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AIEEE
PROPERTIES AND
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLES
& HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
M AT H EM AT I C S
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L
NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
F N S H O U S E , 6 3 K A L U S A R A I M A R K E T
S A R V A P R I Y A V I H A R , N E W D E L H I - 1 1 0 0 1 6
PH.: (011) 32001131/32/50 FAX : (011) 41828320
Websi t e : w w w . n a r a y a n a i c c . c o m
E- mai l : i n f o @ n a r a y a n a i c c . c o m
2004 NARAYANA GROUP
This study material is a part of NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES for AIEEE, 2008-09. This is meant
for the personal use of those students who are enrolled with NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES,
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, New Delhi-110016, Ph.: 32001131/32/50. All rights to the contents of the Package rest with
NARAYANA INSTITUTE. No other Institute or individual is authorized to reproduce, translate or distribute this material in any
form, without prior information and written permission of the institute.
PREFACE
Dear Student,
Heartiest congratulations on making up your mind and deciding to be an engineer to serve the society.
As you are planning to take various Engineering Entrance Examinations, we are sure that this STUDY PACKAGE is
going to be of immense help to you.
At NARAYANA we have taken special care to design this package according to the Latest Pattern of AIEEE, which
will not only help but also guide you to compete for AIEEE & other State Level Engineering Entrance Examinations.
The salient features of this package include :
! Power packed division of units and chapters in a scientific way, with a correlation being there.
! Sufficient number of solved examples in Physics, Chemistry & Mathematics in all the chapters to motivate the
students attempt all the questions.
! All the chapters are followed by various types of exercises (Level-I, Level-II, Level-III and Questions asked in AIEEE
and other Engineering Exams).
These exercises are followed by answers in the last section of the chapter. This package will help you to know what
to study, how to study, time management, your weaknesses and improve your performance.
We, at NARAYANA, strongly believe that quality of our package is such that the students who are not fortunate
enough to attend to our Regular Classroom Programs, can still get the best of our quality through these packages.
We feel that there is always a scope for improvement. We would welcome your suggestions & feedback.
Wish you success in your future endeavours.
THE NARAYANA TEAM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While preparing the study package, it has become a wonderful feeling for the NARAYANA TEAM to get the
wholehearted support of our Staff Members including our Designers. They have made our job really easy through
their untiring efforts and constant help at every stage.
We are thankful to all of them.
THE NARAYANA TEAM
CONT ENT S CONT ENT S CONT ENT S CONT ENT S CONT ENT S
PROPERTIES AND
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLES
AND HEIGHTS & DISTANCES
Theory
Solved Examples
Exercises
Level I
Level II
Level III
Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams
C
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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS
OF TRIANGLES &
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
AIEEE S y l l a bu s
Properties of triangles including centroid, incentre, circumcentre and orthocentre, s olution
of triangles , Heights and dis tances .
CONTENTS
Properties of Triangle
Elements of a triangle
Sine Rule
Cosine Rule
Projection formulae
Tangent Rule
Half angle formulae
m-n Theorem
Area of Triangle
Centroid and Medians of a Triangle
Bisectors of the angles
Circum circle
Incircle
Escribed circles
Solution of Triangles
Orthocentre and Pedal triangle of a triangle
Excentral Triangle
Distances between the special points
Results related with polygons
Heights and Distances
INTRODUCTION
A t ria n gle h a s t h re e a n gle s a n d t h re e
s i d e s . Th e re a re m a n y re l a t i on s
among t hes e s ix quant it ies w hich help
in s t u d y in g t h e v a riou s prope rt ie s of
a t ria n gle . For e x a mple , if a n y t h re e
qu a n t it ie s ou t of t h re e a n gle s a n d
t h re e s id e s (a t le a s t on e of w h ich is
a s id e ), a re giv e n t h e n u s in g s ome of
t h e s e re la t ion s , t h e re ma in in g t h re e
ca n be f ou n d , w h ich is t e rme d a s t h e
s olu t ion of t h e t ria n gle .
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PROPERTI ES OF TRI ANGLE
1. ELEMENTS OF A TRIANGLE
In a triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides
opposite to these angles are denoted by small letters a, b and c. Semi perimeter of the triangle is
given by s =
a b c
2
+ +
and its area is denoted by .
A
B C
C B
A
c
a
b
Note : (i) A + B + C =
(ii) a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b
2. SINE RULE
In a triangle ABC, the sides are proportional to the sines of the angles opposite to them
i.e.

a b c
sinA sinB sinC
Illustration 1: In any triangle ABC, prove that a cosA + b cosB + c cosC = 2a sinB sinC
Solution : Let

a b c
k
sinA sinB sinC
, Then, a = sinA, b = k sinB, c = k sinC
L.H.S. = a cosA + b cosB + c cosC
= k sinA cosA + k sinB cosB + k sinC cosC
=
k
2
[sin2A + sin2B + sin2C] =
k
2
(4sinA sinB sinC)
= 2k sinA sinB sinC = 2a sinB sinC = R.H.S. [ k sinA = a]
3. COSINE RULE
(1) cos A =
b c a
bc
2 2 2
2
+
or a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc . cosA
(2) cos B =
c a b
ca
2 2 2
2
+
or b
2
= c
2
+ a
2
2ac . cosB
(3) cos C =
a b c
ab
2 2 2
2
+
or c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab . cosC
Illustration 2: If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are x
2
+ x + 1, x
2
1, and 2x + 1 then find the greatest
angle?
Solution : Given the sides x
2
+ x + 1, x
2
1, 2x + 1
putting x 1, we get the values of sides a, b, c as 3, 0, 3 respectively
Similarly putting x = 2, we get 7, 3, 5 respectively
Greatest side opposite angle is greatest angle

2 2 2
b c a 9 25 49 15 1
cosA
2bc 2(3)(5) 2(15) 2
+ +


o
A 120
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4. PROJECTION FORMULAE
In any ABC,
(1) a = b cos C + c cos B
(2) b = c cos A + a cos C
(3) c = a cos B + b cos A
Illustration 3 : If A = 45
0
, B = 75
0
, prove that a + c
2
= 2b.
Solution : As A = 45
0
, B = 75
0
we have C = 60
0

R.H.S. = 2b = 2 (a cos C + c cos A) = 2(a cos 60

0
+ c cos 45
0
)
= a + c
2
= L.H.S.
5. NAPIERS ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE)
In any ABC,
(1)
_ _

+
, ,
B C b c A
tan cot
2 b c 2
(2) tan
_ _

+
, ,
C A c a B
cot
2 c a 2
(3) tan
_ _

+
, ,
A B a b C
cot
2 a b 2
Illustration 4: In ABC , if
(B C) A
x tan tan
2 2

,
(C A) B
y tan tan
2 2

,
(A B) C
z tan tan
2 2

then find x + y + z (in terms of x, y, z) ?

Solution :
b c
x
b c

+
,
c a
y
c a

+
,
a b
z
a b

+
then put a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
then
1
x
5

,
1
y
2
,
1
z
3

x + y + z =
1 1 1 6 15 10 1
5 2 3 30 30
+
+
xyz =
1
30

6. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

In any ABC,
(1) (i) sin
( )( )
bc
c s b s
2
A

(ii) sin
( )( ) s c s a
B
2 ca

(iii) sin
( )( )
ab
b s a s
2
C

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(2) (i) cos
2
A
=
( )
bc
a s s
(ii) cos
2
B
=
( )
ca
b s s
(iii) cos
( ) s s c
C
2 ab

(3) (i) tan

2
A
=
( )( )
( )
s b s c

s s a s(s a)

(ii) tan
2
B
=
( )( )
( )
s c s a
s s b s(s b)

(iii) tan
( )( )
( )
s a s b C
2 s s c s(s c)



, where s =
a b c + +
2
and = area of triangle.
Note : s(s a)(s b)(s c)
(4) (i) sin A = ( )( )( )
2 2
s s a s b s c
bc bc

(ii) sinB= ( )( )( )
2 2
s s a s b s c
ca ca

(iii) sin C = ( )( )( )
2 2
s s a s b s c
ab ab

,
Illustration 5: In a
ABC
if cotA/2 cotB/2 = c, cotB/2 cotC/2 = a and cotC/2 cotA/2 = b then
1 1 1
s a s b s c
+ +

?
Solution : cotA/2 cotB/2 =
s(s a) s(s b)
c
(s b)(s c) (s c)(s a)

s 1 c
c
s c s c s


Similarly
1 b
s b s

,
1 a
s a s

1 1 1 a b c 2s
2
s a s b s c s s
+ +
+ +

7. m-n THEOREM
Let D be a point on the side BC of a

ABC such that BD : DC = m : n and

ADC =

BAD = and

DAC = (as shown in figure). Then

(1) (m + n) cot

= m cot n cot
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(2) (m + n) cot

= n cot B m cot C
A
B
m n
C

D
8. AREA OF TRIANGLE
The area of a triangle ABC is given by

1 1 1
absinC bc sinA casinB
2 2 2
abc
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
4R

(Heros formula)
Illustration 6: If in a triangle ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos (A B) =
5
4
, find the area of the triangle.
Solution : a = 6, b = 3
4 A B 1
cos(A B) tan
5 2 3
_


,
A B a b c
tan cot
2 a b 2
_


+
,
1 6 3 c
cot
3 6 3 2

+

c
2

Area of ABC =
1
6 3 9
2

sq.units
9. CENTROID AND MEDIANS OF A TRIANGLE
The line joining any vertex of a triangle to the mid point of the
opposite side of the triangle is called the median of the triangle.
The three medians of a triangle are concurrent and the point
of concurrency of the medians of any triangle is called the
centroid of the triangle. The centroid divides the median in
the ratio 2 : 1.
A
B
m n
C

D
The lengths of the medians through A, B and C respectively are given by
m
a
= +
2 2 2
1
2b 2c a
2
, +
2 2 2
b
1
m 2a 2c b
2
and +
2 2 2
c
1
m 2a 2b c
2
Note : m
a
2
+ m
b
2
+ m
c
2
=
3
4
2 2 2
( ) a b c + +
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10. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES
If AD bisects the angle A and divide the base into portions x and y, we have, by Geometry,

x AB c
y AC b

+

+ +
x y x y a
c b b c b c
x =
+
ac
b c
and y =
+
ab
b c
Also let

be the length of AD
we have ABD + ACD = ABC

+
1 A 1 A 1
c sin b sin bc sinA,
2 2 2 2 2
y
A
B
C
D x

c
b
a
i.e., AD =
+ +
bc sinA 2bc A
cos
A
b c b c 2
sin
2
Illustration 7: If the bisector of angle A of the triangle ABC makes an angle with BC, then
sin
?
Solution : We have
C
BD a
b c

+
,
b
DC a
b c

+
From triangle ADC,
sin sinA / 2
ba
b
b c

+
A
B
C
D
2
A
2
A
a
b c

b c sinB sinC
sin sinA / 2 sinA/ 2
a sinA
+ +


(B C) (B C)
2sin cos
(B C)
2 2
sinA / 2 cos
2sinA/ 2cosA / 2 2
+

11. CIRCUM CIRCLE
The circle which passes through the angular points of a

ABC, is
called its circumcircle. The centre of this circle i.e., the point of
concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the ABC,
is called the circumcentre.
Radius (R) of the circumcircle is given by the following formulae
D
A
B
F
C
E
O
A
A
a/2 a/2
R =

a b c abc
2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4
Illustration 8 : If the distances of the sides of a ABC from its circumcentre be x, y and z respectively, then
prove that
a b c abc
+ + =
x y z 4xyz
.
Solution : Let M be the circumcentre. MD

BC. So BD = DC =
2
a
and BMD = A.
In BDM,
BD
MD
= tan A or
a
2
x
= tan A, i.e.,
a
2x
= tan A,
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Similarly,
y 2
b
= tan B,
z 2
c
= tan C
y
A
M
B
D
C
z
A
x
E
F

tan A + tan B + tan C =

+ +
a b c
2x 2y 2z
and tan A. tan B. tan C =
a b c
. .
2x 2y 2z
But in a triangle ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

+ +
a b c abc
x y z 4xyz
.
12. INCIRCLE
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so as to touch each of the sides of the triangle is
called its incircle. The centre of this circle i.e., the point of concurrency of angle bisectors of the triangle
is called the incentre of the ABC.
Radius of the Incircle is given by the following formulae
r =
s

= (s a) tan
2
A
= (s b) tan
2
B
= (s c) tan
2
C
= 4R sin
2
A
sin
2
B
sin
C
2
B

C A C A B
asin sin bsin sin c sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
D
A
B
F
C
E
I
C/2 B/2
r
r
r
90 B/2
0
Illustration 9 : Find the distance between the circumcentre and the incentre.
Solution : Let O be the circumcentre and I be the incentre of ABC.
Let OF be perpendicular to AB and IE be perpendicular to AC.
. C 90 OAF
0

OAF IAF OAI
=
( )
+ +
+
0
A A A B C C B
90 C C
2 2 2 2
Also, AI =
2
C
sin
2
B
sin R 4
2
A
sin
r
2
A
sin
IE

O
A
F
B
E
I
C
OAI cos AI . OA 2 AI OA OI
2 2 2
+
= R
2
+ 16R
2
sin
2

2
B
sin
2

2
C
8R
2
sin
2
B
sin
2
C
cos
2
B C
+
2
2 2
2
OI B C
1 16sin sin
2 2 R
8sin
_
+

,
B C B C B C
sin cos cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 1 8 sin
_

,
B C B C B C
sin cos cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 1 8 sin
B C A
sin sin
2 2 2
...(i)

B C A
OI R 1 8sin sin sin
2 2 2
.
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13. ESCRIBED CIRCLES
The circle which touches the side BC and the two sides AB and AC produced is called the escribed
circle opposite the angle A. Its centre and radius will be denoted by I
1
and r
1
respectively.
Radii of the excircles are given by the following formuale
(1) r
1
=

B C
acos cos
A A B C
2 2
stan 4Rsin cos cos
A
s a 2 2 2 2
cos
2
(2) r
2
=

A C
bcos cos
B A B C
2 2
stan 4Rcos sin cos
B
s b 2 2 2 2
cos
2
B
A
M
E
1
C
D
1
F
1
I
1
L
(3) r
3
=

A B
ccos cos
C A B C
2 2
stan 4Rcos cos sin
C
s c 2 2 2 2
cos
2
Illustration 10: If d
1
, d
2
, d
3
are the diameters of the three escribed circles of a triangle ABC, then
d
1
d
2
+ d
2
d
3
+ d
3
d
1
= ?
Solution : d
1
d
2
+ d
2
d
3
+ d
3
d
1
= 4(r
1
r
2
+ r
2
r
3
+ r
3
r
1
) = 4s
2
= (2s)
2
= (a + b + c)
2
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SOLUTI ON OF TRI ANGLES
When any three of the six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the triangle is
known completely. This process is called the solution of triangles.
(i) If the sides a, b and c are given, then cos A =
+
2 2 2
b c a
2bc
. B and C can be obtained in the
similar way.
(ii) If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then using
tan
_ _

+
, ,
B C b c A
cot
2 b c 2
, we get
_

,
B C
2
.
Also
+ _

,
B C
2
= 90
0

A
2
, so that B and C can be evaluated.
The third side is given by a =
bsinA
sinB
.
(iii) If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, then sin C =
c
b
sin B,
A = 180
0
(B + C) and a =
bsinA
sinB
give the remaining elements. If b < c sin B, there is no triangle
possible (fig 1). If b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle possible
(fig 2). If c sin B < b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two values of angle C (fig 3). If c <
b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle (fig 4).
A
B
D
c
b
c sinB
A
B
D
c
b
c sinB
(Fig 2) (Fig 1)
A
B
D
c
b
c sinB
C
1
C
2
c sinB
C
1
b
B
b
c
C
2
(Fig 3)
(Fig 4)
A
b
This case is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.
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Illustration 11 : In any triangle ABC, the sides are 6 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Show that the triangle is
obtuse-angled with the obtuse angle equal to 120
0
.
Solution : Let a = 14, b = 10, c = 6
The largest angle is opposite the largest side.

cos A =
+ +

2 2 2
o
b c a 100 36 196 1
A 120
2bc 120 2
14. ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
In a triangle the altitudes drawn from the three vertices to the opposite sides are concurrent and the
point of cuncurrency of the altitudes of the triangle is called the orthocentre of the triangle. The triangle
formed by joining the feet of these perpendiculars is called the pedal triangle i.e.
DEF is the pedal triangle of ABC.
D
A
F
B
E
C
P
90 C
0
The triangle DEF which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the pedal triangle.
(1) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the ABC are
2 R cos A , 2 R cos B and 2 R cos C
(2) The distances of P from sides are 2 R cos B cos C, 2 R cos C cos A and
2 R cos A cos B
(3) The sides of the pedal triangle are a cos A ( = R sin 2 A), b cos B ( = R sin 2 B)
and c cos C ( = R sin 2 C) and its angles are 2A, 2B and 2C.
(4) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are all equal.
Illustration 12 : Find the distance of the orthocentre from the sides and angular points of a triangle ABC.
Solution : PD = DB tan PBD = DB tan (90
0
C)
= AB cos B cot C =
C sin
c
cos B cos C = 2R cos B cos C
Similarly,
PE = 2R cosA cosC and PF = 2R cosA cosB
Again,
AP = AE sec DAC = c cos A cosec C
=
C sin
c
cos A = 2 R cos A
D
A
F
B
E
C
P
90 C
o
So, BP = 2R cos B and CP = 2R cos C
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15. EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE
The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I
1
, I
2
and I
3
of ABC is called the excentral or
excentric triangle.
Note that :
(1) Incentre I of ABC is the orthocenter of the excentral I
1
I
2
I
3
.
(2) ABC is the pedal triangle of the I
1
I
2
I
3
.
(3) the sides of the excentral triangle are 4 R cos
A
2
, 4 R cos
B
2
and
4 R cos
C
2
and its angles are

2

A
2
,

2

B
2
and

2

C
2
.
(4) II
1
= 4 R sin
A
2
: II
2
= 4 R sin
B
2
: II
3
= 4 R sin
C
2
16. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS
(1) The distance between circumcenter and orthocenter is = R.
1 8cosAcosBcosC
(2) The distance between circumcenter and incentre is =

2
R 2Rr
.
(3) The distance between incentre and orthocenter is

2 2
2r 4R cos AcosBcosC
.
17. RESULTS RELATED WITH POLYGONS
Some geometrical results related with polygons are as follows:
(1) In a regular polygon, all sides are equal.
(2) Number of vertices of a polygon = number of sides of the polygon. i.e. if a polygon is of n sides,
number of its vertices will be n.
(3) Let A
1
A
2
A
3
...A
n
be a regular polygon of n sides and let O be the centre of this polygon.
Clearly, this O will also be the centre of the circumscribing circle to this polygon.

A
n
A
4
A
3
A
2
A
1
O
Now,
1 2 2 3 3 4 n 1
A OA A OA A OA ... A OA (suppose).
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Then,


2
n 2
n
.
i.e., angle subtended by each side of a regular polygon of n sides at its centre

2
n
.
(4) Sum of interior angles of the polygon 2 n +
sum of Interior angles of the polygon of n sides

(n 2) (2n 4)
2
(5) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r are given
by

P 2nr sin
n

2
1 2
A nr sin
2 n
Perimeter and area of a regular polygen of n sides circumscribed about a given circle of radius r
is given by

P 2nr tan
n

2
A nr tan
n
(6) If a, b, c, d be the sides and s the semiperimeter of a cyclic quadrilateral, then its area
(s a)(s b)(s c)(s d)
Note : If we have any quadrilateral, not necessarily inscribable in a circle, we can express its area in
terms of its sides and the sum of any two opposite angles.
A
d
D
c
C
b B
a
For let the sum of the two angles B and D be denoted by
2
, then the area of the quadrilateral
2
(s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcdcos
18. TIPS AND TRICKS
(1) In an equilateral triangle
a = b = c = 1 and
o
A B C 60
(i)
a b c 3
S
2 2
+ +
(ii)
3
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
4

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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
(iii)
3
1
4
r
3 s
2 3
2

(iv)
abc 1.1.1 1
R
4
3 3
4.
4

(v)
1
3
3
4
r
s a 1/ 2 2

1 2 3
3
r r r
2


1 2 3
3
h p p p
2
( p
1
, p
2
, p
3
are the lengths of the attitudes of a triangle)
(vi) r : R : r
1
= 1 : 2 : 3
(2) In a right angled triangle, right angled at A, and a = 5, b = 4, c = 3 then
(i)
5 4 3
s 6
2
+ +
(ii)
1
(3)(4) 6
2

(iii)
r 1
s

(iv)
abc (5)(4)(3) 5
R
4 4(6) 2

(v) 1
6
r 6
s a 1

(vi) 2
6
r 3
s b 2

(vii) 3
6
r 2
s c 3

(viii)
6
tanA/ 2 1
s(s a) 6(1)

(ix)
6
tanB/ 2 1/ 2
s(s b) 6(2)

(x)
6
tanC/ 2 1/ 3
s(s c) 6(3)

(3) (i)
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
r r r r
+ +
(ii)
2
1 2 3
r r r r
(4) If
a b
1
b c c a
+
+ +
then C = 60
o
when a = b = c = 1
19. OTHER IMPORTANT RESULTS :
(1) If
1 1 3
a b a c a b c
+
+ + + +
then
A 60
(2) If
2 2 2 2
b c
0
a c a b
+

then A = 60
o
(3) If (a + b + c) (b + c a) = 3bc then
A 60
(In the right hand side missing letter is a and the corresponding side is 60
o
)
(4) (i) If rr
1
= r
2
r
3
then
A 90
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(ii) If
1 1
2 3
r r
1 1 2
r r
_ _


, ,
then
A 90
(iii) If (r
2
r
1
) (r
3
r
1
) = 2 r
2
r
3
then
A 90
(iv) r
2
+ r
3
+ r r
1
= 0 then
A 90
(v) If R + r = r
1
then A = 90
o
(vi) If r : R : r
1
= 2 : 5 : 12 then
A 90
(a) The above all missing OR repeated letter that corresponding side is 90
o
(b) If cotA/2 : cotB/2 : cotC/2 = x : y : z then a : b : c = y + z : z + x : x + y
(c) If x r
1
= y r
2
= z r
3
then a : b : c = y + z : z + x : x + y
(d) (r
1
r) (r
2
+ r
3
) = a
2
(e) r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
r = 4R
(f) r (r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
) = ab + bc + ca s
2
HEI GHTS AND DI STANCES
(1) Let 'O ' be the observer's eye and OX be the horizontal line through O.
(2) If the object P is at a higher level than O, then angle POX ( =

) is called the angle of elevation

.
(3) If the object P is at a lower level than O, then angle POX is called the angle of depression.
20. SOME USEFUL RESULTS :
In a triangle ABC,
(1) If AD is median, then AB
2
+ AC
2
= 2 ( AD
2
+ BD
2
)
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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
(2) If AD is the angle bisector of
BAC
, or if AD is the external angle bisector of A then
b
c
AC
AB
DC
BD

A
B D C
A/2 A/2
c
b

A
B C D
c

b
(3) If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then it is perpendicular to every
line lying in that plane .
(4) If DE || AB, then

AB BC AC
DE DC EC

A
B
C
D
E
(5) The angle subtended by any chord at the centre is twice the
angle subtended by the same on any point on the circumference
of the circle.
P
A B
2
(6) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
i.e. APB AQB ARB
Q
A B
R
P
(7) PAB is a secant of a circle and PT is tangent then PA.PB = PT
2 A
B
P
T
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Example - 1 In a
ABC
, if cotA/2 : cotB/2 : cotC/2 = 3 : 5 : 7 then a : b : c =
(1) 4 : 5 : 6 (2) 5 : 6 : 4
(3) 6 : 5 : 4 (4) 6 : 4 : 5
Solution : Ans. (3)
s(s a) s(s b) s(s c)
: : 3 : 5 : 7

s a : s b : s c = 3 : 5 : 7
s a = 3k, s b = 5k, s c = 7k
s a + s b = 8k c = 8k
s b + s c = 12k a = 12k
s c + s a = 10k b = 10k
a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k = 6 : 5 : 4
(OR)
If cotA/2 : cotB/2 : cotC/2 = x : y : z then a : b : c = y + z : z + x : x + y
= 12 : 10 : 8 = 6 : 5 : 4
Example - 2 In a
ABC
, if
o
C 60
, then
a b
b c c a
+
+ +
(1) 2 (2) 1
(3) 4 (4) 3
Solution : Ans. (2)
In an equilateral triangle a = b = c = 1 and
A B C 60

a b 1 1
1
b c c a 2 2
+ +
+ +
(OR)
2 2 2
2 2
a b ac a b bc ac bc c ab
1
b c c a bc ab c ac bc ab c ac
+ + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + +
If
C 60
then c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos c = a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos60
o
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
ab
c
2
+ ab = a
2
+ b
2
Example - 3 If n, n + 1, n + 2, where n is any natural number, represents the sides of a triangle ABC in
which the largest angle is twice the smallest, then n =
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
SOLVED EXAMPLES
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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
Solution : Ans. (4)
On verification if n = 4, the sides are 4, 5, 6
C = 2A
cosC = cos2A = 2 cos
2
A 1 =
2
25 36 16 9 1
2 1 2 1
2.5.6 16 8
+ 1 _

1
] ,

16 25 36 1
cosC
2(4)(5) 8
+

C 2A
Example - 4 If in a triangle ABC, 5 cosC + 6 cosB = 4 and 6 cosA + 4 cosC = 5 then tanA/2 tanB/2 =
(1) 2/3 (2) 3/2
(3) 1/5 (4) 5
Solution : Ans. (3)
Adding the given relations we get
9 = 9 cosC + 6 (cosA + cosB)
9(1 cosC) = 6 . 2cos
(A B) (A B)
cos
2 2
+

2
(A B)
9.2sin C/ 2 12sinC/ 2cos
2

(A B)
cos
2
2
(A B)
3
cos
2
+

cosA / 2cosB/ 2 sinA/ 2sinB/ 2 2

cosA / 2cosB/ 2 sinA / 2sinB/ 2 3

+

1 tanA/ 2tanB/ 2 2
1 tanA / 2tanB/ 2 3

+
3 3 tanA/2 tanB/2 = 2 + 2 tanA/2 tanB/2
1 = 5 tanA/2 tanB/2 tanA/2 tanB/2 = 1/5
Example - 5 The perimeter of a triangle right angled at C is 70 and the in radius 6 then |a b| =
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 8 (4) 9
Solution : Ans. (1)
We know that
70
sr 6 210
2

1
ab 210
2
( sinC = sin90
o
= 1, C = 90
o
)
ab = 420
Now a + b + c = 70
a + b = 70 c (a + b)
2
= (70 c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab = 4900 140c + c
2
( a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
)
140c = 4900 2(420) = 4060
c = 29
(a b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab = c
2
2ab = 841 840 = 1
|a b| = 1
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Example - 6 If the area of
ABC
is a
2
(b c)
2
then its circumradius R =
(1)
2
a
sin A/ 2
6
(2)
2
a
cosec A / 2
16
(3)
2
b
sin B/ 2
16
(4)
2
c
sin C/ 2
16
Solution : Ans. (2)
2 2
a (b c) = a
2
b
2
c
2
+ 2bc

2 2 2
b c a 2bc
2bc 2bc
+

abc a
cos A 1 1 1
2bc 8Rbc 8R

2
a a
8R
1 cosA 2sin A/ 2

2
a
R cosec A / 2
16

Example - 7 If in a triangle ABC, r

1
= 2r
2
= 3r
3
; D is the midpoint of BC then
cos ADC
(1) 7/25 (2) 7/25
(3) 24/25 (4) 24/25
Solution : Ans. (2)
r
1
= 2r
2
= 3r
3
a : b : c = 5 : 4 : 3
a = 5k, b = 4k, c = 3k
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
= 25k
2
ABC is a right angled triangle with
A 90
since D is the midpoint of BC, the
hypotenuse, AD = DC
DAC C
and
cos ADC
= cos(180 2C) = cos2C = 1 2 cos
2
C
2
2
b 16
1 2 1 2 7/ 25
25 a
_


,
Example - 8 In a triangle ABC, the sides a, b, c are respectively 13, 14, 15. If r
1
is the radius of the
escribed circle touching BC and the sides AB and AC produced then r
1
is equal to
(1) 21/2 (2) 12
(3) 14 (4) 4
Solution : Ans. (1)
1
s (13 14 15) 21
2
+ +
2
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
= 21 8 7 6 = 21
2
4
2
= 21 4
84
1
84 21
r
s a 8 2

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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
Example - 9 If the median of the triangle ABC through A is perpendicular to AB, then tanA + 2tanB =
(1) tanc (2) sinc
(3) cosc (4) 0
Solution : Ans. (4)
Let CE be perpendicular to BA produced, then from similar triangles BAD and BEC, we find
EC = 2AD and EA = AB = C
a
E
B
A
C
2
a
2
D
180 - A
AD
tanB
C

(from triangle ABD)

CE 2AD 2AD
tan( A) tanA
EA C C

so that tanA + 2tanB = 0
Example - 10 If r = 1, R = 4,
8
then ab + bc + ca =
(1) 73 (2) 81
(3) 84 (4) 78
Solution : Ans. (2)
We know that r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
r = 4R
r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
= 4R + r = 17
We know that
8
r s 8
s r 1


We know that r(r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
) = ab + bc + ca s
2
17 = ab + bc + ca 64 ab + bc + ca = 81
Example - 11 If 4r = 3R then cosA + cosB + cosC =
(1)
1
4
(2)
3
4
(3)
5
4
(4)
7
4
Solution : Ans. (4)
cosA + cosB + cosC =
2
(A B) (A B) C
2cos cos 1 2sin
2 2 2
+
+
2
(A B)
2sinC/ 2cos 1 2sin C/ 2
2

+
(A B) (A B)
1 2sinC/ 2 cos cos
2 2
+ 1
+
1
]
= 1 + 4 sinA/2 sinB/2 sinC/2
4RsinA/ 2sinB/ 2sinC/ 2 r 3 7
1 1 1
R R 4 4
+ + +
r 3
R 4
_

Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances

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Example - 12 An observer on the top of a cliff 200 m above the sea level observes the angle of depression
of two ships on opposite sides of the cliff to be 45
o
and 30
o
respectively. The line joining the
ships points to the base of the cliff. The distance between the ships is
(1) 200 m (2) 546.4 m
(3) 346.4 m (4) 946.4 m
Solution : Ans. (2)
Let AB be the cliff and C, D be the positions of the ships, then AB = 200 m
45
o
30
o
B
D C A
30
o
45
o
o
ACB 45
and
o
ADB 30

o
AC
cot 45
AB
AC = 200 m
Also
o
AD
cot 30
AB

AD 200 3 346.4 m
Distance between the ships = CD = AC + AD = 546.4 m
Example - 13 An aeroplane when 600 m high passes vertically above another aeroplane at an instant when
their angles of elevation at the same observing point are 60
o
and 45
o
respectively. The difference
of the heights of the two planes is
(1) 346.4 m (2) 600 m
(3) 100 m (4) 253.6 m
Solution : Ans. (4)
Let A be the position of the aeroplane moving 600 m high from the horizontal line CD and let
B be the position of another plane at that instant.
B
D
C
A
45
o
60
o
Let C be the observing point
Then
o
DCB 45
and
o
DCA 60
o
CD 1
cot 60
AD
3


600
CD
3

Also
o
CD
cot 45
BD
CD = BD

600
BD
3

AB = AD BD = 600 346.4 = 253.6 m

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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
Example - 14 A spherical balloon whose radius is 4 cm, subtends an angle at the observers eye when
the angular elevation of the centre is . The height of the centre of the balloon is
(1) r sin (2) r cosec
2

(3) r (4) r cosec sin

2

Solution : Ans. (4)

Let C be the centre of the balloon and O be the position of the observer at the horizontal line
OX. Let OA and OB be the tangents to the balloon
O
X
A
B
C

Then,
AOB
and XOC and CA = CB = r
AOC BOC
2

CN OX
OC
cosec
CA 2

OC = r cosec / 2
CN
sin
OC

CN = OC sin r cosec sin
2

Example - 15 Sides of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If a < min.{b, c} then cosA is equal to
(1)
b 2
b 4 c 3
(2)
c 2
b 4 c 3
(3)
b 2
b 3 c 4
(4)
c 2
b 3 c 4
Solution : Ans. (4)
Since sides of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and a < min.{b, c}middle term of the A.P. is either b
or c
Case(i) when 2c = a + b
cosA =
bc 2
) b c 2 ( c b
bc 2
a c b
2 2 2 2 2 2
+

+
=
bc 2
c 3 bc 4
2

=
b 2
c 3 b 4
Case (ii) 2b = a + c
cosA =
bc 2
) c b 2 ( c b
bc 2
a c b
2 2 2 2 2 2
+

+
=
bc 2
b 3 bc 4
2

=
c 2
b 3 c 4
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Example - 16 If a, b, c be the side lengths of triangle ABC then the value of the expression
+ + + _ _ _


, , ,
a b c
b c c a a b
1 1 1
a b c
is always
(1)

1 (2)

1
(3)

2 (4)

2
Solution : Ans. (1)
+ + + _ _ _


, , ,
a b c
b c c a a b
1 1 1
a b c
=
+ + + _ _ _

, , ,
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
a b c
Using weighted A.M. and G.M. inequality we get.
+ + + _ _ _
+ +

, , ,
+ +
b c a c a b a b c
a. b. c.
a b c
a b c

+ +
1
+ + + _ _ _
1

, , ,
1
]
1/ a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
a b c

+ + + _ _ _


, , ,
a b a
b c c a a b
1 1 1 1
a b c
Example - 17 If the length of medians AA
1
, BB
1
and CC
1
of triangle ABC are m
a
, m
b
,m
c
respectively, then
(1) >
a
3
m s
2
(2) >
a
m 3s
(3) >
a
5
m s
2
(4) >
a
m 2s
where s is the semi-perimeter of triangle ABC.
Solution : Ans. (1)
If G is the centroid then we have the following
BG + CG > a
c b
m
3
2
m
3
2
+
> a
Similarly,
b a
m
3
2
m
3
2
+
> c,
c a
m
3
2
m
3
2
+
> b

) m m m (
3
4
c b a
+ +
> a + b + c
m
a
+ m
b
+ m
c
>
4
3
(a + b + c) m
a
+ m
b
+ m
c
>
3
s
2
Example - 18 In a
ABC
, a
3
cos(B C) + b
3
cos(C A) + c
3
cos(AB) =
(1) 3 abc (2) 3(a + b + c)
(3) 0 (4) abc(a + b + c)
Solution: Ans. (1)
a
3
cos(B C) = 8R
3
sin
3
A cos(B C)
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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
= 8R
3
sin
2
A sin(B + C) cos(B C) = 4R
3
sin
2
A(sin2B + sin2C)
= 4R
3
sin
2
A (2sin B cos B + 2 cos C sin C)

the given expression = 4R

3
sin
2
A(2 sin B cos B + 2 sin C cos C)
=

8R
3
sin A sin B (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) =

8R
3
sin A sin B sin(A + B )
=

8R
3
sin A sin B sin C =

abc = 3 abc.
Example - 19 If an angl e i s di vi ded i nto two parts A and B such that A B =

, and
tan A: tan B = m : n, then sin

=
(1)
+

m n
sin
m n
(2)
+
m
sin
m n
(3)

+
m n
sin
m n
(4)
+
n
sin
m n
Solution : Ans. (3)
A + B = and A B =

A=
+
2
, B =

2
m
n
=
tanA
tanB
=
+

tan
2
tan
2
=
+
+
sin cos
2 2
cos sin
2 2
=
+

sin sin
sin sin
_


+ +
,
m n sin m n
sin sin
m n sin m n
.
Example - 20 In triangle ABC where A, B, C are acute, the distances of the orthocentre from the sides are in
the proportion
(1) cos A : cos B : cos C (2) sin A : sin B : sin C
(3) sec A : sec B : sec C (4) tan A : tan B : tan C
Solution : Ans. (3)
HD = BD tan EBC = c cos B tan
_

,
c
2
=
2RsinCcosBcosC
sinC
= 2R cos B cos C =
2RcosAcosBcosC
cosA
Similarly, HE =
2RcosAcosBcosC
cosB
and
HF =
2RcosAcosBcosC
cosC
HD : HE : HF =
1
cos A
:
1
cosB
:
1
cosC
.
Example 21 If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, then sin A + sin B cosC

(1)
1
2
(2)
3
2
(3) 1 (4)
5
2
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
Solution: Ans. (2)
Let sin A + sin B cosC = k
or, 2 sin
+ _

,
A B
2
cos
_

,
A B
2
+ cos(A + B) = k [

A + B = C ]
or, 2sin
+ _

,
A B
2
cos
_

,
A B
2
+ 1 2 sin
2
+ _

,
A B
2
= k
or, 2 sin
2

+ _

,
A B
2
2 cos

_

,
A B
2
sin
+ _

,
A B
2
+ (k 1) = 0
Since this is quadratic equation in sin
+ _

,
A B
2
which is real
Applying cosine rule in triangle AOC,

discriminant

4 cos
2
_

,
A B
2
8 (k 1)

0 or cos
2
_

,
A B
2

2(k 1)
or, 1

2(k 1)
1 _

1
, ]

2
A B
cos 1
2
or k
2
3
C cos B sin A sin
2
3
+
Example - 22 Prove that the distance between the circum-centre and the orthocentre of a triangle ABC is
R
. C cos B cos A cos 8 1
(1)
+ R 1 8cos AcosBcosC
(2)
R 1 8cos AcosBcosC
(3)
+ R 1 8sinAsinBsinC
(4)
R 1 8sinAsinBsinC
Solution : Ans. (2)
Let O and P be the circumcentre and the orthocentre respectively.
If OF is perpendicular to AB, we have
C 90 AOF 90 OAF
Also =
PAL OAF A OAP
= A 2(90 C) = A + 2C 180
= A + 2C (A+ B + C) = C B
Also OA = R
and PA = 2R cosA
Now in S
AOP
, OP
2
= OA
2
+ PA
2
2OA.PA. cos
OAP
= R
2
+ 4R
2
cos
2
A 4R
2
cos A cos(C B) = R
2
+ 4R
2
cos A { cos A cos(C B)}
= R
2
4R
2
cos A { cos (B + C) + cos(C B)} = R
2
8R
2
cos A cos B cos C
Hence, OP = R
. C cos B cos A cos 8 1
Example - 23 The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadritateral are 2 and 5 and the angle between them is 60
o
if the third side is 3. The remaining fourth side is
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 5
Solution : Ans. (1)
Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral
AB = 2, BC= 5, CD = 3,
o
A 60
o
D 120
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Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
In a ABC , and ACD we have
AC
2
= AB
2
+ BC
2
2AB BC cos60
o
or AC
2
= 29 10 = 19
and AC
2
= AD
2
+ CD
2
2AD . CD cos120
o
or AC
2
= d
2
+ 9 + 3d

d
2
+ 3d 10 = 0
d
2
+ 3d 10 = 0 (d + 5) (d 2) = 0 d = 2 or 5
Example - 24 The area of the circle and the area of the regular polygon of n-sides and of perimeter equal to
that of the are in the ratio of
(1)
tan :
n n
_

,
(2) cos :
n n
_

,
(3) sin :
n n
_

,
(4)
cot :
n n
_

,
Solution : Ans. (1)
Let r be the ratio of the

and A
1
be its area, then A
1
=
2
r
Since the perimeter of the

is same is the perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides.

2 r na , where a is the length of one side if the regular polygon

2 r
a
n

Let A
2
be the area of the polygon.
Then A
2
=
_ _


, ,
2
2
1 r
a cot cot
4 a n n
_


,
2 2
2
1 2
r
A : A r : cot
n n

_

,
tan :
n n
Example - 25 In a ABC,
B / 3
and
C / 4
and AD-divides BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3 then

sin BAD
sin CAD
(1)
2
3
(2)
1
3
(3)
1
6
(4)
1
3
Solution : Ans. (3)
In ABD , applying sine law we get

AD x 3x
AD
sin 2sin
sin
3
....(i)
In ACD , applying sine law, we get

AD 3x 3x
AD
sin
2 sin
sin
4
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii),

3x 3x sin 1
2sin sin
2 sin 6
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LEVEL I
1. If in ABC ,
1 2 3
r 2r 3r then a : b : c =
(1) 3 : 4 : 5 (2) 5 : 4 : 3
(3) 5 : 3 : 4 (4) 3 : 5 : 4
2. In an equilateral triangle r : R : r
1
=
(1) 1 : 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 : 3
(3) 1 : 3 : 2 (4) 2 : 3 : 4
3. If in a triangle ABC,

B = 60
o
, then
(1) (a b)
2
= c
2
ab (2) (b c)
2
=a
2
bc
(3) (c a)
2
= b
2
+ ac (4) a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 2b
2
+ ac
4. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in A.P. then B =
(1) 75
o
(2) 90
o
(3) 60
o
(4) 45
o
5. In a triangle ABC, if a = 3, b = 4 and sinA = 3/4, then B =
(1)
o
60
(2)
o
90
(3)
o
45
(4)
o
30
6. If a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 then cosA : cosB : cosC =
(1) 2 : 11 : 2 (2) 3 : 7 : 11
(3) 14 : 11 : 6 (4) 16 : 11 : 14
7. In a
ABC
, of a = 7, b = 8, c = 9 then the length of the line joining B to the midpoint of AC is
(1) 6 (2) 7
(3) 5 (4) 6
8. In a ABC , if r
1
= 36, r
2
= 18, r
3
= 12 then the area of the triangle is
(1) 216 (2) 316
(3) 326 (4) 256
9. The sines of two angles of a triangle are equal to 5/13 and 99/101. The cosine of the third angle is
(1)
255
1315
(2)
251
1313
(3)
255
1313
(4)
199
513
EXERCI SES
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
NARAYANA
10. Given b = 2, c =
3
,

A = 30
o
, then inradius of ABC is
(1)
3 1
2
(2)
+ 3 1
2
(3)
3 1
4
(4)
+ 3 1
2 2
11. In a right angled triangle ABC, sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C =
(1) 0 (2) 1
(3) 1 (4) 2
12. If the angles A,B and C of a triangle ABC are in AP and the sides a,b and c opposite to these angles are
in G.P. ; then a
2
, b
2
and c
2
are in
(1) G.P. (2) A.P.
(3) H.P. (4) all the above
13. If

sinA sin(A B)
sinC sin(B C)
, then the sides of
ABC
are in
(1) A.P. (2) G.P.
(3) H.P. (4) none of these
14. If the sum of the squares of the sides of a triangle is equal to twice the square of its circum diameter then
sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C =
(1) 4 (2) 3
(3) 1 (4) 2
15. The base of a triangle is 80 cm and one of the base angle is 60
o
. If the sum of the lengths of the other two
sides is 90 cm then the shortest side is
(1) 15 cm (2) 19 cm
(3) 21 cm (4) 17 cm
16. In a
ABC
, if r
1
= 36, r
2
= 18 and r
3
= 12, then the perimeter of the triangle is
(1) 36 (2) 18
(3) 72 (4) 54
17. If a cosA = b cosB, then
ABC
is
(1) isosceles (2) right angled
(3) equilateral (4) right angled isosceles
18. If
o o
A 75 , B 45 , then
b c 2 +
(1) a (2) a + b + c
(3) 2a (4)
1
(a b c)
2
+ +
19. If stands for the area of triangle ABC, then a
2
sin2B + b
2
sin2A =
(1) 3 (2) 2
(3) 4 (4) 4
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
20. If
+

A b c
cot
2 a
then the ABC is
(1) isosceles (2) equilateral
(3) right angled (4) none of these
21. In a ABC, the tangent of half the difference of two angles is one-third the tangent of half the sum of the
angles. Then the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles is
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 3 : 4
(3) 1 : 3 (4) 4 : 5
22. In a ABC, sin
3
A + sin
3
B + sin
3
C = 3 sin A sin B sin C then the value of
a b c
b c a
c a b
=
(1) 0 (2) (a+b+c)
3
(3) (a+b+c) (ab+bc+ca) (4) (a+b+c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab -bc - ca)
23. In a triangle ABC O is a point inside the triangle such that

OBC =

OCA =

OAB = 15
o
, then value
of cot A + cot B + cot C is
(1)
2 3
(2)
2 1
(3)
+ 2 1
(4)
+ 2 3
24. On the level ground the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30. On moving 20 mt. nearer the tower,
the angle of elevation is found to be 60. The height of the tower is
(1) 10 mt (2) 20 mt
(3)
10 3
mt (4) none of these
25. A flag staff of 5 mt high stands on a building of 25 mt high. At an observer at a height of 30 mt, the flag
staff and the building subtend equal angles. The distance of the observer from the top of the flag staff is
(1)
5 3
2
(2)
5
3
2
(3)
5
2
3
(4) none of these
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
NARAYANA
LEVEL - II
1. If the angles A, B, C of ABC are in A.P., then
(1) c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
ab (2) b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
ac
(3) c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
(4) none of these
2. In a triangle ABC,
2 2 2 2
c b
0
a b a c
+

then
A
(1) 30
o
(2) 45
o
(3) 60
o
(4) 90
o
3. In a triangle ABC, if the median AD makes an angle with AC and AB = 2AD then
sin
(1) sinA (2) sinB
(3) sinC (4) sinAsinB
4.
2
C
cot
2
B
cot r
=
(1) r
1
(2) r
2
(3) r
3
(4)

5. In a ABC, a = 5, b = 4 and tan

C 7
2 9
. Then measure of C is
(1) 12 (2) 7
(3) 6 (4) 5
6.

2 2
b c
2aR
=
(1) cos (B C) (2) sin (B C)
(3) cos B cos C (4) sin B sin C
7. If b
2
+ c
2
= 3a
2
, then cotB + cotC cotA =
(1) 1 (2)

ab
4
(3) 0 (4)

ac
4
8. In a ABC , a = 2b and
| A B|
3

the measure of
C
is
(1)
4

(2)
3

(3)
6

(4)
2

9. Two sides of a

are given by the roots of the equation

2
x 2 3x 2 0 +
, the angle between the
sides is / 3 the perimeter of the triangle is
(1)
6 3 +
(2)
2 3 6 +
(3)
2 3 10 +
(4)
2 3 9 +
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
10. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side a. The area of any square inscribed in the circle is
(1) a
2
/4 (2) a
2
/6
(3) a
2
/9 (4) 2a
2
/3
11. If the base angles of a triangle are
o
1
22
2
and
o
1
112
2
then the altitude of the triangle is equal to
(1) base (2)
1
3
rd of base
(3)
1
2
of base (4)
1
4
th of base
12. If the sides a, b, c of ABC are in A.P., then
1 1 1
cosAcot A, cosBcot B, cosCcot C
2 2 2
are in
(1) A.P. (2) G.P.
(3) H.P. (4) none of these
13. In any triangle ABC,
1 + +
1
]
2
sin A sin A 1
sin A
is always greater than
(1) 9 (2) 3
(3) 27 (4) 10
14. If in a triangle ABC,

+ +
2 2
2 2
a b sin(A B)
sin(A B) a b
, then the triangle is
(1) right angled or isosceles (2) right angled and isosceles
(3) equilateral (4) none of these
15. If in a ABC, cosA + 2 cosB + cosC = 2, then a, b, c are in
(1) A.P. (2) H.P.
(3) G.P. (4) none of these
16. In a triangle, a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= ca + ab
3
. Then the triangle is
(1) equilateral (2) right-angled and isosceles
(3) right-angled with
o o o
A 90 ,B 60 ,C 30 (4) none of these
17. In a ABC , A : B : C = 3 : 5 : 4, then a + b + c
2
is
(1) 2b (2) 2c
(3) 3b (4) 2a
18. In a ABC, A = 2/3, b c =
3 3
cm and
2
9 3
ar( ABC) cm
2
then a is
(1) 6 3 cm (2) 9 cm
(3) 18 cm (4) 81 cm
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
NARAYANA
19. If sin(A + B + C) = 1, tan(A B) =
1
3
and sec(A + C) = 2 then
(1) A = 90
o
, B = 60
o
, C = 30
o
(2) A = 120
o
, B = 60
o
, C = 0
o
(3) A = 60
o
, B = 30
o
, C = 0
o
(4) A = B = C = 60
o
20. The sides of a triangle inscribed in a given circle subtend angle , and at the centre. The minimum
value of the arithmetic mean of cos ( + /2), cos ( + /2) and cos ( +/2) is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1/
2
(3) 1 (4)
3
/2
21. If the sides of a right angled triangle are in A.P. then the tangents of the acute angled triangled are
(1)
1 1
3 , 3
2 2
+
(2)
1 1
5 , 5
2 2
+
(3)
1
3,
3
(4)
3 4
,
4 3
22. If a,b, A are given in a ABC, and C
1
, C
2
are the possible values of the third side, then
+ A 2 cos C C 2 C C
2 1
2
2
2
1
(1) 4a
2
sin
2
A (2) 4a
2
cos
2
A
(3) 4 sin
2
A (4) 4 cos
2
A
23. The sides of a triangle are 3x+4y , 4x+3y and 5x+5y units, where x, y > 0. The triangle is
(1) right angled (2) equilateral
(3) obtuse angled (4) isosceles
24. An aeroplane flying at a height of 300 m above the ground passes vertically above another plane at an
instant when the angles of elevation of the two planes from the same point on the ground are 60and 45
respectively. The height of the lower plane from the ground is
(1)
100 3
m (2)
100 3 /
m
(3) 50 m (4) 150 3 1 ( ) + m
25. Two sides of a triangle are
2 2cm
and
2 3cm
and the angle opposite to the shorter side of the two
is
4

the largest possible length of the third side is

(1) t 2( 3 2)cm (2) t (6 2)cm
(3) t ( 6 2)cm (4)
t 6 3
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LEVEL - III
1. In a ABC, cosA = 3/5 and cosB = 5/13 then cosC =
(1)
7
13
(2)
12
13
(3)
33
65
(4)
16
5
2. The length of the sides of a triangle are x, y and
2 2
x y xy + +
the measure of the greatest angle is
(1)
2
3

(2)
5
6

(3)
3
4

(4)
5
3

3. In a ABC, the sides are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 the ratio of the circumradius and inradius is
(1) 8 : 7 (2) 3 : 2
(3) 7 : 3 (4) 16 : 7
4. If cosA + cosB + 2cosC = 2 then the sides of ABC are in
(1) A.P (2) G.P
(3) H.P (4) A.G.P
5. In a ABC, the sides a, b and c are such that they are the roots of x
3
11x
2
+ 38x 40 = 0 then
cos A cosB cosC
a b c
+ +
(1)
3
4
(2) 1
(3)
9
16
(4)
2
9
6. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio + 2 : 6 : 3 1, then its angles are
(1)
o o o
45 , 45 ,90 (2)
o o o
60 ,30 ,90
(3)
o o o
45 ,60 ,75 (4) none of these
7. If in a ABC, 3a = b + c then tanB/2 tanC/2 =
(1) tanA/2 (2) 1
(3) 2 (4) 1/2
8. In any
+

+
1 cos(A B)cosC
ABC,
1 cos(A C)cosB
(1)
+
+
2 2
2 2
b c
a c
(2)
+
+
2 2
2 2
a b
a c
(3)
+
+
2 2
2 2
a c
a b
(4) none of these
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
NARAYANA
9. If
o
A 90
in the triangle ABC, then
1
c
tan
a b

_

+
,
+
1
b
tan
a c

+
,
(1)

3
(2)

4
(3)

6
(4)

2
10. The area of ABC is a
2
(b c)
2
, then tanA is equal to
(1)
1
4
(2)
4
3
(3)
3
4
(4)
8
15
11. If in a ABC
cos A cosB cosC
2 2
a b c
+ +
=
a b
bc ca
+
then the value of the angle A is
(1)
3

(2)
4

(3)
2

(4)
6

12. If the sides of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and a is the smallest side then cos A in terms of b,c is
(1)
c
b 2 a +
(2)
c 2
b 3 c 4
(3)
b c
b c
+

(4)
b c
b c

+
13. In a triangle ABC (a + b + c) (a + b c) = 3ab the measure of angle
C
is
(1)
3

(2)
6

(3)
2
3

(4)
2

14. The equation ax

2
+ bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are the sides of a ABC and the equation
2
x 2x 1 0 + +
have a common root, the measure of C is
(1) 90
o
(2) 45
o
(3) 60
o
(4) 30
o
15. If the radius of the circumcircle of an isosceles PQR is equal to PQ(= PR) then
P
=
(1) /6 (2) /3
(3) /2 (4) 2/3
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
16. In a ABC, a = 1 and the perimeter is six times the A.M of the sines of the angles the measure of
A
is
(1)
3

(2)
6

(3)
2

(4)
4

17. If A, A
1
, A
2
, A
3
are areas of excircles and incircles of a triangle, then
1 2 3
1 1 1
A A A
+ +
(1)
2
A
(2)
3
A
(3)
1
A
(4) none
18. The area of the triangle whose sides are
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a , a c , c b + + +
where a,b,c > 0 is
(1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a a c c b
2
1
+ +
(2)
4 4 4
c b a
2
1
+ +
(3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
a c c b b a
2
3
+ + (4) ( ) ab ca bc
2
3
+ +
19. If , , are the lengths of the altitudes of
ABC
, then
2 2 2
+ +
(1)

(2) cotA + cotB + cotC
(3)
cot A cot B cot C + +

(4)
cot A cot B cot C

+ +
20. In a triangle ABC, a = 5, b = 7 and
3
sinA
4
, how many such triangles are possible
(1) 1 (2) 0
(3) 2 (4) infinite
21. If in triangle ABC, (a + b + c) (a + b c) = ab then exhaustive range of

is
(1) (2, 4) (2) (0, 4)
(3) (0, 2) (4) (1, 4)
22. In triangle ABC the value of the expression r
1
r
2
+ r
2
r
3
+ r
3
r
1
is always equal to
(1)
( )
2
c b a
2
1
+ +
(2)
( )
2
c b a + +
(3)
( )
2
c b a
16
1
+ +
(4)
( )
2
c b a
4
1
+ +
Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
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23. If denotes the area of any triangle and S its semiperimeter, then
(1) <
2
s
2
(2) >
2
s
4
(3) <
2
s
4
(4) none of these
24. A man in a boat rowing away from a cliff 150 metres high observes that it takes 2 minutes to change the
anlge of elevation of the top of the cliff from 60to 45. The speed of the boat is
(1) (1/ 2) (9 3 3 ) km/h (2) + (1/ 2) (9 3 3 ) km/h
(3) (1/ 2) (9 3 ) km/h (4) none of these
25. If p
1
, p
2
, p
3
are the lengths of the altitudes of a triangle from the vertices A, B, C, then
1 2 3
cos A cosB cosC
p p p
+ +
(1)
2
2abcos C/ 2
(a b c) + +
(2)
1
R
(3)
cot A cot B cot C + +

(4) 2R
Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS
1. A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. A and B are two points on the boundary of the park such
that AB (= a) subtends an angle 60
o
at the foot of the tower, and the angle of elevation of the top of the
tower from A or B is 30
o
. THe height of the tower is
(1)
a/ 3
(2)
a 3
(3)
2a/ 3
(4)
2a 3
[AIEEE - 2007]
2. In a triangle ABC, let C
2

. If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius of the triangle ABC, then

2(r + R) equals
(1) b + c (2) a + b
(3) a + b + c (4) c + a [AIEEE - 2005]
3. If in a ABC, the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C on opposite sides are in H.P., then sinA, sinB, sinC
are in
(1) G.P. (2) A.P.
(3) A.G.P. (4) H.P. [AIEEE - 2005]
4. The sides of a triangle are sin, cos and
1 sin cos +
for some
0 / 2 < <
. Then the greatest
angle of the triangle is
(1) 90
o
(2) 60
o
(3) 120
o
(4) 150
o
[AIEEE - 2004]
5. A person standing on the bank of a river observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on the
opposite bank of the river is 60
o
and when he retires 40 metres away from the tree, the angle of elevation
becomes 30
o
. The breadth of the river is
(1) 40m (2) 30m
(3) 20m (4) 60 m [AIEEE - 2004]
6. The upper
th
3
4
portion of a vertical pole subtends an angle
1
3
tan
5
at a point in the horizontal plane
through its foot and at a distance 40m from the foot. A possible height of the vertical pole is
(1) 20m (2) 40m
(3) 60m (4) 80m [AIEEE - 2003]
7. In a triangle ABC, medians AD are BE are drawn. If AD = 4, DAB / 6 and ABE / 3 , then the
area of the ABC is
(1)
16/ 3 3
(2)
32/ 3 3
(3) 32/3 (4) 64/3 [AIEEE - 2003]
8. If in a triangle ABC,
2 2
C A 3b
acos ccos
2 2 2
_ _
+

, ,
then the sides, a, b and c
(1) are in A.P. (2) are in G.P.
(4) are in H.P. (4) satisfy a + b = c [AIEEE - 2003]
Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
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9. The sum of the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles for an n sided regular polygon of side 'a' is
(1)
_

,
a cot
n
(2)
_

,
a
cot
2 2n
(3)
_

,
a cot
2n
(4)
_

,
a
cot
4 2n
[AIEEE - 2003]
10. In a triangle ABC, a = 4, b = 3,
o
A 60 , then c is the root of the equation
(1) c
2
3c 7 = 0 (2) c
2
+ 3c + 7 = 0
(3) c
2
3c + 7 = 0 (4) c
2
+ 3c 7 = 0 [AIEEE - 2002]
11. In a
A 5 C 2
ABC, tan , tan
2 6 2 5
, then
(1) a, c, b are in A.P. (2) a, b, c are in A.P.
(3) b, a, c are in A.P. (4) none of these [AIEEE - 2002]
12. Let T
n
denote the number of triangles which can be formed using the vertices of a regular polygon of n
sides. If T
n+1
T
n
= 21 then n =
(1) 5 (2) 7
(3) 6 (4) 4 [AIEEE - 2002]
13. In a triangle ABC, 2ca
A B C
sin
2
+
is equal to
(1) a
2
+ b
2
c
2
(2) c
2
+ a
2
b
2
(3) b
2
c
2
a
2
(4) c
2
a
2
b
2
[AIEEE - 2002]
14. The sides of a triangle are 4, 5 and 6 cm. The area of the triangle is equal to
(1)
2
15
cm
4
(2)
2
15
7cm
4
(3)
2
4
7cm
15
(4) none of these [UPSEAT - 2004]
15. In a triangle ABC if b = 2, B = 30
o
then the area of the circumcircle of triangle ABC in square units is
(1) (2) 2
(3) 4 (4) 6 [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
16. If R is the radius of the circumcircle of the ABC, and is its area then
(1)
a b c
R
+ +

(2)
a b c
R
4
+ +

(3)
abc
R
4

(4)
abc
R

[CET (Karnataka) - 2000]

17. Let the angles A, B, C of ABC be in A.P. and let b : c =
3
:
2
. Then angle A is
(1) 75
o
(2) 45
o
(3) 60
o
(4) none of these [CEET (Haryana) - 2000]
18. In a ABC, if a cosA = b cosB then triangle is
(1) right angled (2) isosceles
(3) equilateral (4) none of these [CEET (Haryana) - 2000]
Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
19. If in a triangle ABC, AD, BE and CF are the altitudes and R is the circum radius, then the radius of the
circle DEF is
(1)
R
2
(2) 2R
(3) R (4) none of these [CEET (Haryana) - 2000]
20. If D is the mid point of the side BC of a triangle ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then
(1) b
2
= a
2
c
2
(2) a
2
+ b
2
= 5c
2
(3) 3b
2
= a
2
c
2
(4) 3a
2
= b
2
3c
2
[CEET (Haryana) - 1999]
21.
2 2 2
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +
(1)
r
2
R
(2)
r
2
2R

(3)
r
2
2R
+ (4) none of these [CEET (Haryana) - 1999]
22. The perimeter of a ABC is 6 times the arithmetic mean of the sines of its angles. If the side a is 1, then
the angle A is
(1)
6

(2)
3

(3)
2

(4) [CEET (Haryana) - 1998]

23. If r
1
, r
2
, r
3
in a triangle be in H.P., then the sides are in
(1) H.P. (2) A.P.
(3) G.P. (4) none of these [CEET (Delhi) - 2000]
24. If a = (b c) sec, then
2 bc A
sin
b c 2

(1) cos (2) cot

(3) tan (4) sin [CEET (Delhi) - 2000]
25. In a ABC,
cosA cosB cosC
a b c

and a = 2. Area of the triangle is
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3)
3
2
(4)
3
[PET (MP) - 2000]
Mathematics : Solution of Triangle & Heights and Distances
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
NARAYANA
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL I
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (1)
11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (1) 15. (4)
16. (3) 17. (4) 18. (3) 19. (3) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (1) 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (2)
LEVEL II
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (3)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (4) 25. (3)
LEVEL - III
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (4)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (2)
21. (2) 22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (3)
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (3)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (1)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (3)
16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (3)
21. (4) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (4)