 7 1 7 233 = = c 2 3 3 31 72 45 3240 93
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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3 c4 = 234 c41 9 42 3 4

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3 c4 = 234 7 10 c = 2 3 4 41 94 132 3240

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3 c4 = 234 7 10 c = 2 3 4 41 94 132 3240 = 7 42768

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3 c4 = y2 234 7 10 7 c = = 2 3 4 41 94 132 3240 42768 1 1 1 1 +1 1 1 +2 7 1 +3 7 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x 3 +4 6 45 3240 42768

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Solve the Differential Equation 9x2y + 3x2y + 2y = 0

r= 1 3 c4 = y2 y2 234 7 10 7 c = = 2 3 4 41 94 132 3240 42768 1 1 1 1 +1 1 1 +2 7 1 +3 7 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x 3 +4 6 45 3240 42768 1 13 1 4 1 7 7 10 7 = x3 x3 + x3 x3 + x3 6 45 3240 42768

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

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Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As for series solutions, because the solution is a truncated series,we cannot expect that the differential equation is exactly satised.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As for series solutions, because the solution is a truncated series,we cannot expect that the differential equation is exactly satised.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As for series solutions, because the solution is a truncated series,we cannot expect that the differential equation is exactly satised.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As for series solutions, because the solution is a truncated series,we cannot expect that the differential equation is exactly satised.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As for series solutions, because the solution is a truncated series,we cannot expect that the differential equation is exactly satised.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As before, for a correct approximation, low order terms should cancel.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As before, for a correct approximation, low order terms should cancel. 14 13 We went to order for the rst solution and to order for 3 3 the second solution.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Overview

An Example

Double Check

Checking Solutions When Only The First Few Terms are Available
As before, for a correct approximation, low order terms should cancel. 14 13 We went to order for the rst solution and to order for 3 3 the second solution. And, of course, we use a computer algebra system.

Bernd Schr der o The Method of Frobenius

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