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3D Kinematics: Eric Whitman 1/24/2010

This document discusses various methods for representing 3D rotations, including rotation matrices, Euler angles, axis-angle representation, rotation vectors, and quaternions. It provides the key properties and advantages/disadvantages of each method. Rotation matrices directly rotate vectors but are difficult to constrain. Euler angles are good for small rotations but can have gimbal lock issues. Axis-angle and rotation vectors have singularities for small rotations. Quaternions have no singularities and allow easy composition but are less intuitive than other representations. Homogeneous transformations combine translation and rotation using transformation matrices.

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Adil Shahzad
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34 views

3D Kinematics: Eric Whitman 1/24/2010

This document discusses various methods for representing 3D rotations, including rotation matrices, Euler angles, axis-angle representation, rotation vectors, and quaternions. It provides the key properties and advantages/disadvantages of each method. Rotation matrices directly rotate vectors but are difficult to constrain. Euler angles are good for small rotations but can have gimbal lock issues. Axis-angle and rotation vectors have singularities for small rotations. Quaternions have no singularities and allow easy composition but are less intuitive than other representations. Homogeneous transformations combine translation and rotation using transformation matrices.

Uploaded by

Adil Shahzad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3D Kinematics

Eric Whitman
1/24/2010
Rigid Body State: 2D
p
u
x

Rigid Body State: 3D


p
x

Add a Reference Frame


p
'

x
'

y
'

z
x

Rotation Matrix
Linear Algebra definition
Orthogonal matrix: R
-1
= R
T
square

det(R) = 1
2D: 4 numbers
3D: 9 numbers
Unit Vectors
p
z z y z x z z
z y y y x y y
z x y x x x x
z y x
z y x
z y x
'

'

' '
'

'

' '

'

'

' '

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(
(
(

=
z z z
y y y
x x x
z y x
z y x
z y x
R
' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
'

x
'

y
'

z
x

Using the Rotation Matrix


p
'

x
'

y
'

z
x

A
a
a R p A

+ =
Pros and Cons
Rotates Vectors Directly
Easy composition
9 numbers
Difficult to enforce
constraints
Simple Rotation Matrices
(


=
) cos( ) sin(
) sin( ) cos(
) (
u u
u u
u R
2D 3D
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(


=
) cos( ) sin( 0
) sin( ) cos( 0
0 0 1
) (
) cos( 0 ) sin(
0 1 0
) sin( 0 ) cos(
) (
1 0 0
0 ) cos( ) sin(
0 ) sin( ) cos(
) (
u u
u u u
u u
u u
u
u u
u u
u
x
y
z
R
R
R
Degrees of Freedom
2D
2x2 matrix has 4
numbers
Only one DoF
3D
3x3 matrix has 9
numbers
6 constraints
3 DoF
Euler Angle Combinations
Can use body or world coordinates
2 consecutive angles must be different
Can alternate (3-1-3) or be all different (3-1-2)
24 possibilities (12 pairs of equivalent)
For aircraft, 3-2-1 body is common
Yaw, pitch, roll
For spacecraft, 3-1-3 body is common

Construct a Rotation Matrix
(
(
(

+
+
=
u | u | u
u | u | | u |
u | u | | u |
u |
c c s s s
s c c c c s s s c c c s
s s c c s s c s c s c c
R ) , , (
3-1-3 Body Convention Common for spacecraft
Recover Euler Angles
(
(
(

+
+
=
u | u | u
u | u | | u |
u | u | | u |
u |
c c s s s
s c c c c s s s c c c s
s s c c s s c s c s c c
R ) , , (
) arctan(
) arctan(
) arccos(
23 , 13
32 , 31
33
R R
R R
R
=
=
=

|
u
Gimbal Lock
Physically: two gimbal axes line up, making
movement in one direction impossible
Mathematically describes a singularity in Euler
angle systems
For the 3-1-3 body convention, this occurs
when angle 2 equals 0 or pi
For the 3-1-2 body convention, this occurs
when angle 2 +/- pi/2
Switching helps

Pros and Cons
Minimal Representation
Human readable
Gimbal Lock
Must convert to RM to
rotate a vector
No easy composition
Axis Angle (4 numbers)
A special case of Eulers Rotation Theorem:
any combination of rotations can be
represented as a single rotation
3 numbers to represent the axis of rotation
1 number to represent the angle of rotation
Has singularity for small rotations
( ) | , a

Rotation Vector (3 numbers)


The axis can be a unit vector (only 2 DoF)
Multiply axis by angle of rotation
Can easily extract axis angle
Axis = rotation vector
Normalize if desired
Angle = ||rotation vector||
Same singularity small rotations
( ) a

|
Pros and Cons
Minimal Representation
Human readable (sort
of)
Singularity for small
rotations
Must convert to RM to
rotate a vector
No easy composition
(Unit) Quaternions
All schemes with 3 numbers will have a
singularity
So says math (topology)
) 2 / cos(

) 2 / sin(
4
3
2
1
4
4
3
2
1
|
|
=
=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

q
a
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
Constraint
Easy to enforce
1
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + + + = q q q q q q
T
Conversion with RM
(
(
(

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
=
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1 1 4 2 3 2 4 1 3
1 4 3 2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 4 1 2
2 4 3 1 3 4 2 1
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
) ( 2 ) ( 2
) ( 2 ) ( 2
) ( 2 ) ( 2
q q q q q q q q q q q q
q q q q q q q q q q q q
q q q q q q q q q q q q
R
) (
4
1
) (
4
1
) (
4
1
1
2
1
21 12
4
3
13 31
4
2
32 23
4
1
33 22 11 4
R R
q
q
R R
q
q
R R
q
q
R R R q
=
=
=
+ + + =
Composition
(


+
=
' '
' ' '
'
4 4
4 4
q q
q q
q q
Pros and Cons
No Singularity
Almost minimal
representation
Easy to enforce
constraint
Easy composition
Interpolation possible
Not quite minimal
Somewhat confusing
Summary of Rotation Representations
Need rotation matrix to rotate vectors
Often more convenient to use something else
and convert to rotation matrix
Euler angles good for small angular deviations
Quaternions good for free rotation
Homogeneous Transformations
1 0
1
0
1
0
p R o p + =
Define:
(
(
(
(

=
1
~
p
p
(
(
(
(

=
1 0
0
1
0
1 0
1
T
o R
A
Composition
n n
n
p A A A p
1 1
2
0
1
0
...
~

=

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