UWU/Civil&EnvironmentalEngineeringCVNG3016DesignofEnvironmentalEngineeringSystems

2010

CVNG 3016 DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS TOPIC: Design of Reinforced Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures

LECTURER: Dr.WilliamWilson

DESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETETANKS(ACI318/ACI350)
Recommended Reading: A. Codes 1. ASCE7-05 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures 2. ACI 318-06 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete 3. ACI 350R 06 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures. B. Technical Literature 1. Munshi, Javeed A. Rectangular Concrete Tanks (Rev. 5th Ed.), Portland Cement Association, 1998. 2. Portland Cement Association, 1992. Underground Concrete Tanks 3. Portland Cement Association, 1993. Circular Concrete Tanks without prestressing

RECTANGULARTANKS DesignConsiderations
Flexure Shear Tension Deflection Cracking bendinginwallsandbase - wall-to-base, wall-to-wall junctions - horizontal tension in walls, base vertical/ horizontal deflections of wall thermal, flexural, tension cracks

Flotation

- when base is located below water table level in reality neither of these conditions may actually exist Both may need to be investigated

Base Fixity - (i) Fixed (ii) Pinned

LoadingConditions
Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3 -

Internal Water Pressure only (before backfilling, i.e. leakage test) External Earth Pressure only (before filling tank) Tank full and Soil backfilled (resistance provided by soil is ignored) 1

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Moments pinned base fixed base + Fv (a) Liquid pressure in Tank Fv M (-) M (+) Ft Ft Fv (shear)

(b) Vertical Forces

Fv

Ft

Fv

M Fv

Ft

M (-) Fv

Fv

(c) Horizontal Forces FIGURE 1 FORCES IN RECTANGULAR TANK WALLS

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STRENGTHDESIGNMETHOD
Basic Requirement: Design Strength Required Strength (Nominal Strength) U

Rn U
(ACI 318 Sect. 9.2) (ACI 350 cl. 2.6.5) D = dead load F = liquid pressure Sanitary Durability Factors - ACI 350 applies sanitary durability factors (based on crack width calculations) to obtain the Required Strength Required Strength = Sanitary Coefficient x U Ur = Cs x U Sanitary Coefficients are: (bending) Cs = 1.3 Cs = 1.65 (direct tension / hoop tension) Cs = 1.3 (shear beyond shear capacity of concrete stirrup design) Cs = 1.0 (concrete shear) (2.3) U = 1.4 (D + F) U = 1.7 (D + F) (2.1) (2.2)

Strength Design Requirements

(a) Flexural Reinforcement Design Strength 1.3U Mn 1.3(1.4MD+ 1.7 ML+1.7 MF) (b) Direct Tension Reinforcement Design Strength 1.65U Nn 1.65(1.4ND+ 1.7NL+1.7NF) (2.6) (2.4)

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(c) Stirrup Shear Reinforcement Design Strength 1.3 (Vc - Vc) Vs 1.3 (Vu - Vc) (d) Concrete Shear and Compression Reinforcement Design Strength 1.0 U Vn 1.0Vu (e) Minimum reinforcement (ACI 318-05 cl. 10.5)
3

(2.7)

(2.8)

As, min =

f c fy

b w d 200

bw d fy

(f) Minimum cover = 2 in.

Concrete sections with t 24 use minimum temperature and (2.9) shrinkage reinforcement at each face based on 12 thickness. Size of rebar #11 Max. spacing of rebar 12 Minimum cover in tank walls = 2

(g) Minimum thickness for walls over 10 ft. high = 12 ins.

Serviceability for Normal Sanitary Exposure (ACI 350, cl. 2.6.6)

Crack Control

Maximum Design crack width

Severe exposure Aesthetics = 0.010 in. = 0.008 in.

Crack width calculation is based on the following equation:

z=f s 3 d c A
Where, Z is a quantity limiting distribution of flexural reinforcement (ACI 350 limits) z 115 kips/in (crack width = 0.010 in) z 95 kips/in (crack width = 0.008 in)

(2.10)

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fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, ksi dc = concrete cover to centroid of closest rebar A = effective area of concrete surrounding flexural reinforcement with same centroid divided by the number of bars, in2. The maximum spacing it given by, Z3 bw = 2 3 2d c f s

(2.11)

A= 2dcbw t dc bw

Fig. 1.0 - Calculation of A

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EXAMPLE 1

RectangularTank
20'-0 30'-0

10'-0

Longitudinal Section

2.5'

Cross Section

20'-0 350

30'-0

Plan Fig. E1 Plan and sections of Tank

Design Data Weight of Liquid, w = 70 lbs/ft3 Weight of Soil, s = 100 lbs/ft3 = 0.3 ka ' = 4000 psi fc fy = 60,000 psi Wall thickness, t = 18 in. Base slab projection beyond wall = 2.5 ft. Water pressure at base, p = wa = 70 x 10 = 700 lbs/ft2 6

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DesignforVerticalBendingMoments
Wall considered fixed at base and free at top Using PCA Charts to calculate moments (Table 3-29: case 3 Long side) Ratio of length/height = b/a = 30/10 = 3.0 (long side) Ratio of width/height = c/a = 20/10 = 2.0 (short side) Mx = CMx x pa2/1000

= CMx x 700 x 102 / 1000

= CMx x 70 ft-lbs = CMx x 0.84 in-kips For sanitary structures Mu = Sanitary coef x 1.7 x M Mux = 1.3 x 1.7 x Mx Mux = 1.3 x 1.7 x CMx x 0.84 in-kips = 1.86 x CMx Maximum positive moment at 0.7 a (CMx = +10) Mux = +18.6 kips-in Maximum negative moment at bottom (CMx = -129) Mux = -239.9 kips-in

a = 10' M = + 18.6 kips-in

V = 3500 lbs

M = - 239.9 kips-in

Fig E2 Vertical Moments at mid-length Assuming No. 5 bars at 12in. c/c Cover = 2 in. Wall thickness = 18 in. d = 18 2 5/16 = 15.7 in. (db = 5/8 in.) 7

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f c bd

239.9 0.9x4x12x (15.7 )

2

=0.0225

(From Appendix A)

= 0.023

A s =bd

f c' 4 = 0.023x12x15.7x = 0.29in 2 fy 60

Checkminimumsteel (ACI 318-05 cl. 10.5)

Asmin =

4000 x12x15.7=0.595in 2 200 bwd/fy fy 60000 200b w d 200x12x15.7 = = =0.628in 2 (governs) fy 60,000 bw d=
Use 4/3 of As required by analysis

fc'

(ACI 318 -05 cl. 10.5.3) As = 4/3 x 0.29 = 0.39in2

Provide No. 5 @ 9 in c/c on inside face (As =0.41 in2)

DesignforHorizontalBendingMoments
2590 -65.6 1890 2590 2590 lbs 1890 lbs +35.93 in-kip +35.93 -65.6 2590 -65.6 in-kip 1890 2590 1890

1890 -65.6 2590

1890 lbs

Fig. E3- Horizontal Forces (un-factored) at mid-height of tank) NB: Shear Forces calculations on Page 9 below 8

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(a)

At Corner - Horizontal Moment Steel

Muy = 1.3 x 1.7 x 65.66 Muy = 145.1 in-kips

Mu 145.1 = =0.0136 1 2 f c bd 0.9x4x12x15.7 2

(From Appendix A) = 0.014

A s =bd
(b)

f c' 4 =0.014x12x15.7x =0.18in 2 fy 60

Steel required for Direct Tension in Long Wall Factored tension Nu = 1.65 x 3213 = 5301 lbs/ft width

As=

Nu 5301 = =0.1in 2 0.9f y 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of wall. Total steel required on inside face =

0.18+

0.1 =0.23in 2 2

As,min =

200b w d =0.625in 2 (governs) fy

4/3 of As required by analysis = 4/3 x 0.23 = 0.31 in2 Provide No.5 @ 12 in (As = 0.31 in2) horizontal steel on inside face of long walls.

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(c)

Horizontal steel near centre of outside face of wall Design for M = 40.91 in-kips

(d)

CrackControl - Check Maximum Spacing of bars

Maximum un-factored moment Stress in steel reinforcement
M A s jd As = 0.41 in2/ft fs =

M=

239.9 =108.6in-kips (1.7x1.3)

d = 15.7 in

n=

29,000 57

4000

=8

0.41 = 0.00218 (12 x 15.7 )

2

k = 2 n + ( n ) n = 0.17
j = 1 k/3 = 0.94
fs = 108.6 =17.95ksi 0.41x0.94x15.7

z3 s m ax = ( 2 x d c2 x f s3 )
dc = cover +

2 z = 115 kips/in

= 2 + 0.313=2.313in

fs = 17.95 ksi

115 3 s max = =24.6in>9in 2x2.313 2 x17.95 3

OK

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DesignforShearForces
Using PCA Charts to calculate moments (Table 2-17: CASE 3 Long side) Ratio of length/height = b/a = 30/10 = 3.0 (long side) Ratio of width/height = c/a = 20/10 = 2.0 (short side) Shear, V = Cs x p x a (a) Check Shear at bottom of Wall Maximum shear at bottom of long wall, V = 0.50 x 700 x 10 = 3500 lbs

Vu =1.7x3500=5950 lbs
Since tensile force from adjacent wall is small

Vc =2 fc' bd =2 4000x12x15.7 = 23,831 lbs

Vc = 0.85 x 23,831= 20,256lbs > 5950 lbs

OK

(b)

Check Shear at side edge of long wall V = 0.37 x 700 x 10 = 2590 lbs Vu = 1.7 V = 1.7 x 2590 = 4403 lbs Wall subjected to simultaneous tensile force due to shear in short side wall; (ACI 318 cl.11.3.2.3) gives allowable shear as:

Nu V c = 2 1+ 500A g

f c' b d

Nu = tension in long wall due to shear in short wall. Shear in short side wall V = 0.27 x 700 x 10 = 1890 lbs. 11

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Nu = -1.7 x 1890 = -3213 lbs Ag = 18 x 12 = 216 in2

-3213 1 Vc =2 1+ f c bd 500x216 =1.94 4000x12x15.7 = 23,116 lbs

Vc = 0.85 x 23,116 = 19,649 lbs > 4403 lbs

OK (e)

ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement
Assuming the walls will be in one pour of 30 ft long. Minimum Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement (Fig 1-2)

A st =0.0033 bh

1 A st = x12x18=0.356in 2 (No. 5 @ 10) 2

< 0.41 in2 (No. 5 @ 9) OK

SummaryofReinforcement
Inside face vertical Outside face vertical Inside face horizontal Outside face horizontal No. 5 @ 9 in No. 5 @ 10 in (Use No. 5 @ 9 in for consistency) No. 5 @ 12 in No. 5 @ 12 in

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BASESLABDESIGN
Design as a 2-way spanning slab, simply supported at edges. Assume that the pressure beneath the slab is uniform and is generated by the weight of the walls spread over entire area.

12

10'

30'

Vs = 4150 lbs
Vls

3500 lbs Mls = 8497 ft-lb

2500 lbs

Mss = 15,413 ft-lb

2500 lbs

Fig E4 Forces on Base Slab

3500 lbs k

Unit weight of concrete = 150 lbs/ft3

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Wall Dead load = 150 ( 2 x 1.5 x 10 x ( 30 + 0.75) + ( 20+0.75) ) = 231,750 lbs Factored DL = 1.4(231,750) = 324,450 lbs 324,450 p= = 509 lbs/ft 2 ( 30.75 x 20.75)
Using PCA Tables Mss (short span) Mls (long span) Vss Vls Ft (long span) = = = = = 78 x 509 x 202 /1000 43 x 509 x 202 / 1000 0.24 x 509 x 20 0.42 x 509 x 20 0.4 x 700 x 10 = 15,881 ft-lb = 191 in-k = 8755 ft-lb = 105in-k = 2443 lbs = 2.4 k = 4276 lbs = 4.3 k = 2800 lbs

Design of Short Span

2.4k 191 in-k

12

3.5 k

Assume slab thickness, h = 12 ins. For #6 bars and 2 cover d = 12 2 0.75/2 = 9.625 ins. Short Span
(a)

Mid-span Moment Steel (NB: ACI 350 is silent on use of sanitary coefficient for slabs, but we will apply same here) Muy = 1.3 x 191 Muy = 248.3 in-kips

Mu 248.3 = = 0.062 ' 2 fcbd 0.9 x 4 x 12 (9.625)2

(From Appendix A) 14

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= 0.064

f c' 4 A s =bd =0.064 x 12 x 9.7x = 0.49in 2 fy 60

(b) Steel required for Direct Tension in short span Factored tension Nu = 1.65 x 3500 = 5775 lbs/ft width

As=

Nu 5775 = =0.11in 2 0.9f y 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of slab. Total steel required on top face =

0.49+

As,min =

200b w d 200 (12 x 9.7 ) = = 0.39 in 2 fy 60000

0.11 =0.55 in 2 2

4/3 of As required by analysis = 4/3 x 0.55 = 0.73 in2 Provide No.6 @ 7 in crs. direction. (c) Long Span
Muy = 1.3 x 105 in-kips

(As = 0.75 in2) steel on top face of slab in short

Muy = 136.5 in-kips d = 12 -2 -0.625- 0.625/2 = 9.0625

Mu 136.5 = = 0.0385 1 2 fc bd 0.9 x 4 x 12 x 9.06252

(From Appendix A) = 0.039

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f c' 4 A s =bd =0.039 x 12 x 9.0625x = 0.283 in 2 fy 60

Steel required for Direct Tension in long span Factored tension Nu = 1.65 x 2800 = 4620 lbs/ft width

As=

Nu 4620 = =0.085in 2 0.9f y 0.9x60,000

Direct tension steel is equally distributed on inside and outside faces of slab. Total steel required on top face =

0.283+

As,min =

200b w d 200 (12 x 9.7 ) = = 0.39 in 2 (governs) fy 60000

Provide No.5 @ 8 in crs

0.085 =0.326 in 2 2

4/3 of As required by analysis = 4/3 x 0.31 = 0.41 in2

(b)

Check Shear at side edge of long span V = 4276 lbs Vu = 1.0 V = 4276 lbs Wall subjected to simultaneous tensile force (ACI 318 cl.11.3.2.3) gives allowable shear as:

Nu V c = 2 1+ 500A g
Nu = 3500 lbs Ag = 12 x 12 = 144 in2

f c' b d

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-3500 ' Vc =2 1+ fc bd 500 x 144 =1.90 4000x12 x 9.7= 14,008 lbs

Vc = 0.85 x 14,008 = 11,907 lbs > 4276 lbs

OK (e)

ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement
Assuming the walls will be in one pour of 30 ft long. Minimum Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement (Fig 1-2)

A st =0.0033 bh
< 0.73 in2

1 A st = x 0.0033x12x12=0.238 in 2 2
OK Summary of Reinforcement Top face short direction (mid-span) Top face short direction (edges) Top face - long direction (mid-span) Bottom face - both direction (edges) Bottom face both direction (mid-span)

No. 6 @ 7 in crs No. 5 @ 7 in crs (for consistency) No. 5 @ 7 in (for consistency) No. 5 @ 7 in No. 5 @ 12 in

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RectangularTank

No. 5 @ 10 in c/c No. 5 @ 12 in. c/c No. 5 @ 12 in. c/c No. 5 @ 9 in. c/c No. 6 @ 7 in. c/c No. 5 @ 7 in. c/c Water stop

No. 5 @ 10 in c/c Water stop

No. 5 @ 7 in. c/c both ways

Section showing Reinforcement Details for Rectangular Tank

Dr. William Wilson 17 March 2010

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