INTRODUCTION OF ABBOTT LABORATORIES

For more than a century, Abbott Laboratories has been working to advance health care for people around the world. Founded by a young Chicago physician, Dr. Wallace Calvin Abbott, in 1888, Abbott Laboratories has evolved into a diversified health care company that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets innovative products and services that span the continuum of care - from prevention and diagnosis to treatment and cure. Headquartered in north suburban Chicago, Abbott helps people around the world in the more than 130 countries. Building leadership and combining strengths in the areas of pharmaceuticals, nutritional, and diagnostics has enabled Abbott to provide total, integrated solutions across the health care spectrum for some of the worlds most prevalent medical conditions, including AIDS, cancer and diabetes. We focus on advancing medical science and the practice of health care with expertise in the therapeutic areas of diabetes, pain management, respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, men and womens health, pediatrics and animal health.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ABBOTT LABORATORIES

More than a century ago, 30-year-old Wallace C. Abbott, M.D., began making a new form of medicine. Using the active - or alkaloid - part of a medicinal plant, he formed tiny pills, called dosimetric granules, which provided a measured amount of the drug. The demand for these accurate granules soon far exceeded the needs of his own practice. From a small operation based above Dr. Abbotts pharmacy, Abbott Laboratories has evolved into one of the worlds leading health care companies.

KEY PRODUCTS OF ABBOTT

TABLETS

PRODUCT NAME
Abbutol Abocal Abozole Abrifam Arinac Artifen Bevidox Brufen Cecon Citro Soda Dayalets Enoxabid Entamizole Epival Flexin Hytrin Iberet Klaricid Neophage Pramet - FA Prothaiden Protium Sparaxin Surbex Urixin

ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Ethambutol HCl Calcium carbonate Metronidazole Rifampicin Ibuprofen, Pseudoephedrine HCl Diclofenac Sodium Thiamine HC1,Pyridoxine HC1,Cyanocobalamin Ibuprofen ascorbic acid. Sodium Bicarbonate,Sodium Citrate,Citric Acid Vitamins and Minerals Enoxacin sesquihydrate Diloxanide furoate,Metronidazole Divalproex Sodium Naproxen Terazosin HCl Folic Acid,Vitamins,Calcium pantothenate Clarithromycin Metformin Hydrochloride Vitamins and Minerals Dosulepin HCl Pantoprazole Sparfloxacin Vitamins,Nicotinamide,Calcium Pantothenate Pipemidic Acid

SYRUPS
PRODUCT NAME
IBERT DROPS VIDAYLIN DROPS RONDEC DROPS CECON SOLUTION SILLIVER SYRUP VIDAYLIN SYRUP VIDAYLIN M SYRUP SURBEX SYRUP RONDEC-C SYRUP IBERT 500 LIQUID VIDAYLIN L SYRUP EPIVAL SYRUP

ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Ferrous sulphate Vitamins,Nicotinamide Carbinoxamine maleate,Pseudoephedrine HCl Vitamin C Silymarin Vitamins,Nicotinamide Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins,Nicotinamide,Pantothenol Dextromethorphan HBr ,Pseudoephedrine HCl Iron and Vitamins Vitamins and Nicotinamide Sodium Valproate

SEMI SOLIDS
PRODUCT NAME
Brufen Burnol Froben Gel Rashnil Somogel Tronolane Artifen Gel

ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Ibuprofen Euflavine Flurbiprofen Benzalkonium Chloride,Zinc Oxide Lignocaine,Eucalyptol,CetylpyridiniumChloride Pramoxine hydrochloride Diclofenac Diethylammonium

INJECTIONS
PRODUCT NAME
Bevidox Bejectal Calcijex Dobutamine Dopamine Lincomycin Trividox Vancomycin

ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Thiamine HC1,Pyridoxine HC1,Cyanocobalamin Vitamins,Nicothamide,Dexpanthamol Calcitriol Dobutamine Hydrochloride Dopamine Hydrochloride Lincomycin Hydrochloride monohydrate Thiamine HC1,Pyridoxine HC1,Cyanocobalamin Vancomycin Hydrochloride (lyophilized)

What is a Drug?
In pharmacology, a drug is "A chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being." Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. A drug is any substance, solid, liquid or gas that changes the functions or structures of the body in some way. This excludes food and water, which are required to maintain normal body functioning.

History Of Medicine/Drugs
All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, death, and disease. Throughout history, illness has been attributed to witchcraft, demons, adverse astral influence, or the will of the gods. These ideas still retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still used in some places, although the rise of scientific medicine over the past millennium has altered or replaced mysticism in most cases. Herbal medicine is the earliest scientific tradition in medical practice, and it remains an important part of medicine to this day - in a line descending directly from those distant beginnings. The early physicians stumbled upon herbal substances of real power, without understanding the manner of their working. The earliest surgical operation in human history is carried out in prehistoric times in several parts of the world - in Europe, in Asia and particularly in Peru, where well-preserved mummies survive. Many of these mummies have the hole in the skull which is the result of trepanning (also known as trephining or trephination).

Process Of Drug Development

Discovering and bringing one new drug to the public typically costs a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company from $800 million to more than $1 billion and takes an average of 10 to 15 years. The drug discovery and development process is designed to ensure that only those pharmaceutical products that are both safe and effective are brought to market. PPD provides a broad array of drug discovery and development services and products to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies to expedite drug development, from drug discovery through clinical studies and post-approval support. New drugs begin in the laboratory with scientists, including chemists and pharmacologists, who identify cellular and genetic factors that play a role in specific diseases. They search for chemical and biological substances that target these biological markers and are likely to have drug-like effects. Out of every 5,000 new compounds identified during the discovery process, approximately five are considered safe for testing in human volunteers after preclinical evaluations. After three to six years of further clinical testing in patients, only one of these compounds on average is ultimately approved as a marketed drug for treatment.

Different Types of Medicines

There are three broad categories of medicines prescription medicines,over-the-counter medicines and complementary medicines.

Prescription Medicines You can only purchase a prescription medicine if you have a prescription for it from your doctor. Examples of prescription medicines include contraceptive pills, antibiotics and strong painkillers. Over the Counter (OTC) Medicines Over-the-counter products include cough/cold products, mouthwash and sunscreen. You dont need a prescription to obtain OTC products. Some OTC medicines can only be purchased from a pharmacy (chemist), and many are also available from supermarkets and health food shops. Complementary Medicines Complementary medicines (also known as 'traditional' or 'alternative' medicines) include vitamin, mineral, herbal, aromatherapy and homoeopathic products. Like OTC products, these products are available without a prescription.

Therapeutic Categories Of Drugs

Since there are thousands of compounds which fit this broad classification,they are further categorized in order to highlight the relationship between their chemical structure and their pharmacological activity.Compounds with biological activity against a specific disease or targeted to a specific organ thus are collected into therapeutic categories.While there are over 275 therapeutic categories listed in the Merck Index,the major categories are: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Agents:tret diseases of the heart and circulatory systems. Respiratory Agents:treat diseases of the lungs and airways such as asthma. Central nervous System Agents:address problems such as anxiety,depression,nausea,pain,dementia,and other problems in the brain and/or neurons. Chemotherapeutic Agents:fight infections arising from bacteria and viruses as well as oncological diseases. Diagnostic Agents:asist physicians in identifying diseases. Gene Based Agents:inculde ares such as vaccines,human biologicals(insulin,humangrowth factor,interferon,interleukins,and others) and eplores approches to repairing defects in the genetic pathways which can lead to diseases such as sickle-cell anemia,polycystic kidney disease(PKD) and others.

Immunology,endocrinologyand Metabolic Diseases:address a variety of areas including diabetes,autoimmune diseases(e.g,arthristis),hormones,and other autacoids. Gastrointestinal Diseases:ulcers,irritable bowel syndrome etc.

Administration-Routes OF drugs
In Pharmacology and toxicology,a route of administration is the path by which a drug,fluidepoision or other substance is brought into contact with body.

Classification Of Drugs

topical: local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired. enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-local), substance is given via the digestive tract. parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is given by routes other than the digestive tract.

Topical

epicutaneous (application onto the skin), e.g. allergy testing, typical local anesthesia inhalational, e.g. asthma medications enema, e.g. contrast media for imaging of the bowel eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), e.g. antibiotics for conjunctivitis ear drops - such as antibiotics and corticosteroids for otitis externa

Enteral In this classification system, enteral administration is administration that involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract and has systemic effects:

by mouth (orally), many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or gastrostomy, many drugs and enteral nutrition rectally, various drugs in suppository

Parenteral by Injection or Infusion intradermal, (into the skin itself) is used for skin testing some allergens, and also for mantoux test for Tuberculosis subcutaneous (under the skin), e.g. insulin, a slang term for this method of administration is skin popping (usually done with recreational drugs) intravenous (into a vein), e.g. many drugs, total parenteral nutrition intraarterial (into an artery), e.g. vasodilator drugs in the treatment of vasospasm and thrombolytic drugs for treatment of embolism

 intramuscular (into a muscle), e.g. many vaccines, antibiotics, and long-term psychoactive agents. Recreationally the colloquial term 'muscling' is used.[8] intracardiac (into the heart), e.g. adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (no longer commonly performed) intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and pediatrics when intravenous access is difficult. intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection into the peritoneum) e.g. peritoneal dialysis intravitreal, through the eye Intravaginal, e.g. topical estrogens, antibacterials. Parenteral (Other Than Injection or Infusion)

transdermal (diffusion through the intact skin for systemic rather than topical distribution), e.g. transdermal patches such as fentanyl in pain therapy, nicotine patches for treatment of addiction and nitroglycerine for treatment of angina pectoris. transmucosal (diffusion through a mucous membrane), e.g. insufflation (snorting) of cocaine, sublingual, i.e. under the tongue, sublabial, i.e. between the lips and gingiva, nitroglycerine, vaginal suppositories. inhalational, e.g. asthma medications