INL/EXT-10-20208

Rev. 1

Cooling Water Issues

and Opportunities at U.S.
Nuclear Power Plants

December 2010

The INL is a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory

operated by Battelle Energy Alliance

INL/EXT-10-20208
Rev. 1

Cooling Water Issues and Opportunities at U.S.

Nuclear Power Plants

December 2010

Idaho National Laboratory

Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415
http://www.inl.gov

Prepared for the

U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Nuclear Energy
Under DOE Idaho Operations Office
Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517

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Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report;"
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Less than 1% of thermoelectric plants use dry cooling (~0.2% of coal plants and ~60% of combined cycle natural
gas plants use dry cooling).

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During the winter in cold climates, some of the warmer discharge water is diverted intentionally to the intake
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Calculations performed for desert regions (e.g., Arizona) indicate the energy penalty could be 30% or greater. One
plant calculated a land requirement for dry cooling at its site of the equivalent of about ten football fields.




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Many other sections of the CWA have a significant impact on thermoelectric plants. For example, 402 regulates
discharges (e.g., chemicals) from these plants.
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Adverse environmental impact has never been defined by EPA. Regional and State permitting authorities have
made case-by-case decisions relative to this term, based on their delegated authority established in the CWA.

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As stated in a legal brief by a coalition of 18 States Attorneys General, Under the CWAs program of cooperative
federalism, state water pollution control agencies are primarily responsible for the statutes implementation. See 33
U.S.C. 1251(b) (acknowledging that it is the states primary responsibility[y] . . . to prevent, reduce, and
eliminate pollution). Management of the nations natural resources depends on the leading efforts of the states.
Forty-six states [see figure 3-1] operate permitting programs for point-source discharges into state waters through
the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Under this program, discharge of most regulated
pollutants into the waters of the United States is illegal without a valid NPDES permit. States may also apply more
stringent effluent limitations in their NPDES permits than those set by EPA. See 33 U.S.C. 1370. States
implement 316(b) through the NPDES permitting program.


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U.S. nuclear power plants are impacted by the Phase I and Phase II rules (as are fossil plants), but not the Phase III
rule. (The Phase III rule implements 316(b) on a case-by-case basis for existing facilities not covered by the Phase
II rule and is currently under review in the Fifth Circuit.)

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Impingement is defined on EPAs website as a situation when organisms are trapped against intake screens by
the force of the water being drawn through the cooling water intake structure. The velocity of the water withdrawal
by the cooling water intake structure may prevent proper gill movement, remove fish scales, and cause other
physical harm or death of affected organisms through exhaustion, starvation, asphyxiation, and descaling. Death
from impingement (impingement mortality) can occur immediately or subsequently as an individual succumbs to
physical damage upon its return to the water body.
10
Entrainment occurs when organisms are drawn through the cooling water intake structure into the cooling
system. Organisms that become entrained are typically relatively small, aquatic organisms, including early life
stages of fish and shellfish. Many of these small, fragile organisms serve as prey for larger organisms higher on the
food chain which are commercially and recreationally desirable species. As entrained organisms pass through a
facilitys cooling system they may be subject to mechanical, thermal, and at times, chemical stress. Sources of such
stress include physical impacts in the pumps and condenser tubing, pressure changes caused by diversion of the
cooling water into the plant or by the hydraulic effects of the condensers, sheer stress, thermal shock in the
condenser and discharge tunnel, and chemical toxic effects from antifouling agents such as chlorine. Similar to
impingement mortality, death from entrainment can occur immediately or subsequently as the individual succumbs
to the damage from the stresses encountered as it passed through the cooling water system once it is discharged back
into the water body.



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The majority opinion was joined by five justices; the minority opinion by three justices. Justice Breyer concurred
with the majority opinion that cost-benefit analysis should be permissible, but issued a separate opinion that would
have sent the case back to EPA to further explain its switch in the language it used in spelling out its standard for
conducting cost-benefit analysis (wholly disproportionate to the environmental benefit to be gained vs.
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On July 31, 2009, NRC issued for public comment a proposed rule to amend its environmental protection

regulations pertaining to the renewal of nuclear power plant operating licenses (10 CFR 51) and issued for comment
NUREG, 1555, Supplement 1, Revision 1; Regulatory Guide (RG) 4.2, Supplement 1, Revision 1 (Preparation of
Environmental Reports for Nuclear Power Plant License Renewal Applications); and the revised Generic
Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS) for License Renewal of Nuclear Power Plants (NUREG1437, Revision 1).

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NRCs draft SEIS currently lists SMALL to LARGE in two categories, but these are preliminary findings.



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Based on a Draft NRC SEIS. NRC findings relative to Duane Arnold are preliminary, awaiting final SEIS.

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Redmond Reservoir (another backup source of makeup water). Makeup water needs are at a minimum now because
the plant is designed for once-through cooling. If cooling towers were installed, makeup water needs would become
much greater to compensate for evaporation, which would adversely impact the aquatic life in the Neosho River.

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While CCC retrofits at fossil facilities are categorized as easy, average or difficult, CCC retrofits at nuclear
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Includes data from three units that have filed COL applications but have subsequently deferred construction, since
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ecosystem data accumulated to date do not indicate that an overall degradation of valued species occurs when forage
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Note that sites assigned to this category by this report involve no judgments by the author on the criteria for, or the
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utility and the water authority with jurisdiction have agreed to this exemption status.

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Diversion is permanent withdrawal of water for transport outside the Great Lakes watershed. For example,
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23
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Energy (WE) Oak Creek Plant a four-unit coal plant based on constructing a deep water intake.

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that some existing plants would not operate that long. For this discussion of long-term planning assumptions, it is
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