HW04-Solution 3.365 From an energy-balance around the earth estimate the rate of energy liberated by nuclear reactions inside the earth. Assume that heat losses from the earth are at steady state. Use the following: Earth is roughly a sphere 8000 mi in diameter. Geothermal gradient of temperature, is approximately - dT/dz = 0.02 F*/t. (The minus sign is there because z is directed upward.) Thermal conductivity k of earth {near the surface) is about 1 Btu / (hr-F*- ft) . Heat flow is estimated from WD _ yal at dz oO where Ais area, A=4nr?= 5.21 x 10" mile? = 5.605 x10" ft #2 kA a =1 BTU/(hr. F’. ft) (5.605 x10" f°)(0.02 F°/ft)=1.121 x 10" BTU/hr= d 3.285 x 10° W 3.363 A hydraulic lift is shown in the Fig. The combined mass of the piston, rack, and car is 4000 Ibm. The working fluid is water. There is no heat transfer to or from the water, and the internal energy of the water per unit mass is constant. The water may be considered incompressible rmwn Pump ° {a) Taking all the water in the reservoir, line, and hydraulic cylinder as the system (I.e., taking the closed-system approach), calculate the work necessary to raise the rack and car 3 ft (neglect the change in potential energy of the water in the system). Hydraulic 4,000 Ibf x3 ft =12,000 Ibf-fi = 16,298 J=15.42 Bru‘The system is giving out work (while elevating the car) and that work is equal to 12,000 Ibf “fl, However, the same amount of work is provided to the system in the form of electricity at the pump. Therefore one can also state, that the net work is zero. The net work being zero does not mean we do not have to provide work at the pump.) (b) Repeat part (a), taking all the water plus the car and the rack as the system. Inthis case, the car is part of the system. Therefore the system does not give out any ‘work but still takes 12,000 IbF A work in the form of electricity. So what happens with this work entering the system? The answer is that it increases the potential energy of the system (c) Repeat part (a), taking an open-system approach; choose as your system the volume of the hydraulic cylinder, excluding the piston, rack, and car. If the pressure in the system is 1000 psia, calculate the volume that must flow in to raise the car by 3 ft. It makes 12,000 Ibf'ft work on the environment (by elevating the car) but it does not get any work in the form of electricity. So how does the necessary energy enter into the system? The answer is that it enters in the form of pressure-volume work. 12,000 Ibf-ft = (1,000 Ibfiin’) (V) (1.4 in?) V=0.0833 f° = 0.00235 m'=0.623 gal 3.36-4 Does the following contradict the first law of thermodynamics? A baseball lying on a table spontaneously jumps to another table that is 10 ft higher. When the process is over, the temperature of the ball has fallen sufficiently for du tobe -0.01284 Btu / Ibm. Not at all. The internal energy of the ball decreased and the potential energy of the ball increased, The first law states that this is possible, as far all the decreases counterbalance all the increases. In the problem there is no evidence that this law was violated. 3.98.5 Steam (at 250 psia and 700 °F) steadily enters a nozzle. The mass flow rate is 10 Ibmis, the density is 0.3720 mitt’ and the specific enthalpy is 1371 Btu/lbm. Steam leaves the nozzle with a velocity of 930 ft/s (at 200 psia and 661.9 °F,) where the specific enthalpy is 1354 Btu/lbm. The heat loss to the — surrounding is negligible. What is the inlet velocity and what is the inlet area of the nozzle? v7tom. fi 25,037 —-* |+ thm BIU BIU 1371 Vin=35.60 m/s=116.8 fis m= pvd 10 lon! s= (0.372 lm! fP)(I16.8 ft/s) A 23 f°=0.213 m? 6) An oll pump is drawing 35 KW of electric power while pumping oil with density, 820 kg/m’ at a rate of 0.1 m’/s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12cm, respectively. If the pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be 400 kPa and the motor efficiency is 88 %, determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump. tin = pv=(820 kg/m’)(0.1 m’/s) = 82 kg/s 26,978 W Vig-(0.1 mis) a ag] 100200" 884° _ 19.89" “L820 2 2 Considering the motor efficiency 26,978 x 0.88 -30,657W_ Mechanical efficiency of the pump: 30,657 /35,000= 87.6 %