CHE 3330 Spring 2012. Homework 5. Due at the beginning of Class March 22, 2012.

Remember, you can work in groups, but individual answers must be submitted. Keep a copy of your work for yourself so you can compare with the solutions handed out. Phase Diagram Problem 1 Consider the sugarwater phase diagram of Figure 10.1. (a) How much sugar will dissolve in 1000 g of water at 80C (176F)? (b) If the saturated liquid solution in part (a) is cooled to 20C (68F), some of the sugar will precipitate out as a solid. What will be the composition of the saturated liquid solution (in wt% sugar) at 20C? (c) How much of the solid sugar will come out of solution upon cooling to 20C?

Problem 2 A 50 wt% Ni50 wt% Cu alloy is slowly cooled from 1400C (2550F) to 1200C (2190F). use Cu-Ni phase diagram (Figure 10.3a) (a) At what temperature does the first solid phase form? (b) What is the composition of this solid phase? (c) At what temperature does the liquid solidify? (d) What is the composition of this last remaining liquid phase?

Problem.3 Is it possible to have a coppersilver alloy that, at equilibrium, consists of an phase of composition 4 wt% Ag96 wt% Cu, and also a phase of composition 95 wt % Ag5 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy? If this is not possible, explain why.

Problem. 4 For a leadtin alloy of composition 80 wt% Sn20 wt% Pb and at 180C (355F) do the following: (a) Determine the mass fractions of and phases. (b) Determine the mass fractions of primary and eutectic microconstituents. (c) Determine the mass fraction of eutectic .

Problem.5 In Figure 10.42 is shown the pressuretemperature phase diagram for H2O. Apply the Gibbs phase rule at points A, B, and C; that is, specify the number of degrees of freedom at each of the pointsthat is, the number of externally controllable variables that need be specified to completely define the system.

Problem.6 Consider 3.5 kg of austenite containing 0.95 wt% C, cooled to below 727C (1341F). (a) What is the proeutectoid phase? (b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form? (c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form? (d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

Problem.7 The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an ironcarbon alloy are 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. Is this a hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid alloy? Why? Problem.8 The mass fraction of eutectoid ferrite in an ironcarbon alloy is 0.71. On the basis of this information, is it possible to determine the composition of the alloy? If so, what is its composition? If this is not possible, explain why.

Problem.9 Below is the tingold phase diagram, for which only single-phase regions are labeled. Specify temperaturecomposition points at which all eutectics, eutectoids, peritectics, and congruent phase transformations occur. Also, for each, write the reaction upon cooling.

Phase Transformation Problem.1 (a) Rewrite the expression for the total free energy change for nucleation (Equation 11.1) for the case of a cubic nucleus of edge length a (instead of a sphere of radius r). Now differentiate this expression with respect to a (per Equation 11.2) and solve for both the critical cube edge length, a*, and also G*. (b) Is G* greater for a cube or a sphere? Why? Problem.2 (a) For the solidification of nickel, calculate the critical radius r* and the activation free energy G* if nucleation is homogeneous. Values for the latent heat of fusion and surface free energy are 2.53 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively. Use the supercooling value found in Table 11.1. (b) Now calculate the number of atoms found in a nucleus of critical size. Assume a lattice parameter of 0.360 nm for solid nickel at its melting temperature Problem.3 (a) From the curves shown in Figure 11.11 and using Equation 11.18, determine the rate of recrystallization for pure copper at the several temperatures. (b) Make a plot of ln(rate) versus the reciprocal of temperature (in K1), and determine the activation energy for this recrystallization process. (See Section 6.5.) (c) By extrapolation, estimate the length of time required for 50% recrystallization at room temperature, 20C (293 K). Problem.4 Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an ironcarbon alloy of eutectoid composition (Figure 11.23), specify the nature of the final microstructure (in terms of microconstituents present and approximate percentages of each) of a small specimen that has been subjected to the following timetemperature treatments. In each case assume that the specimen begins at 760C (1400F) and that it has been held at this temperature long enough to have achieved a complete and homogeneous austenitic structure. (a) Rapidly cool to 400C (750F), hold for 500 s, then quench to room temperature. (b) Reheat the specimen in part (a) to 700C (1290F) for 20 h. (c) Cool rapidly to 665C (1230F), hold for 103 s, then quench to room temperature.

(d) Rapidly cool to 350C (660F), hold for 150 s, then quench to room temperature. Problem.5 Briefly describe the simplest continuous cooling heat treatment procedure that would be used in converting a 4340 steel from one microstructure to another. (a) (Martensite + ferrite + bainite) to (martensite + ferrite + pearlite + bainite) (b) (Martensite + ferrite + bainite) to spheroidite (c) (Martensite + bainite + ferrite) to tempered martensite Problem.6 For a eutectoid steel, describe isothermal heat treatments that would be required to yield specimens having the following Brinell hardnesses: (a) 180 HB, (b) 220 HB (c) 500 HB. Problem.7 It is desired to produce an ironcarbon alloy that has a minimum hardness of 200 HB and a minimum ductility of 35% RA. Is such an alloy possible? If so, what will be its composition and microstructure (coarse and fine pearlites and spheroidite are alternatives)? If this is not possible, explain why.