St Ursulas College Kingsgrove

SKETCHING TECHNIQUES
Stage 4 Wind Power
Mr. David Schuler 2011

Contents
Sketching Techniques ............................................................................................................... 3 Drawing Activity Vertical Lines ............................................................................................. 6 Drawing Activity Horizontal Lines ........................................................................................ 7 Drawing Activity Inclined Lines ............................................................................................ 8 Drawing Activity Arcs and Circles ........................................................................................ 9

Australian Standards (AS1100) ............................................................................................... 10

Pictorial Drawing ...................................................................................................................... 11

Third Angle Orthogonal Drawing ............................................................................................ 13

Shading Techniques for Natural Woods ................................................................................ 17

Measuring Exercise ................................................................................................................. 19

Labelling Exercise ................................................................................................................... 20

Sketching Exercise .................................................................................................................. 21

Sketching Exercise (continued) .............................................................................................. 22

Orthogonal Exercise ................................................................................................................ 23

Drawing Grid ............................................................................................................................ 24

Sketching Techniques

Sketching is a freehand drawing process that allows detailers, designers, engineers, architects, technicians and trades persons to record their ideas quickly on paper without the use of tools. Once they have recorded their ideas, they can revise and refine their sketches for presentation to their clients. Sketching is also helpful in preliminary planning of a drawing or layout before using tools.

Sketches can be made on any type of paper: white bond (preferred) newsprint, napkins or transparent tracing paper. White papers with light blue or grey grid lines at different grid spacings of 10mm, 5mm or 2mm" are helpful to beginners for sketching objects in the proper proportions. Angled

grids for isometric, oblique and perspective views are available for three-dimensional work.

A medium weight (HB or B) lead or drawing pencil with a point works best for making freehand sketches. This pencil is hard enough to make a light line with a little finger pressure and soft enough to make a line darker by using more pressure.

Horizontal lines should be sketched by moving the hand and pencil from the left to the right if right handed. Avoid rotating your wrist as this will cause the line to arc. Vertical lines should be sketched by moving the hand and pencil from the top in a downward direction. Keep the wrist locked to avoid arcing of line.

Angled lines should be sketched by moving the hand and pencil from the left to the right and angling upward or downward. Rotating the paper so lines are horizontal or vertical is also a good practice. Avoid rotating your wrist as this will cause the line to arc.

Arcs and circles should be sketched by creating horizontal and vertical centre lines at the centre point of the arc or circle. Next estimate the radius of the arc or circle on each centre line and form a box with lines parallel to the centre lines. Now start at the top of the box and create four arcs moving the pencil left to right and rotating the paper each time. 3

A multiview two dimensional (2D) sketch shows the actual shape of an object from different directions that are 90 apart. A typical multiview sketch will include views from the top, front and right side. The back, bottom and left side views are optional depending on the complexity of the objects shape.

A pictorial three dimensional (3D) sketch shows the overall shape of an object from one direction. There are three types of pictorial sketches: isometric, oblique and perspective. The isometric is the easiest to create as actual measurements are used and the shape of arcs and circles is consistent on all surfaces. The cabinet oblique sketch is best used for furniture or cylindrical shaped objects as a normal front view is used. Perspective sketches provide the most realistic view of an object but are more difficult to create as all distances must be shortened.

Architects use two types of sketches, floor plans and elevations, to show the shape of a house or building. A floor plan sketch is similar to a top view with the roof removed and shows interior walls, windows, doors, appliances, fixtures, built-in cabinetry and stairways. An elevation is similar to a front view and shows the height of the structure plus exterior materials like siding, doors, windows, trim and roofing.

Four styles of lines are used to create the views of an object. Visible or object lines are thick, solid lines and are used to show the outline or the visible edges of the object. Hidden lines are medium thick, dashed lines and are used to show edges or surfaces on the inside of an object or behind the top, front or side surfaces. Centre lines are thin lines composed of long and short dashes and are used to locate the centre point of holes or the central axis of a cylinder. Construction lines are very thin, light lines and are used to layout preliminary shapes. Construction lines should not have to be erased.

Drawing Activity Vertical Lines

Drawing Activity Horizontal Lines

Drawing Activity Inclined Lines

Drawing Activity Arcs and Circles

Australian Standards (AS1100)

When you are completing oblique, isometric, planometric, orthogonal and some (very detailed) perspective drawings you need to follow the Australian Standards (rules) for Technical Drawings. Reasons for using standards in Technical Drawings and many other fields are explained below. The Australian Standards Association publication, Technical Drawing for Students, SAA HBI (1994) provides explanations of rules and conventions.

What is an Australian Standard and why do we have them? There are roughly 6,000 Australian Standards maintained by approximately 9,000 voluntary experts and they are applied to products as varied as labels, house bricks and bicycle helmets, as well as materials, methods and services. A Standard is a published document that establishes a common language for producers and users. Its specifications help to ensure that things perform the way they were intended to. Where possible, Standards Australia adopts standards from the ISO (International Standards Organisation).

Some benefits are: Order Traffic lights are a simple, global example of the benefits of standardization. Red means stop, amber means caution, green means go. It's the same everywhere around the world. So imagine if the colours were optional. There would be national and international chaos! Conformity Why does a nut made in Melbourne fit a bolt made in Birmingham? We take it for granted, but it's all because international Standards exist, precisely defining the screw and thread sizes. Universality The most universal of all standardized commodities is 35mm film. Wherever photographers travel, to the remotest outposts of the world, the last shop will have a cassette of film, which fits every 35mm camera ever made.

For more information on Australian Standards try their website at: www.standards.org.au and Read About us and Standards Development > What is a standard? And The 7 benefits of standards .

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Orthogonal Drawing Orthogonal Projection literally means a correct view thrown from an object onto a flat plane. Because paper can only show two dimensions then we must find a way to show the other dimensions of an object. This is accomplished by using views of the object from each side.

Pictorial Drawing
A pictorial drawing attempts to show three sides of an object and this often gives us a realistic view of the object. There are 4 common views drawn to depict an object: Oblique

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Isometric

Axonometric

Perspective

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Third Angle Orthogonal Drawing

A simple design for a clock is seen below. The design is based on a flower and consequently the clock dial has petals surrounding it. It has been drawn in three dimensions using CAD (Computer Aided design) software. This is one way is which a design can be presented.

However, designers also need to draw in traditional ways including orthogonal projection. This type of drawing allows the designer to draw a design/object from different angles.

The animation below shows how a three dimensional drawing can be arranged to present the three important views seen in third angle orthogonal drawing. These views, known as elevations are the Front Elevation, Side Elevation and Plan elevation

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The clock is drawn below, this time in orthogonal projection (Third Angle Projection). Three views have been drawn and they are the front, side and plan elevations. This style of accurate drawing is needed when the item is to be manufactured.

Dimensions (measurements) are then added to the three elevations. This means that overall sizes can be seen. Working drawings usually have a minimum of six dimensions although normally more are required. A drawing of this type is always drawn either to the full size of to a scale. This means that any dimensions that have not been included can be measured directly from the paper.

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When looking at an orthogonal drawing it is very important to establish the angle of projection. The most popular system is third angle projection, as seen on this page. The symbol identifying third angle projection is seen below.

This should be placed on every third angle projection orthogonal drawing so that the person using the drawing understands immediately the system being applied. Usually the scale of the drawing is written near the symbol, keeping important information together. This amended working drawing (below) has only two elevations of the clock. A plan elevation was not required because the front and side elevations have enough detail and information to make it possible to manufacture the clock.

A parts list has been added. Each part has been numbered on the drawing and listed in a table. A simple description has been added as well as material, overall dimensions and the finish to be applied. This gives the manufacturer all the information required to manufacture the clock.

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The scale of the drawing and a simple diagram symbolising the type of orthogonal projection used - have also been included.

Working drawings are normally presented in a very formal manner. This means that colour and shade are not used. Outline drawings are the usual mode of presentation. Colour can hide or mask detail.

A working drawing is a precise piece of work and colour or shade could make a drawing look more complicated than it actually is

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Shading Techniques for Natural Woods

Drawing a design can be quite difficult but using shading techniques to make the design more realistic adds to the problems a designer has to overcome. Natural woods have a colour and a grain - this can be applied to a design/drawing relatively easily. Below are four stages that may help you use shade to make a design look as if it is made of a natural wood. 1. Draw the object faintly using an ordinary pencil (for example, a 2H pencil).

2. Use a light brown coloured pencil to go round the outline of the drawing.

3. Draw on the grain of the wood with the same coloured pencil. A very simple grain such as shown in the example opposite is all that is needed. Remember, wood has end grain - do not miss this out.

4. Finally, add shade using the same light brown coloured pencil. Often it is a good idea to shade inwards from the sides and leave an area in the centre without shade. This gives the effect of light reflecting from the surface of the wood.

5. Copy the stages shown above, adding shade and grain.

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Measuring Exercise

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Labelling Exercise
Label the faces on the Orthogonal Views (right) so they correspond to the letters on the Pictorial Drawings (left). Use a pencil.

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Sketching Exercise
Sketch the front and top views of each of the objects shown. Label each view. Use a pencil.

A C D

F J G

K O N

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Sketching Exercise (continued)

Sketch the front and top views of each of the objects shown. Label each view. Use a pencil.

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Orthogonal Exercise
In the spaces provide, sketch a Top, Front Left and Right end views of the sharpener shown below.

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Drawing Grid

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