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Elec 4 423 Powe Er Distribu Ution Sys Stem: Load CH Haracteri Istics

The document discusses load characteristics that are important for properly designing an electric power distribution system. It defines key terms like demand, maximum demand, connected load, average demand, diversified demand, and maximum diversified demand. It also defines factors related to loads like demand factor, diversity factor, and coincidence factor. Tables are included that show typical demand factors for different types of loads and diversity factors between different elements of a power distribution system.

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145 views

Elec 4 423 Powe Er Distribu Ution Sys Stem: Load CH Haracteri Istics

The document discusses load characteristics that are important for properly designing an electric power distribution system. It defines key terms like demand, maximum demand, connected load, average demand, diversified demand, and maximum diversified demand. It also defines factors related to loads like demand factor, diversity factor, and coincidence factor. Tables are included that show typical demand factors for different types of loads and diversity factors between different elements of a power distribution system.

Uploaded by

champion2007
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEC 423 Powe Distribu 4 er ution Sys stem

Sp pring 212

Load Ch haracteri istics


In order to design an electr distribution system properly, some infor r n ric rmation on load characteristics must be known. These char racteristics a importan to estimate the loads the are nt s, cable siz and the substation tr ze s ransformers rating. To do this, som importan definitions and me nt s factors should be kno own very we and these are summa ell, e arized in the following. e Basic De efinitions

Demand d The demand of an installatio or system is the load at receivin terminals averaged o on m d ng over a specified interval of time. The loa may be given in KW, Kvar, KVA a KA. and d t ad g Maximum demand m Maximum deman of an installation or system is the greates of all dem nd r st mand which has h pecific period of time. d occurred during a sp ted Connect load It is the sum of continuous ra c ating of the load-consum ming appara atus connect to the sy ted ystem or any pa of the sys art stem. Average demand e Avera demand of the system means its load requ age d uirement in M or MVA averaged o MW over a longer du uration of tim a day, a week, a mo me onth or a ye ear. Average demand m be calcu e may ulated from ene ergy requirem ment over a specified tim as follow : me Averag demand = ge

Energy required ove time " t" in KW hr r er "t t"

Diversified Demand It is the demand of the composite group as a whole of somewhat unrelated loads over a specified period of time. Maximum diversified demand It is the maximum sum of the contribution of the individual demands to the diversified demand over a specified time interval.

Definitions of Some Factors


Demand factor It is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the load connected load of the system:
Fdm =
Maximum Demand Total connected demand

= Dm
TCD

Where: Dm = Max. Demand TCD = Total connected demand The demand factor can also be found for a part of the system, e.g. an industrial, commercial or residential customer instead of for the whole system. The demand factor is dimensionless and usually less than one. Table 1 shows some typical demand factors of different types of load. Diversity factor It is "the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivision of a system to the maximum of the whole system". Therefore the diversity factor (Fd) is:

Di Sum of individualMaximumDemand D1 D2 D3 ....... Dn i 1 Fd CoincidentMaximumDemand Dg Dg


Where: Di = Maximum demand of load i Dg = coincident maximum demand of group of N load Or Fd can be written as:
Fd =

1 N (TCD )i ( Fdm)i Dg i 1

Coincident factor It is "the ratio of the maximum coincident total demand of a group of consumers to the sum of the maximum power demands of individual consumers comprising the group both taken at the same point of supply for the same time" [4]. Therefore the coincidence factor (Fc) is: Fc =

1 Coincidence maximum demand Dg = N = sum of individual maximum demand F Di d


i 1

(2.5)

Table 1 Demand factor of different types of load


Typesofload Commercial: Restraint.Shop&office University,Schools 0.5 Club.Cinemas,etc. 0.5 Hotels Industrial: lighting 1.0 Motors: Generalpurposes,pumps,press,etc. Semicontinuousoperation,papersmills. Continuesoperationstextilemills. 0.9 Chemicalplant. 0.9 Arcfurnaces Resistancefurnaces 0.8 Arcwelding Resistancewelding 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.5 DemandFactor

0.7

Residential: Househas3- rooms Househasmorethan5rooms Lighting,Refrigerator Washingmachine 0.60.8 0.450.65 0.9 0.6

Table Diversity Factor for Categories of Load

Elementofsystem betweenwhichdiversity factorsarestated: BetweenIndividualUsers BetweenTransformers BetweenFeeders BetweenSubstations FromUserstoTransformer FromUserstoFeeder FromUserstoSubstation Residential Lighting

DiversityFactorsFor: Commercial Lighting General power 1.45 1.35 1.15 1.1 1.44 1.95

LargeUser 1.05 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.32 1.45

2.0
1.3 1.15 1.1

1.46
1.3 1.15 1.1 1.46 1.9 2.12 2.4

2 2.6
3.0 3.29

FromUserstoGeneratingStation

2.24 2.46

[1]RecommendedPracticeforElectricPowerDistributionforIndustrialPlants,IEEEStd1411969. [2]TextBook

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