Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E.

Bursten

Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement

John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

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Chemistry
In this science we study matter and the changes it undergoes.

Matter And Measurement

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Scientific Method
The scientific method is simply a systematic approach to solving problems.

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Matter
We define matter as anything that has mass and takes up space.

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Matter

Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

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Matter

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
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Matter

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. A compound is made of two or more different kinds of Matter elements. And
Measurement
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States of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Properties and Changes of Matter

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Types of Properties
Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance.
Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.

Chemical Properties
Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.
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Types of Properties
Intensive Properties
Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
Density, boiling point, color, etc.

Extensive Properties
Depend upon the amount of the substance present.
Mass, volume, energy, etc.
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Types of Changes
Physical Changes
These are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.

Chemical Changes
Chemical changes result in new substances.
Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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Chemical Reactions

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances.

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Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into more elemental particles.

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Separation of Mixtures
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Distillation
Distillation uses differences in the boiling points of substances to separate a homogeneous mixture into its components.
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Filtration
In filtration solid substances are separated from liquids and solutions.

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Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.

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Units of Measurement
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SI Units

Systme International dUnits A different base unit is used for each quantity.
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Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.

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Volume
The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side. A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.
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Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.

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Temperature
By definition temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.

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Temperature
In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used. The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.
0C is the freezing point of water. 100C is the boiling point of water. Matter
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Temperature
The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is based on the properties of gases. There are no negative Kelvin temperatures. K = C + 273.15
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Temperature
The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements. F = 9/5(C) + 32 C = 5/9(F 32)

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Density
Density is a physical property of a substance.

m d= V
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Uncertainty in Measurement
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Significant Figures
The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured. When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.
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Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant. 2. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant. 3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant. 4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number.
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Significant Figures
When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place. When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.
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Accuracy versus Precision

Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.

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Dimensional Analysis
We use dimensional analysis to convert one quantity to another. Most commonly dimensional analysis utilizes conversion factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in.
2.54 cm or

2.54 cm
1 in.
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Dimensional Analysis
Use the form of the conversion factor that puts the sought-for unit in the numerator.
desired unit given unit

Given unit

desired unit

Conversion factor

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Dimensional Analysis
For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,
convert m to cm convert cm to in.
100 cm 1 in. 8.00 m 315 in. 1m 2.54 cm

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