Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

1.1. Khi nim v C in t Thut ng "c in t" (Mechatronics) do ng Tetsuro Mori, mt k s lm vic trong lnh vc my cng c ca Nht Bn, dng ln u vo nm 1969 ni v mt cng ngh mi, da trn s tch hp phn my c kh (Mechanics) vi h iu khin in t (Electronics). Ngay sau , c in t c c th gii tha nhn vi t cch l mt ngnh k thut cao, trong bao hm nhng vn v thit k, trin khai ng dng cc thit b c kh c tch hp vi h iu khin in t. Cc thit b trn cng c gi l h C in t (Mechatronic Systems). hiu v c in t, cn quan tm n 3 kha cnh ca n: Qu trnh hnh thnh ngnh c in t, theo ti liu ca HTH Praha, c th hin trong hnh 1.1: gc ca c in t l ngnh c kh, qua giai on c kh ho, tch hp k thut in thnh lnh vc c - in, cui cng tch hp vi k thut phn mm thnh c in t. S ny cng cho thy, ngnh c kh tt yu s pht trin theo hng c in t nhng khng phi bng cch ghp ni c hc gia phn c kh v phn in nh trc y m trong c s bin i v cht, i hi s lin kt hu c gia cc lnh vc k thut: c kh, in t, iu khin, phn mm to ra my mc c hm lng tr tu cao.

Hnh 1. 1: S hnh thnh v pht trin ca c in t V phng din k thut, ngy nay, c in t c hiu l mt k thut lin ngnh, pht trin trn c s nhng thnh tu tin tin nht ca k thut c kh, in t, iu khin t ng, k thut my tnh. C in t tr thnh cng ngh nn ca hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip (ch to t, hng khng v tr, y t, quc phng, xy dng) v cc ngnh dch v, phc v sinh hot, gii tr,... (hnh 1.2, a). Mt s h c in t in

hnh l my cng c iu khin s (my CNC), h thng sn xut linh hot, robot, my bay, tn la, cc loi v kh (hoc my) tinh khn,... V phng din sn phm, c in t l mt h thng c tch hp mt cch hu c t h chp hnh, cm bin v b iu khin. Mt h c in t hon chnh c v nh mt c th sng (hnh 1.2, b), trong cc h c bp, cc gic quan v h thn kinh c lin kt hu c vi nhau. S tch hp trong c in t khng ch thng qua cc ghp ni c hc m cn c cc quan h v tn hiu v iu khin. xut hin rt nhiu nh ngha v c in t (xem ph lc 1). S khng thng nht ny l d hiu, v ngnh c in t mi ch xut hin c cha y na th k. Tuy nhin, nh ngha sau bao hm y nht nhng c trng ca c in t: C in t l mt k thut lin ngnh, sinh ra do s tch hp hu c gia k thut c kh, in t, khoa hc my tnh v cng ngh thng tin, dng thit k cc sn phm thng minh. V c in t, trc ht ngi ta ngh n mt h t duy, trong kin thc thuc cc lnh vc khoa hc khc nhau c vn dng tng hp thit k ti u cc h c in. Cc lnh vc khoa hc ch yu l: c kh, in, in t, iu khin v cng ngh thng tin. Ni khc i, c in t l mt k thut lin ngnh.

(a) Hnh 1. 2: Cc m hnh c in t

(b)

S trn hnh 1.1 cho thy c in t pht trin t ngnh c kh bng cch tch hp dn k thut in, in t, phn mm. Trn cc thit b c in t, phn c kh l nn tng, quyt nh chc nng, tnh nng k thut, hiu dng, gi tr ca ton h thng. H iu khin d c hin i n my th cng phi l thuc vo h thng c
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 2

kh. Cc sn phm c in t hin c: my bay, robot, tn la, my CNC,... vn c xut x t ngnh c kh. Ngy nay, mc d chc nng ca nhiu b phn iu khin c kh c in c chuyn sang in, in t, phn mm nhng cc c cu cng tc vn phi l c kh. V d, d cc ln (thun c kh) trn cc my gia cng cao tc c thay bng thu lc, kh nn, t,... c cc thng s iu khin c th nguyn l lm vic ca chng vn da trn cc tng tc c hc. Mt khc, chnh cc c cu truyn ng v cng tc cng c nng cp, bin i rt nhiu. Hnh 1.3 m t chi tit hn qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin c in t.

Hnh 1. 3: Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin c in t Cc my mc u tin (my hi nc, ng c t trong, bm,...) l cc thit b thun c kh. Chng dn dn c chuyn ho thnh cc thit b c kh c truyn ng in, thit b c kh c iu khin t ng vi cc cp khc nhau (dng r le, in t tng t, in t s,...). Cc h thng ch c coi l c in t khi phn c kh c tch hp h iu khin dng VXL, my tnh s, cc sensor v chp hnh da trn cng ngh s,... Qu trnh hnh thnh c in t l qu trnh nng cp dn h thng nh nhng thnh tu mi ca k thut c kh, in, iu khin t ng, in t s, my tnh,... Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh nng cp, t bin i , c in t dn dn tch t cc t cht m ngnh c kh truyn thng khng c. Ni cch khc, so vi c kh truyn
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 3

thng th c in t c s pht trin mi, khc v cht. Hnh 1.3 cng cho thy, cc my cng c, robot cng nghip, a my tnh,... cha c coi l c in t nu cha c tch hp phn "tr tu" da trn phn cng c kh - in t tch hp v phn mm,... chc nng. Do s khc bit v cht ca cc h c in t so vi c kh truyn thng, vic thit k ra cc h c in t c thc hin theo mt phng thc khc (thit k ng thi, top-down), i hi cng c khc (m hnh ho, m phng, a ngnh). V kt cu sn phm, h thng c in t c tch hp t h thng thng tin (phn tr tu) vo mt h vt l (hnh 1.4).

Hnh 1. 4: Cu trc in hnh ca h c in t Nh c tch hp cc phn t cm bin, chp hnh v iu khin in, in t vi phn mm m cc sn phm c in t c nhiu u im so vi cc sn phm c kh c: tnh nng u vit, thn thin vi ngi dng, lm vic chnh xc, hiu qu, r tin, nh gn, tin cy, tiu hao t nng lng, an ton, d thay i mu m,... minh ho, chng ta hy so snh b iu chnh nhit c kh kiu c (hnh 1.5, a) vi b iu chnh nhit in t (hnh 1.5, b). Vi b c kh, nhit c t nh nm vn, t chnh xc thp v di iu chnh hp, hin th trn vnh chia kh c. B in t cho php t nhit bng phm s, t chnh xc cao v di iu chnh rng, hin th s d c. Hn na, ta cng thy b in t khng c c cu truyn ng c kh, lm vic khng c lc tc dng nn khng c hao mn c hc, tiu tn t nng lng, gn nh, kiu dng p. Ngoi ra, thit b in t thng d ch to, r tin v d s dng, an ton.

(b) (a) Hnh 1. 5: B iu chnh nhit c kh v in t

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

Mt v d na v hiu qu ca vic thay th cc thit b c kh bng thit b c in t lin quan n h thng chng kho phanh(*) trn t (Antilock Braking System ABS). Theo ti liu ca hng in t Bosch (c), cc phin bn u tin ca ABS s dng ng c thu lc, t trng phn mm nh nn c khi lng ln, cng knh, km hiu qu. Sau , nh tch hp b iu khin in t v phn mm, thit b tr nn gn, nh, c nhiu tnh nng u vit hn, lm vic hiu qu hn (hnh 1.6).

Hnh 1. 6: S thay i khi lng phn c kh v phn mm ca ABS V kha cnh phng php lun, thit k c in t khc vi thit k truyn thng vi c trng tun t, chia ct theo tng lnh vc, cn gi l "thit k di ln (Bottomup)". Thit k kiu c in t l thit k ng thi, kt hp cc lnh vc, hay "thit k trn xung (Top-down)". V d, trc y thng ngi ta thit k v ch to phn c kh, sau lp t phn truyn ng in, mch iu khin, ri cui cng mi n phn mm. Cch lm thng sinh ra cc yu cu tha, lm cho h thng cng knh, ri rm, thm ch giai on sau phi sa li ca giai on trc. Ngy nay, ngi ta xy dng cc m hnh a vt l (c, in, thu, kh,...), chp hnh v iu khin ng thi, theo kiu m hnh 1-> m phng -> m hnh 2,... kim tra v hon thin dn kt cu v cc thng s, ri cui cng mi ch to theo m hnh c thit k ti u. Phng php thit k ny va nhanh, va d t gii php ti u: gn, tin cy, r, d ch to nh phi hp c cc im mnh ca tng lnh vc, khng nhng chng khng cn tr nhau m cn b tr, b tr cho nhau. Nhng c trng ca sn phm (phn vt l tch hp tr tu) v phng php thit k ng thi i hi cng c thit k mi, da trn k thut m hnh ho, m phng, ti u ho c tr gip ca my tnh. Nhiu cng c thit k n ngnh trc y, nh cc phn mm CAD thun tu dng cho c kh (Solidwork, Pro/Engineer) hoc cc
l khi momen phanh qu ln, lm cho bnh xe b cht b vi trc, khng quay c, bnh xe lt trn mt ng, lm mt kh nng li, rt nguy him.
(*)

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

phn mm tch hp h thng (Matlab) c b sung cc cng c hoc lin kt vi nhau thnh cc mi trng thit k a ngnh p ng nhu cu thit k c in t. Thit k c in t cng i hi hnh thc t chc mi i vi cc cn b thit k. l hnh thc nhm cng tc thay cho hnh thc t chc truyn thng, trong cc k s c kh, in, in t, phn mm,... lm vic c lp vi nhau. Trong nhm thit k c in t, chc nng iu hnh d n thng do k s c in t m nhim v c vai tr c bit quan trng. Ngi iu hnh phi bit thit k, phn tch tng th h thng, t ra yu cu, phn cng v ch o cc thnh vin (l cc k s c kh, in, in t, phn mm) thc hin cc phn vic ring bit ca h, v s l ngi kim tra ln cui, ni ghp, hiu chnh, lp trnh, thit t cc tham s chung cho h thng. Phng php lm vic nh vy c gi l tip cn h thng. 1.2. Cu trc c bn ca h C in t Nh hnh 1.4 ch r, c in t l mt h thng c tch hp mt cch hu c gia phn vt l v phn tr tu (thng tin). 1.2.1. H thng thng tin Phn (hay h thng) thng tin bao gm cc modul lin quan n truyn, x l tn hiu, phn tch v iu khin. Ngi ta thng ni n cc modul m hnh ho, m phng, iu khin v ti u ho. M hnh ho (Modeling) l s m t i tng (thit b, qu trnh) thc thng qua mt ngn ng thch hp. Kt qu m t c gi l m hnh (Model). Tu theo ngn ng m t, c m hnh dng vt l (dng thu nh hay n gin ho, cch iu vt thc), dng ho, th hay s khi, dng ton hc (phng trnh i s, phng trnh vi phn). M hnh c cu trc kiu nhn - qu (Cause - Effect), ngha l n nhn cc thng tin bn ngoi (nguyn nhn) v a ra kt qu x l. Gi tr ca thng tin nhn vo c th khng i (gi l tham s - Parameter) hoc bin i theo thi gian (gi chung l lng vo - Input). Lng ra thng bin i theo thi gian v c gi chung l Output. Tu theo s lng tn hiu vo v s lng tn hiu ra, ngi ta phn bit h thng Single-Input, Single-Output - SISO, Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output - MIMO,... Cn ch rng m hnh khng phi i tng thc, v vy khng th v khng cn to ra m hnh ging nh thc. Tu theo nhu cu nghin cu m ngi ta ch trng m t cc kha cnh thch hp ca i tng. iu lm cho m hnh n gin v c s dng c hiu qu. V d, khi m t mt in tr bng cng thc I = U/R, ngi ta ch quan tm n hin tng vt l: khi t ln in tr (R) mt in p (U) th s xut hin mt dng in (I) chy qua n ch khng n hin tng pht nhit trn in tr, mc d hin tng lun lun xy ra. Nhng khi s dng in tr b nhit th li phi quan tm n mi quan h gia in tr v nhit ca vt dn.

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

M phng (Simulation) l qu trnh kho st m hnh nh gi, d on phn ng ca i tng thc trc cc tc ng bn ngoi. Ni nh vy th m phng gn v khi nim vi phn tch v chng c th c dng ln vi nhau. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s ngi th m phng l mt phng php phn tch, s dng cc cng c biu din trc quan hn v ngy nay thng c thc hin trn my tnh. Matlab-Simulink (sn phm ca hng Mathworks), LabView (hng National Instruments), cc cng c CAD/CAM/CAE l cc v d in hnh v cng c phn tch v m phng. iu khin (Control): Trc tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi, mt h thng mun lm vic c th phi c iu khin. iu khin l s tc ng ln i tng nhm t c kt qu (nhn c p ng u ra) mong mun. Tu theo mc ch iu khin, ngi ta phn bit hai dng iu khin: - iu khin a hot ng ca i tng v trng thi mong mun. - iu khin duy tr trng thi mong mun ca i tng trc s bin ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi. Trong k thut, khi nim iu khin thng c dng ln vi khi nim iu khin t ng, ngha l qu trnh iu khin m khng c s can thip trc tip ca con ngi, hay ni nm na l s "iu khin mt my bng mt my khc". n y, chng ta hiu vai tr, chc nng ca k thut iu khin vi t cch l mt lnh vc k thut quan trng trong thit k v t hp c in t v vai tr, chc nng ca b iu khin vi t cch l mt b phn khng th thiu c ca h c in t. Ti u ho (Optimization) l gii quyt vn phn phi, s dng (cc) ngun ti nguyn c hn t c mc tiu t ra vi mc tt nht c th. Trong cc m hnh ti u ho, mc tiu cn t c biu din bng hm mc tiu (Objective Function), cn cc ngun ti nguyn vi nhng iu kin hn ch (rng buc) ca chng c biu din di dng h cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh rng buc (Constraint Conditions). M hnh tng qut ca bi ton ti u ho nh sau: Max (min) hm mc tiu: M(x1, x2, ..., xn) Vi cc iu kin: F1(x1, x2, ..., xn) = B1 ................................ Fm(x1, x2, ..., xn) = Bm Trong n l s bin, m l s iu kin rng buc. H iu kin rng buc biu din trong khng gian n chiu min nghim chp nhn c. Nu b mt M(.) c cc im nm trong khng gian F th bi ton c nghim ti u.

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

1.2.2. Cc h thng vt l H thng vt l cn c gi l h thc gm c cc phn t vt l, c cu to t vt cht, ngha l con ngi c th cm nhn c bng cc gic quan. Trong s cc h thng vt l c cc h thng c kh, in, chp hnh, cm bin, chuyn i A/D v D/A, my tnh, giao din thi gian thc. H thng c kh c th l h vt rn bin dng hay khng bin dng, cht lng. H vt rn tuyt i tun theo cc nh lut ca c hc Newton. H vt rn bin dng thng c nghin cu trong gii hn n hi v tun theo cc nh lut ca c hc n hi. Cht lng (Fluid) trong k thut c phn thnh 2 loi: cht lng khng nn c, gi l thu (Liquid) v cht lng nn c, gi l kh (Gas). Nhng vn nn tng khoa hc ca k thut thu kh c nghin cu trong c hc cht lng (Fluid Mechanics). H thng in c 3 i lng c bn, l in lng, dng in v in p. Tu theo i tng c truyn m ngi ta phn bit h thng tn hiu (hay thng tin - v h thng cng sut. H thng thng tin c chc nng truyn dn, x l, lu tr thng tin. H thng cng sut dng truyn nng lng vi cng sut ln. Cc phn t c bn trong cc h thng in l: ng c v my pht, cm bin, mch in, cc phn t chuyn i. H thng my tnh bao gm cc modul phn cng c trng, nh mch logic, flip-flop, m, nh thi, trigger, mch tch hp, cc b vi x l v phn mm. Trong c in t, my tnh thng ng vai tr b iu khin. Chng c th l PC vn nng vi cc phn mm tng ng, cc chip iu khin chuyn dng hoc cc my tnh nhng (Embedded Computer). H thng cm bin v chp hnh. Cc cm bin ng vai tr cm nhn cc thng s vt l (in p, nhit , p sut, lu lng, lc, vn tc, gia tc,...) ca h thng v ca mi trng. H thng chp hnh c chc nng to ra "hnh ng" cho thit b. Theo bn cht vt l, c h thng chp hnh in t, thu lc, kh nn, p in,... Giao din thi gian thc (Real-Time Interface). My tnh iu khin phi nhn tn hiu phn hi t sensor gim st trng thi v phn ng ca h thng, ng thi pht lnh iu khin n c cu chp hnh. Gia my tnh v cc h thng trn thng khng c s tng thch v dng v mc nng lng, tn hiu lm vic. V d, my tnh thng nhn tn hiu in p thp (di 10V), dng s; khng nhn trc tip cc tn hiu dng tng t, nh dng in, p sut, nhit ,... My tnh thng a ra tn hiu in p thp, dng nh (10V, 1mA). Trong khi , cc thit b khc, nh ng c in, xilanh thu lc, r le, sensor,... li i hi cng sut ln lm vic. Chng lm vic vi cc tn hiu khc nhau v bn cht vt l v gi tr. V vy, cn c mt giao din, gip vic trao i tn hiu gia my tnh vi cc h thng theo thi gian thc. Chng ta gi l giao din thi gian thc. Tn hiu trc khi vo my tnh cn c chuyn sang dng in p vi mc in p ph hp vi mch trong my tnh, t dng tng t sang dng s
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 8

(A/D). Tn hiu ra t my tnh cn c bin i theo yu cu iu khin thit b chp hnh: D/A, khuych i, chuyn thnh p sut, t, lc c hc,... 1.3. c im thit k c in t 1.3.1. Phng php thit k truyn thng Theo phng php truyn thng, trnh t thit k, ch to mt thit b t ng c th hn trong hnh 1.7: - Trc ht, k s c kh thit k (thit k s b, tnh ton ng hc, tnh ton ng lc hc, thit k truyn ng c kh, tnh chn ng c, thit k khung ga, thit k cc c cu iu khin c kh,...); ch to (gia cng, lp rp) hon chnh phn c kh ca thit b, k c sn. - Tip theo, k s c in lp t hon chnh h thng in ng lc (ng c in, cc kh c in, t in, Hnh 1. 7: Trnh t thit k truyn ngun in ng lc,...). thng - K s in t hoc k s iu khin thit k, lp t phn cng ca h iu khin (thit k mch, chn phn t, lm mch, ni ghp phn cng,...), thit k v vit phn mm iu khin. hiu bit cc h thng cng tc (chc nng, iu kin lm vic, quy trnh hot ng,...) k s in t cn s gip ca k s c kh. - Kim tra, hiu chnh, thit t ch hoc tham s cng tc. Nhim v ny do k s c kh (vn hiu tng tn h thng) thc hin vi s tr gip ca k s in, in t, phn mm. Quy trnh thit k, ch to truyn thng ni trn c tnh tun t, c cc nhc im: - Thi gian thit k, ch to b ko di do cc nhm k s lm vic theo tun t, xong giai on ny mi sang giai on tip. - Cc nhm k s lm vic c lp, chia ct vi nhau, nn rt kh bn bc, thng nht a ra gii php tng th ti u. - Trnh t thit k t di ln, thiu gii php h thng tng th. Trong tng giai on, tng nhm k s lun c xu hng mun "ng gi" sn phm, mun cho sn phm ca mnh hon thin nn khi ghp ni vi nhau s sinh ra cc phn tha, khin cho giai on sau phi ct b, sa cha sn phm ca giai on trc, va tn km, va dn n tnh trng chp v, km hiu qu. Trong ton b qu trnh thit k, ch to, k s c kh ng vai tr ch o. Do , tt nht l k s c kh t thit k v tch hp b iu khin cho thit b ca mnh. Tuy
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 9

nhin, theo truyn thng, k s c kh khng c trang b cc kin thc cn thit v in, in t, iu khin nn tm bao qut ca h b hn ch. H thng a ra cc gii php thin v c kh, khin sn phm b cng knh, nng n, tiu tn nhiu nng lng, km linh hot. Hnh 1.8, a cho thy k s c kh ch c th can thip c vo phn my cng tc. K s iu khin v k s in t ch c th can thip vo phn iu khin (hnh 1.8, b). Nhu cu sn xut hin i i hi phng php thit k, ch to mi: - Thc hin ng thi vic thit k c kh, iu khin (hnh 1.8, c) kt hp tip cn h thng, trn xung cho php rt ngn chu k sn xut, ng thi loi b cc yu cu tha, khin cho sn phm c kt cu hp l, tin cy, r tin. - S dng mi trng thit k o da trn k thut m hnh ho, m phng cho php thc hin phng php thit k hin i. l thit k theo phng php c in t.

Hnh 1. 8: Nhim v ca KS. c kh (a), iu khin (b), c in t (c) 1.3.2. Phng php thit k c in t V nguyn tc, qu trnh thit k c in t c chia lm 3 bc: m hnh ho v m phng, to mu, trin khai (hnh 1-9). Nhim v ca bc m hnh ho v m phng l t hp m hnh ti u trong my tnh. Qu trnh thit k c bt u t phc tho tng v xc nh chc nng ca thit b, tip theo l thit lp m hnh nguyn l - dng m hnh n gin, m t cc chc nng c bn ca h thng. M hnh t hp modul chi tit, m t y v chnh xc hn v cc chc nng ca h, nhn c nh b sung thm cc khi cm bin v chp hnh. Cui cng, b iu khin c tch hp vo nhn c cc p ng cn thit ca h. Qu trnh m hnh ho, m phng c lp i lp li cho n khi nhn c m hnh ti u. Trong bc to mu, ngi ta thay th mt s khi ca m hnh o (trong my tnh) bng cc modul thc. c th l i tng (Plant-in-the-loop), phn cng (Hardware-in-the-loop) hoc phn mm iu khin (Software-in-the-loop). Cc modul cm bin v chp hnh gi chc nng lin kt gia cc modul thc v cc modul o.
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 10

Hnh 1. 9: Qu trnh thit k c in t Bc cui cng l trin khai ch to sn phm hon chnh: ch to c kh, chp hnh, truyn ng; ni ghp phn cng iu khin (nhng), ci t phn mm iu khin (nhng) v xc nh cc thng s, phc v cho chu trnh hon thin, nng cp. Sau y l tm tt cc chc nng ca mi trng thit k c in t, cn gi l Computer Aided Prototyping Environment. - M hnh ho: To m hnh dng s khi hoc ho trc quan m t trc quan, d hiu cc i tng hoc qu trnh thc. - M phng: Cc phng php s phn tch cc m hnh ton hc, cha cc phng trnh vi phn, ri rc, hn hp, ring, n, dng tuyn tnh cng nh phi tuyn. Chc nng ny cn c kh nng chuyn sang m phng thi gian thc v phi c kh nng chy nhanh hn qu trnh thc. - Qun l d n: CSDL lu tr cc thng tin v d n thit k v cc modul ca n dng li khi cn. - Thit k: Cc phng php s ti u ho c iu kin cc chc nng ca h thng theo cc tham s v tn hiu vo. - Phn tch: Cc phng php s kho st cc tham s thit k trong min tn s, thi gian v phc. - Giao din thi gian thc: Bng mch cm (phn cng), thay th cho mt phn ca m hnh, ni ghp vi cc khi khc nh cm bin v chp hnh, to thnh mi trng Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation hoc Rapid Prototyping v c th vn hnh trong thi gian thc.

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

11

- Xut chng trnh: To ra t m hnh s khi hoc dng ho trc quan chng trnh iu khin theo ngn ng bc cao (hin nay thng dng ngn ng C). Chng trnh c th c bin dch v np cho b x l nhng. - Giao din x l nhng: B x l nhng trong sn phm cui cng v giao din truyn thng gia n vi mi trng to mu c tr gip ca my tnh (Computer Aided Prototyping Environment). Mi trng ny cn c gi l mu ton h thng (Full System Prototype). 1.4. Xu hng pht trin ca c in t C in t c ng dng vo thc t trc khi KS. Tetsuro Mori xut thut ng Mechatronics vo nm 1966. Tp ch "Technology Review" ca MIT xp c in t vo nhm 10 cng ngh ca th k 21 c kh nng lm thay i th gii. Vi c ch m, c in t c kh nng tip thu cc thnh tu mi nht v: - Cng ngh nn: truyn ng c kh chnh xc n nano mt, cc loi t, m khng kh cho php chuyn ng n hng chc vn vng/pht; cc loi vi x l, k thut truyn thng, k thut tnh ton song song; k thut phng sinh (Biomimetic Engineering), vi c in t (Micro-Electromechanical System - MEMS), nano c in t (Nano-Electromechanical System - NEMS), tr tu nhn to (Artificial Intelligents AI), trong c nhng nhnh rt quan trng, l mng n-ron nhn to (Artificial Neural Network - ANN), logic m (Fuzzy Logic - FL), gii thut gen (Genitic Algorithm - GA),... Nh vy m ngi ta ch to ra cc modul (cm bin, chp hnh, c cu, b iu khin) v cc thit b ngy cng tinh xo, linh hot v thng minh - Cc cng c CAD/CAE trong c kh, in t, iu khin ngy cng pht trin v gp phn ht sc quan trng vo thit k, kho st, phn tch, nh gi,... khin cho vic thit k cc h c in t phc tp c d dng v hiu qu. Khng th k ht c cc ng dng ca c in t mi lnh vc ca cuc sng. Cc sn phm c in t, nh my nh s, my git theo chng trnh, h thng gim st an ninh to nh,... gp phn lm thay i cch sng, cch lm vic, ngh ngi, gii tr, chm sc sc kho, i li,... ca ngi dn. Trong quc phng, an ninh, cc loi v kh mi (tn la hnh trnh, my bay khng ngi li, xe tng v my bay tng hnh, robot chin trng,... lm thay i phng thc tc chin ca qun i. Trong sn xut, c in t khng ch lm thay i phng php thit k, ch to sn phm m cn m ra trin vng ca mt nn sn xut thng minh. sn xut ra hng ho cht lng cao, gi r, nhiu nh sn xut tm cch gim nhu cu lao ng trc tip bng cch tng cng k thut t ng trong iu khin v qun l sn xut. c in t ng gp vo hot ng ny vi cc h thng t gim st (Autonomous Inspection System), h thng ra quyt nh thng minh (Intelligent Decision-Making System),... cho php h thng sn xut hon thnh nhim v mt cch t ng, khng cn s can thip trc tip ca con ngi v c kh nng thch ng linh hot trc mi tc ng t bn ngoi.
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 12

H thng gim st thng minh h thng sn xut c kh (hnh 1. 10) c tch hp t cc h thng iu khin qu trnh theo s phn cp ca h thng. Cp thp nht l Servo Control, iu khin cc c cu truyn ng ca my cng c vi chu trnh c mili-giy. Cp tip theo l iu khin qu trnh (Process Control), gim st cc thng s ca qu trnh, nh lc ct, mn dao,... vi chu trnh c 10ms. Cp gim st (Supervisory Control) c chu k lm vic c 1 giy, gim st cc thng s ca sn phm, nh kch thc, nhm b mt,... a ra cc lnh hiu chnh ch gia cng cho cc cp di. Cc thng tin t cp gim st s c dng trong vic ti u ho qu trnh sn xut cp phn xng (Shop Floor Control) v cp nh my (Plant Control).

Hnh 1. 10: H thng gim st thng minh qu trnh sn xut Trc sc p ngy cng gia tng ca th trng v mu m, chng loi, cht lng v s lng sn phm, cc nh sn xut phi thng xuyn thay i chin lc sn xut. Cc h thng sn xut linh hot (FMS) vi s kt hp gia k thut iu khin s, k thut gim st trc tuyn v cng ngh nhm chng t kh nng p ng yu cu ny. Tuy nhin, cc nhc im ca sn xut linh hot (xut pht t cu trc kn trong kt cu c kh, phn cng v phn mm iu khin ca cc thit b iu khin s) cng bc l. Cc nhc im l chi ph u t cao, kh thit k, lp t v s dng, kh nng cp. Tnh trng c khc phc bng cch to ra cc thit b v h thng sn xut c cu trc m, v d cc my cng c ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Machine Tool - RMT) hoc h thng sn xut ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Manufacturing System - RMS). Th mnh ca c in t l c kh nng ng dng mnh m cc thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh tin tin, ng thi c mi trng ng dng khng b hn ch. Ngc li, chnh s i hi ca trng ng dng v cc thnh tu mi ca khoa hc, cng ngh li to cho c in t nhng iu kin khng ngng i mi din mo ca mnh. 1.5. Vai tr ca k s c in t trong x hi hin i Bt c mt quc gia no, d giu hay ngho, d tin tin hay lc hu v khoa hc, cng ngh,... u khng th nm ngoi vng xoy ca cn lc hng ti mt x hi
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 13

hin i. Trn quan im sn xut cng nghip, chng ta c th k ra nhng c im c bn ca x hi hin i nh sau: - X hi hin i hng ti tho mn ti a nhu cu tiu dng ca c nhn. Cho n gia th k XX, khch hng cn chp nhn s dng cc dng c sn xut hng lot, tuy bn chc, tin cy, gi r nhng mu m n iu, t thay i,... V d, mt mu t c th tn ti trn dy chuyn sn xut n vi chc nm; sau khi xut xng chng cn c dng n vi chc nm tip theo. Vo thi gian , vic pht trin mt loi t mi (t thit k, chun b cng ngh, lp t dy chuyn, ch th,...) cng phi ko di t 5 n 10 nm. Nh vy mt k s c kh c th c i ch lm vic vi mt loi hoc vi loi t tng t nhau. Ngay trong nh trng, anh ta c nghin cu rt t m v kt cu, c thc hnh tho lp rt thnh tho mi loi t nn ra trng l lm vic c ngay. Sau , t khi tt nghip cho n khi ngh hu, anh ta khng cn o to b sung, ch cn tch lu kinh nghim ngh nghip l . Cho n nhng nm 197X, cc k s thuc tng con c, thuc lng tng pan thuc mu ngi c ngng m nht. T nhng nm cui th k XX, u th k XXI, khch hng ngy cng t chp nhn sn xut hng lot, c tm l chuyn dn sang thch dng " tha", tho mn nhng yu cu ring bit ca mnh. Mt khc, tm l "n chc mc bn" khng cn tn ti. Khch hng thch thng xuyn thay i kiu dng, tnh nng ca dng. Ngy nay, dng b loi b khng phi v hng (hao mn vt l) m v kiu c, tnh nng khng hin i (hao mn v hnh). Khng nhng th, dng cn phi ph hp vi ti tin, mi trng s dng v tp qun ca ngi dng. V d, t c thit k ring cho ngi chu u, ngi chu ; t cho cc VIP, cc "sao", cho ngi c thu nhp thp,... Cc hng sn xut t mi nm phi a ra hng chc mu t mi. Nu tnh n sn phm ca tt c cc hng sn xut t th s chng loi tht s l con s khng l, mu m th thay i n chng mt. Trong bi cnh , khng mt nh trng no c kh nng o to ra cc k s "tho ngh" nh trc y. K s hin i phi c o to theo hng chuyn mn rng, c kh nng thch nghi cao, bit s dng cc thit b cng ngh hin i (v d thit b chn on) thay cho kinh nghim c nhn. - Trong x hi hin i, kt cu, tnh nng ca cc sn phm cng nghip thay i v cn bn. S thay i v kt cu, tnh nng ca sn phm cng nghip chu tc ng t 2 pha. Mt mt, do tiu ch cht lng ca sn phm thay i. Ngy nay, ngi tiu dng t quan tm n bn chc, n tui th m quan tm nhiu hn n tin nghi, s nh nhng, gim chi ph nng lng, an ton, gim nhim mi trng,... Mt khc, vic ng dng cc thnh tu tin tin nht ca khoa hc, cng ngh cng to ra nhng tin b vt bc v kt cu, tnh nng ca sn phm. Cng ly v d v t, cc h thng gim st v iu khin trn c s k thut in t, my tnh c s dng rng ri: phun xng in t thay cho ch ho kh c in gip tit kim xng, tng cng sut ng c, gim nhim mi trng; h thng chng kho phanh in t nh gn, lm vic tin cy, thng minh, hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi h
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 14

thng c kh; ti kh (Airbag) l thit b c in t (dng MEM Accelerometer), to ra cc ti kh khi va chm, trnh cho ngi ngi trong xe b va vo cc vt cng; cc thit b gim st, iu khin iu ho khng kh, ng ca, chng trm,... c iu khin bng my tnh to ra mi trng thoi mi trong xe. Hu ht cc h thit b trn l sn phm c in t, c sn xut sn theo modul, cc nh sn xut t ch vic chn v tch hp ln xe ca mnh hoc lp t theo yu cu ring ca khch hng. Xu hng thay i kt cu, tnh nng ca sn phm nh trong v d trn i hi cc k s bo tr khng ch kin thc c kh m c kin thc in, in t, phn mm. K s c cc phm cht mi chnh l k s c in t. - Nhng yu cu mi v tnh nng, mu m buc cc nh sn xut phi thay i cng ngh. Vo nhng nm 1950, khi cc sn phm sn xut hng lot c a chung th cng ngh sn xut kiu dy chuyn hng khi l ch o v c hiu qu cao. Ngy nay, sn phm a dng, mu m thay i nhanh khin sn xut lot nh vi cc thit b t ng iu khin s (my v trung tm gia cng CNC, robot cng nghip, xe t hnh (AGV), kho hng t ng,...) c ng dng rng ri v c hiu qu cao hn. iu gii thch v sao cng ngh nhm (Group Technology - GT), sn xut linh hot (Flexible Manufacturing Systems - FMS) c pht minh t gia th k trc nhng cho n cui th k XX, u th k XXI mi c ng dng rng ri. Mt xu hng mi na trong cng ngh ch to sn phm hin i l modul ho v tch hp h thng. Vic ch to "t A n Z" mt sn phm phc tp, gm c cc h thng c kh, in t, phn cng, phn mm khng mang li hiu qu cho cc nh sn xut. Chuyn mn ho to iu kin cho mi cng ty tp trung u t vo lnh vc c th mnh nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu sn xut. T hnh thnh cc hng chuyn sn xut cc modul chuyn dng, v d Siemens (CHLB), Omron (Nht) chuyn sn xut cc thit b in t, iu khin; cc hng khc sn xut c kh v t hp ton b thit b. Ngy nay cc modul iu khin c sn xut theo tiu chun, s dng cc chun giao tip, truyn thng chung, km theo cc th vin phn mm, sn sng cho vic tch hp vo h thng cng tc. Xu hng modul ho, tiu chun ho kt cu gip cho cc k s khng phi chuyn ngnh in t v iu khin nhng hiu bit v h thng cng tc c th t tch hp h iu khin. Thc t cho thy k s c kh (thit k ra c cu cng tc) tip cn h iu khin d dng hn cc k s iu khin tip cn phn cng tc. Nu k s c kh c trang b kin thc v k nng iu khin mc cn thit (k s c in t) th vic t hp h thng i vi h cng d dng hn. Nhng phn tch trn cho thy nhu cu sn xut v i sng trong x hi hin i sinh ra mt loi k s mi: k s c in t. C th ni, hin nay khng c ngnh no c x hi quan tm nh c in t. n vi c in t v tham gia vo o to, nghin cu, ng dng c in t c chuyn gia t cc ngnh c kh, t ng ho, in t, cng ngh thng tin. H tm thy ting ni chung, tm c c in t, v thc s l iu rt ng mng cho c in t. Nhng nhn theo kha cnh khc th y cng l th thch: c in t c g ring? k s c in t c g khc vi k s c kh, t
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 15

ng ho, in t, CNTT, tch hp h thng? C tr li c tho ng cc cu hi trn th vic t chc o to, hc tp c in t mi mang li kt qu mong mun. K s c kh hot ng trong lnh vc ng dng cc nguyn tc vt l phn tch, thit k, ch to v bo tr cc h thng c kh. Kin thc c s ngnh ca k s c kh gm: C hc: c hc l thuyt (tnh hc, ng hc, ng lc hc), sc bn vt liu,... Nhit hc: nhit ng hc, truyn nhit, bin i nng lng,... C hc cht lng v cht kh; C s thit k my (chi tit my, nguyn l my, ng lc hc my,...); K thut truyn ng thu lc, kh nn; Cng ngh gia cng v lp rp c kh; K thut o v dng c o; Cc cng c CAD/CAM/CAE. K s c kh thng c o to theo cc chuyn ngnh: t, my cng c, c kh hng khng, c kh dt may, c kh nng nghip,... vi cc mn hc chuyn ngnh tng ng. K s in t (chnh xc l k s in, in t) lm vic trong lnh vc thit k, lp rp, th nghim cc mch v cc thit b in t. Cc khi kin thc c s cn cho k s in t gm: l thuyt mch in v in t, linh kin in t, in t tng t, in t s, k thut vi x l, in t cng sut, my in v iu khin my in,... K thut in, in t l lnh vc rt rng, nn c phn thnh cc chuyn ngnh: x l tn hiu, truyn thng, o lng v iu khin, thit b in, my tnh,... K s iu khin (c khi gi l k s o lng v iu khin) c nhim v thit k h thng iu khin. lm vic , k s iu khin phi nghin cu, m hnh ho i tng iu khin (h thng cng tc), xut cu trc v cc thng s thch hp cho b iu khin v tch hp b iu khin vo h thng cng tc. Cc h iu khin t ng u tin (b iu chnh mc nc bng phao (250 trc Cng nguyn); b iu khin nhit ca Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), b iu chnh ly tm ca James Watt (1769),... u l thit b c kh. n gia th k XX (nm 1943), tuy chic my tnh in t u tin c ch to nhng my tnh c kh vn c dng ph bin. Trn cc thit b v dy chuyn sn xut hin i, ngi ta vn s dng cc h iu khin kh nn, thu lc. Sau , s pht trin vt bc ca k thut in, in t to ra cc linh lin bn dn, cc mch tch hp, cc b vi iu khin, vi x l vi nhng tnh nng u vit v kh nng ni ghp d dng, khin cc thit b in, in t c s dng ngy cng nhiu, chim dn v tr ca cc thit b c kh, thu lc v kh nn. My tnh tng t, ri my tnh s ra i thc s to ra cuc cch mng trong k thut iu khin. Mt cch mc nhin, t my thp k qua, k s iu khin ngy cng gn vi ngnh k thut in v my tnh; ngnh k thut iu khin cng c ghp vo gc ngnh in, in t. Trong nn sn xut truyn thng, khi cc thit b mi ch l cc h c - in n gin, mi modul c vai tr c lp, tch bch r rng th k s c kh ng vai tr ch
Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 16

o trong thit k, ch to chng (hnh 1.7). Dn dn, ranh gii phn chia chc nng ca cc modul, thm ch gia phn cng v phn mm khng cn r rng na: mt s chc nng ca c kh c th chuyn sang in, in t; mt s chc nng ca phn cng c chuyn cho phn mm v ngc li (v d chc nng iu chnh tc t hp s c kh c chuyn sang bin tn; chc nng iu khin qu o chy dao c chuyn dn t h thng cam c kh sang h thng bm thu lc, bm in c,... nay c chuyn sang cho b ni suy CNC, trong c ng gp ca c phn cng ln phn mm). Trc y, cc thit b c t hp t cc modul "cng", theo nguyn tc tun t (hnh 1.7). Giai on sau k tha v phi chp nhn ton b (ch c th thch ng, b sung ch khng th thay i) kt qu ca giai on trc. Ngy nay, bn thn cc modul u l h c in t con, d dng thay i cc thng s lm vic. Ngi ta thit k h thng theo nguyn tc ng thi (la chn, ni ghp, hiu chnh h cng tc, iu khin, giao din,... cng mt lc) nn cc modul c th b tr, b sung cho nhau (hnh 1.8). Cng c v phng php thit k, ch to cng thay i (hnh 1.9). Do s thay i v cht ca c i tng ln phng php, cng c thit k ch to chng nn cn mt loi k s mi, k s c in t. K s C in t sinh ra thc thi phng php thit k mi, c trng ca ngnh C in t (xem mc 1.3). l lp k s c o to lin ngnh, hiu bit c bn v c hc, c kh, in, in t, my tnh, iu khin; bit s dng cc cng c tin hc cn thit t hp v phn tch h thng,... So vi k s c kh, k s c in t c o to su hn v c hc. Phn kt cu c kh v phn cng ngh ch to c tinh gin hn. B vo , h c tng cng cng c tin hc m hnh ho, m phng, in, in t v iu khin v c dnh nhiu thi gian cho thc hnh, luyn tp cc k nng thit k. So vi k s in t, iu khin th k s c in t c nn tng c kh chc, mnh v cng c tin hc, c trang b mt cch c bn kin thc, k nng v in, in t, iu khin. th hin yu cu v nng lc tng mt v nng lc tng hp ca mi loi k s, chng ta thit lp bng nh gi theo trng s ca cc khi kin thc c bn (mi lnh vc c trng s ti a l 10) nh sau: Khi kin thc, k nng C hc (vt rn, thu, kh) Kt cu v cng ngh c kh Cng c CAD/CAM/CAE in, in t iu khin t ng Lp trnh my tnh Tng im chung im nh gi ca loi k s ... C kh in t CNTT . khin 8 4 4 4 10 4 4 4 8 8 6 8 4 10 4 8 4 8 6 10 6 6 10 6 40 40 34 40 CT 10 6 10 6 8 6 46

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

17

Ta thy, cc k s c kh, in t, iu khin dn u kin thc chuyn ngnh hp ca mnh nhng kin thc thuc cc ngnh khc (tnh lin ngnh) rt hn ch. Th mnh ca c nhn CNTT khng phi v k thut m v cc lnh vc khc, v d thut ton, ngn ng lp trnh, cng ngh sn xut phn mm,... K s c in t cn c o to ton din v c kh, in, in t, iu khin v k thut lp trnh; u tin v c hc v cng c CAD/CAM/CAE. im tng hp v nng lc ca k s c in t cao nht. C c nh vy th h mi c kh nng p ng nhu cu pht trin sn phm trong thi k bng n cc cng ngh cao, lin ngnh. ng trc yu cu rt ln v k s c in t m hin nay tt c cc nc trn th gii u dnh s quan tm c bit cho o to k s c in t. Cc nc c nn cng ngh hin i, nh M, Nht, Cng ng chu u a ra chng trnh o to c in t sm nht. V d, trng HBK Varsava, Ba lan, Khoa C in t c thnh lp trn c s khoa C kh. Ti , ngi ta o to c nhn (4 nm), thc s (5-6 nm) v tin s c in t theo cc chuyn ngnh hp: robot, iu khin t ng, c kh chnh xc, y sinh,... Tp ch Robotics & Automation dnh ring mt s (S 2, 6-2001) ng cc bi vit xung quanh cc vn : quan nim v c in t, chng trnh, t chc o to c in t ti cc trng ln trn th gii. C th nhn thy, cc quan nim v c in t, chng trnh o to tng i thng nht nhng phng php o to c khc nhau tu theo iu kin ca mi trng, mi nc. V d, ti mt s trng M, ngi ta o to k s c in t bng cch trang b b sung kin thc in t, iu khin bng my tnh cho k s c kh. Trng Tng hp quc gia Colorado (Colorado State University - CSU) a ra 4 bc pht trin chng trnh o to k s c kh trn nn c in t (Mechatronics-Based Mechanical Engineering Program) thng qua i mi tng ni dung mn hc v cui cng tch hp chng thnh h thng hon chnh. Trong khi , trng Tng hp Waterloo, Canada thnh lp B mn C in t trong Khoa C kh nhng li o to k s c in t bng cch ly cc k s c gc ngnh khc nhau (c kh, in t, iu khin, my tnh) ri cho hc b sung cc hc phn ph hp, gi l Mechatronics Option v n thit k c in t. Ti cc nc Cng nghip mi (NIC), s pht trin thn k trong cng nghip c c l nh i theo hng c in t. Ti i Loan, Hn Quc, c in t tr thnh nn tng ca cc ngnh cng nghip t, sn xut hng dn dng. Trung Quc s dng c in t lm bc m pht trin cng ngh ht nhn v hng khng v tr. Theo gng cc nc Cng nghip mi, cc nc ang pht trin tm thy c in t con ng rt ngn khong cch v cng ngh so vi cc nc tin tin. Trong ph lc 2 l mt on trch t "Chin lc pht trin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam n nm 2010", c Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 272/2003 Q-TTg ngy 31-12-2003. Thng qua chng ta khng ch bit r v tr ca C in t trong s nghip hin i ho, cng nghip ho t nc m cn nm c cc vn khoa hc, cng ngh thuc lnh vc c in t.

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

18

Ph lc 1: Definitions of "Mechatronics"
Chico State University: "field of study that combines the fundamentals of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering" Clemson University: "the blending of software [and] hardware for the design [and] analysis of advanced control techniques" Design with Microprocessors for Mechanical Engineers (book): "science that integrates mechanical devices with electronic controls" Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee of the European Community: "synergistic combination of precision engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes." Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems (book): "the interdisciplinary field of engineering dealing with the design of products whose function relies on the integration of mechanical and electronic components coordinated by a control architecture." Journal of Mechatronics: "the synergistic combination of precision mechanical engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes" Loughborough University (United Kingdom): "Mechatronics is a design philosophy that utilizes a synergistic integration of Mechanics, Electronics and Computer Technology (or IT) to produce enhanced products, processes or systems." ME Magazine: "the synergistic use of precision engineering, control theory, computer science, sensor and actuator technology to design improved products and processes" "simply the application of the latest techniques in precision mechanical engineering, controls theory, computer science, and electronics to the design process to create more functional and adaptable products." Mechatronical Secondary Vocational School (Budapest, Hungary; source: EGK) "integration of mechanics, electronics and intelligent computer controlling in the field of planning and starting production and processes, where all the three subjects continuously help and increase each other's effects." Mechatronics - Electromechanics and Controlmechanics (book) "crossdisciplinary [field] ... that simultaneously involves mechanics, electronics, and control of computer-integrated electromechanical systems" Mechatronics - Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical Engineering (book) "integration of electronics, control engineering and mechanical engineering" Mechatronics - Electronics in produts and processes (book): "an integrating theme within the design process [combining] electronic engineering, computing and mechanical engineering" Mechatronics - Mechanical System Interfacing (book): "the application of complex decision making to the operation of physical systems" Mechatronics Engineering (book): "preplanned activity to consider electrical, mechanical, and software constraints over the product life cycle in a simultaneous manner early in the development process" Mechatronics System Design (book): "methodology used for the optimal design of electromechanical products" North Carolina State University Course: "the synergistic intergration of precision mechanical engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design of intellegent products and process." Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 19

 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute: "the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronics, control systems and computers, all integrated through the design process." University of California at Berkeley: "a flexible, multi-technological approach in the integration of Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronics, and Information Sciences" University of Linz: "technical systems operating mechanically with respect to at least some kernel functions but with more or less electronics supporting the mechanical parts decisively" University of Twente (The Netherlands): "technology which combines mechanics with electronics and information technology to form both functional interaction and spatial integration in components, modules, products and systems." University of Washington: "the integrated study of the design of systems and products in which computation, mechanization, actuation, sensing, and control are designed together to achieve improved product quality and performance." Virginia Polytechnic Institute: "Mechatronics is concerned with the blending of mechanical, electronic, software, and control theory engineering topics into a unified framework that enhances the design process." Useful Mechatronics Sites: Mechatronics Links Mechatronics Resources

Ph lc 2: Trch "Chin lc pht trin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam n 2010" (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 272/2003 Q-TTg ngy 31-12-2003) ............
4.3. Cc hng cng ngh trng im phc v pht trin kinh t-x hi

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d) Cng ngh t ng ha v c in t Nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh t ng ha, c in t nhm nng cao cht lng, hiu qu sn xut, gp phn nng cao sc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip v nn kinh t: - ng dng cng ngh thit k v ch to vi s tr gip ca my tnh (CAD/CAM) trong mt s ngnh sn xut phc v xut khu, nh: dt, may, da giy v ngnh c kh (trong cc lnh vc trng im: thit b ton b; my ng lc; my cng c; c kh phc v nnglm-ng nghip v cng nghip ch bin; c kh xy dng; ng tu; thit b in-in t; c kh t-c kh giao thng vn ti). - T thit k, xy dng phn mm, lp rp, bo tr vn hnh cc h thng iu khin, gim st, thu thp v x l s liu (SCADA). - ng dng cng ngh t ng ha tch hp (CIM) nhm nng cao hiu qu cho ton b qu trnh sn xut ca doanh nghip. - ng dng, ph cp cng ngh iu khin s bng my tnh (CNC) trong cc h my mc cho cc lnh vc gia cng ch to, my cng c phc v nhu cu sn xut trong nc v xut khu. - ng dng rng ri cng ngh t ng ha o lng v x l thng tin phc v cc ngnh sn xut, d bo thi tit v thin tai, bo v mi trng. - Nghin cu ng dng v pht trin k thut r bt (c bit l r bt thng minh v r bt song song), u tin p dng trong nhng cng on sn xut khng an ton cho con ngi, trong mi trng c hi, trong mt s dy chuyn cng nghip cng ngh cao v phc v quc phng, an ninh. Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t 20

- Nghin cu, ch to mt s sn phm c in t, c bit trong mt s lnh vc c kh trng im (my cng c, my ng lc, thit b in-in t, c kh t v cc thit b o lng iu khin). - ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thit k, ch to cc h iu khin c in t (bao gm c phn cng v phn mm), c bit cc h iu khin nhng; u tin pht trin cc phn mm ng dng v cc gii php thit k. Pht trin k thut m phng, c bit l cng ngh to mu o, nhm ti u ha cc sn phm cng ngh cao ng dng trong cc lnh vc: r bt, ng tu, t, my chnh xc, thit b cho nng lng gi, v.v... - Nghin cu bc u mt s hng c in t mi, c trin vng, nh: h vi c in t (MEMS) v h nano c in t (NEMS).

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e) Cng ngh v tr Nghin cu pht trin cng ngh v tr: nghin cu tip thu, lm ch cng ngh v phng v tinh nh quan st tri t, trm thu mt t, phc v nhu cu nghin cu khoa hc, pht trin kinh t-x hi v quc phng an ninh. Xy dng tim lc khoa hc v cng ngh v tr ca Vit Nam n nm 2010 c nng lc thit k, ch to cc loi v tinh nh, thit k v ch to cc trm thu mt t; pht trin mt s thit b v tr mang tnh thng mi; lm ch c cng ngh v k thut tn la. ng dng cng ngh v tr: Nghin cu tip nhn chuyn giao cng ngh vin thm, cng ngh nh v ton cu phc v nghin cu khoa hc, iu tra c bn iu kin t nhin v ti nguyn thin nhin; gim st mi trng; phc v qui hoch s dng t v vng lnh th; d bo v gim st thin tai; nui trng v nh bt hi sn; nh v cho cc phng tin giao thng vn ti; phc v quc phng an ninh, v.v..

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6.3. Pht trin tim lc khoa hc v cng ngh a) Xy dng chin lc v chnh sch pht trin cc lnh vc cng ngh cao ca Vit Nam (cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh vt liu, t ng ha, c-in t, nng lng nguyn t, cng ngh v tr).

Chng 1: Tng quan v c in t

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