Rectangular Waveguides

Dr. S. Cruz-Pol
INEL 6216
University of Puerto Rico
Mayagez
Waveguide components
Figures from: www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/waveguide.cfm
Rectangular waveguide
Waveguide to coax adapter
E-tee Waveguide bends
More waveguides
http://www.tallguide.com/Waveguidelinearity.html
Uses

To reduce attenuation loss

High frequencies

High power

Can operate only above certain

frequencies

Acts as a High-pass filter

Normally circular or rectangular

We will assume lossless rectangular

Rectangular WG

Need to find the fields

components of the
em wave inside the
waveguide

E
z
H
z
E
x
H
x
E
y
H
y

Well find that

waveguides dont
support TEM waves
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/wguide.html
Rectangular Waveguides:
Fields inside
Using phasors & assuming waveguide
filled with

lossless dielectric material and

walls of perfect conductor,

the wave inside should obey
c
k
H k H
E k E

2 2
2 2
2 2
where
0
0

+
+
Then applying on the z-component
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation of method by Solving
0
k
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
z Z y Y x X z y x E
E k
z
E
y
E
x
E
'' '' ''
z
z
z z z
+ +

0
2 2
+
z z
E k E
Fields inside the waveguide
0
0
0
: s expression in the results which
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2

+
+
+
+ +
Z Z
Y k Y
X k X
k k k
k
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
''
y
''
x
''
y x
'' '' ''

z z
y y
x x
e c e c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)

+
+
+
6 5
4 3
2 1
) (
sin cos
sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
y x
k k k h + +
Substituting
z z
y y
x x
e c e c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)

+
+
+
6 5
4 3
2 1
) (
sin cos
sin cos
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( z Z y Y x X z y x E
z

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
z
y y x x z
z
y y x x z
z z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E
z
e c e c y k c y k c x k c x k c E

+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
sin cos sin cos
, field magnetic for the Similarly
sin cos sin cos
: direction - in traveling wave at the looking only If
sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
Other components
From Faraday and Ampere Laws we can find the
remaining four components:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
y x
z z
y
z z
x
z z
y
z z
x
k k k h
where
y
H
h x
E
h
j
H
x
H
h y
E
h
j
H
x
H
h
j
y
E
h
E
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
E
+ +

*So once we know
E
z
and H
z
, we can
find all the other
fields.
Modes of propagation
From these equations we can conclude:

TEM (E
z
=H
z
=0) cant propagate.

TE (E
z
=0) transverse electric

In TE mode, the electric lines of flux are

perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide

TM (H
z
=0) transverse magnetic, E
z
exists

In TM mode, the magnetic lines of flux are

perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide.

HE hybrid modes in which all components

exists
TM Mode

Boundary
conditions:
,a x E
,b y E
z
z
0 at 0
0 at 0


Figure from: www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/rect/info.htm
( ) ( )
z
y y x x z
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E

+ + sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
( ) ( )
z j
y x z
e y k x k A A E

sin sin
4 2
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of sin k
x
x,
where k
x
=m/a, m=1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of sin k
y
y,
where k
y
=n/b, n=1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
TM Mode

Substituting
2 2
2
sin sin

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m
h
where
e y
b
n
x
a
m
E E
z j
o z



2 2
k +
TM
mn

Other components are

x
E
h
j
H
y
E
h
j
H
y
E
h
E
x
E
h
E
z
y
z
x
z
y
z
x

2
2
2
2

z
o y
z
o x
z
o y
z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
E
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
E

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
sin cos
2
2
2
2
0
sin sin

,
_

,
_

z
z j
o z
H
e y
b
n
x
a
m
E E


TM modes

The m and n represent the mode of propagation

and indicates the number of variations of the
field in the x and y directions

Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all

fields are zero.

See applet by Paul Falstad

http://www.falstad.com/embox/guide.html
TM Cutoff

The cutoff frequency occurs when

Evanescent:

Means no propagation, everything is attenuated

Propagation:

This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
travel through the guide.
( )

2
2 2
2 2 2

,
_

,
_

+
b
n
a
m
k k k
y x
2 2
2 2
2
1
2
1
or
0 then When

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m
f
j
b
n
a
m
c
c

0 and When
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

<


b
n
a
m
0 and When
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

>

j
b
n
a
m
Cutoff

The cutoff frequency is the frequency below

which attenuation occurs and above which
propagation takes place. (High Pass)

The phase constant becomes

2
2 2
2
1 '

,
_

,
_

,
_

f
f
b
n
a
m
c

2 2
2
'

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
f
c,mn
attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
Phase velocity and impedance

The phase velocity is defined as

And the intrinsic impedance of the mode

is
f
u
u
p
p

2
'
2
1 '
1
]
1

f
f
H
E
H
E
c
x
y
y
x
TM

Summary of TM modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
/ '
' / ' u
2
1 '
1
]
1

f
f
c
TM

2
1
'
1
]
1

f
f
c

/
1 '
2

1
]
1

f
f
u
c
p
2
1 '
1
]
1

f
f
c

f u / ' '
/ 1 ' / ' f u
Related example of how fields look:
Parallel plate waveguide - TM modes

,
_

a
x m
sin A E
z
( ) z t j
e

0 a x
m = 1
m = 2
m = 3
x
z
a
E
z
TE Mode

Boundary
conditions:
,a x E
,b y E
y
x
0 at 0
0 at 0


Figure from: www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/rect/info.htm
( ) ( )
z j
y x z
e y k x k B B H

cos cos
3 1
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of cos k
x
x,
where k
x
=m/a, m=0,1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of cos k
y
y,
where k
y
=n/b, n=0,1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
( ) ( )
z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H

+ + sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
TE Mode

Substituting

Note that n and m cannot be both zero

because the fields will all be zero.
2 2
2
again where
cos cos

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m
h
e y
b
n
a
x m
H H
z j
o z



TE
mn

Other components are

z
o y
z
o x
z
o y
z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
E
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
E

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
sin cos
2
2
2
2
0
cos cos

,
_

,
_

z
z j
o z
E
e y
b
n
x
a
m
H H


y
H
h
H
x
H
h
H
x
H
h
j
E
y
H
h
j
E
z
y
z
x
z
y
z
x

2
2
2
2

Cutoff

The cutoff frequency is the same

expression as for the TM mode

But the lowest attainable frequencies are

lowest because here n or m can be zero.
2 2
2
'

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
f
c,mn
attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
Dominant Mode

The dominant mode is the mode with

lowest cutoff frequency.

Its always TE
10

The order of the next modes change

depending on the dimensions of the
guide.
Summary of TE modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
/ '
' / ' u
2
1
'
1
]
1

f
f
c
TE

2
1
'
1
]
1

f
f
c

/
1 '
2

1
]
1

f
f
u
c
p
2
1 '
1
]
1

f
f
c

f u / ' '
/ 1 ' / ' f u
Variation of wave impedance

Wave impedance varies with

frequency and mode

TE

TM

0
f
c,mn
Example:
Consider a length of air-filled copper X-band
waveguide, with dimensions a=2.286cm,
b=1.016cm operating at 10GHz. Find the
cutoff frequencies of all possible propagating
modes.
Solution:

From the formula for the cut-off frequency

2 2
2
'

,
_

,
_

b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
Example
An air-filled 5-by 2-cm waveguide has
at 15GHz

What mode is being propagated?

Find

Determine E
y
/E
x
( ) ( ) V/m 50 sin 40 sin 20
z j
z
e y x E

Group velocity, u
g

Is the velocity at which

the energy travels.

It is always less than u

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

s
m
f
f
u u
c
g
rad/m
rad/s
1 '
/
1
2

( )
2
' u u u
g p

z
o y
e
a
x m
H
a h
j
E

,
_

,
_

sin
2
http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14092/css/14092_71.htm
Group Velocity

As frequency is increased,
the group velocity increases.
Power transmission

The average Poynting vector for the waveguide

fields is

where =
TE
or
TM
depending on the mode
[ ] [ ]
z
E E
H E H E H E
y x
x y y x ave

2
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
2
2
* *
*

P


+

a
x
b
y
y x
ave ave
dx dy
E E
dS P
0 0
2
2
2
P
[W/m
2
]
[W]
Attenuation in Lossy
waveguide

When dielectric inside guide is lossy, and walls are

not perfect conductors, power is lost as it travels
along guide.

The loss power is

Where
c
+
d
are the attenuation due to ohmic
(conduction) and dielectric losses

Usually
c
>>
d

z
o ave
e P P
2

ave
ave
L
P
dz
dP
P 2
Attenuation for TE
10

Dielectric attenuation, Np/m

Conductor attenuation, Np/m

2
1 2
'

,
_

f
f
c
d

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
10 ,
2
10 ,
5 . 0
1 '
2
f
f
a
b
f
f
b
R
c
c
s
c

Dielectric
conductivity!
Waveguide Cavities

Cavities, or resonators, are

used for storing energy

Used in klystron tubes,

band-pass filters and
frequency meters

Its equivalent to a RLC

circuit at high frequency

Their shape is that of a

cavity, either cylindrical or
cubical.
Cavity TM Mode to z
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation by Solving
z Z y Y x X z y x E
z

z k c z k c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)
z z
y y
x x
sin cos ) (
sin cos
sin cos
6 5
4 3
2 1
+
+
+
2
2 2 2
z y x
k k k k where + +
TM
mnp
Boundary Conditions
,c z E E
,a x E
,b y E
x y
z
z
0 at , 0
0 at 0
0 at 0



From these, we conclude:
k
x
=m/a
k
y
=n/b
k
z
=p/c
where c is the dimension in z-axis




2
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

c
p
b
n
a
m
k
where
c
z p
b
y n
a
x m
E E
o z
c
Resonant frequency

The resonant frequency is the same

for TM or TE modes, except that the
lowest-order TM is TM
111
and the
lowest-order in TE is TE
101
.
2 2 2
2
'

,
_

,
_

,
_

c
p
b
n
a
m u
f
r
Cavity TE Mode to z
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation by Solving
z Z y Y x X z y x H
z

z k c z k c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)
z z
y y
x x
sin cos ) (
sin cos
sin cos
6 5
4 3
2 1
+
+
+
2
2 2 2
z y x
k k k k where + +
TE
mnp
Boundary Conditions
,b y E
,a x E
,c z H
x
y
z
0 at , 0
0 at 0
0 at 0



From these, we conclude:
k
x
=m/a
k
y
=n/b
k
z
=p/c
where c is the dimension in z-axis

,
_

,
_

,
_

c
y p
b
y n
a
x m
H H
o z

sin cos cos
c
Quality Factor, Q

The cavity has walls with finite

conductivity and is therefore losing
stored energy.

The quality factor, Q, characterized the

loss and also the bandwidth of the
cavity resonator.

Dielectric cavities are used for

resonators, amplifiers and oscillators at
microwave frequencies.
A dielectric resonator antenna with
a cap for measuring the radiation
efficiency
Univ. of Mississippi
Quality Factor, Q

Is defined as
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 3 3
2 2
101
2
TE mode dominant For the
101
c a ac c a b
abc c a
Q
TE
+ + +
+

c o
f
where

101
1

L
P
W
lation e of oscil y per cycl loss energ
stored ge energy Time avera
Q
2
2

Example
For a cavity of dimensions; 3cm x 2cm x 7cm filled with
air and made of copper (
c
=5.8 x 10
7
)

Find the resonant frequency and the quality factor for

the dominant mode.
Answer:
GHz f
r
44 . 5
7
1
2
0
3
1
2
10 3
2 2 2
10

,
_

,
_

,
_

6
9
10 6 . 1
) 10 44 . 5 (
1

c o

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
378 , 568
7 3 7 3 7 3 2 2
7 2 3 7 3
2 2 3 3
2 2
101

+ + +
+

TE
Q
GHz f
r
9
7
0
2
1
3
1
2
10 3
2 2 2
10
110

,
_

,
_

,
_