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General Agreement On Tarriffs and Trade

The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its evolution into the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details on the various GATT rounds from 1947 to 1994 that focused on negotiated tariff reductions. It also summarizes the major agreements from the Uruguay Round that established the WTO and covered goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement. Key achievements of GATT include tariff bindings, reductions in non-tariff barriers, and the elimination of quantitative restrictions.

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Hriday Prasad
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84 views14 pages

General Agreement On Tarriffs and Trade

The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its evolution into the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details on the various GATT rounds from 1947 to 1994 that focused on negotiated tariff reductions. It also summarizes the major agreements from the Uruguay Round that established the WTO and covered goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement. Key achievements of GATT include tariff bindings, reductions in non-tariff barriers, and the elimination of quantitative restrictions.

Uploaded by

Hriday Prasad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GATT

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARRIFFS AND TRADE

GATT ROUNDS
YEAR 1947 PLACE/NAME GENEVA SUBJECTS COVERED TARIFFS COUNTRIE S 23

1949
1951 1956 1960-1961

ANNENCY(FRANCE)
TORQUAY(UK) GENEVA GENEVA(DILLON ROUND)

TARIFFS
TARIFFS TARIFFS TARIFFS TARIFFS AND ANTIDUMPING MEASURES TARIFFS, NON TARIFF MEASURES, FRAMEWORK AGREEMENTS TARIFFS, NON TARIFF MEASURES, RULES, SERVICES, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY,DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, TEXTILES, AGRICULTURE, CREATION OF WTO

13
38 26 26 62

1964- 1967 GENEVA(KENNEDY ROUND)

1973- 1979 GENEVA(TOKYO ROUND)

102

1986- 1994 GENEVA(URUGUY ROUND)

123

TOKYO ROUND (SYSTEM REFORMS)


SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES TE CHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE(STANDARD CODE) IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT CUSTOMS VALUATION REVISION OF KENNEDY ROUND ANTI DUMPING CODE BOVINE MEAT ARRANGEMENT INTERNATIONAL DIARY ARRANGEMENTS TRADE IN CIVIL AIRCRAFT

URUGUAY ROUND CONFERENCES


SEPT.86 PUNTA DEL ESTE.; LUNCH DEC.88 MONTREAL; MINISTERIAL REVIEW APR.89 GENEVA; MIDTERM REVIEW COMPLETED DEC90 BRUSSELS; CLOSING MINISTERIAL MEETING ENDS IN DEADLOCK DEC.91 GENEVA; IST DRAFT OF FINAL ACT COMPLETED JULY93 TOKYO; ACHIEVE MARKET ACCESS BREAKTHROUHG AT G7 SUMMIT DEC.93 GENEVA; MOST NEGOTIATIONS END APR.94 MARRAKESH; AGREEMENR SIGNED JAN95 GENEVA; WTO CREATED

URUGUAY ROUND
AGREEMENT ON FORMATION OF WTO AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE SANITARY & PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE TRADE RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES ANTI DUMPING CUSTOMS VALUATIONS PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION RULES OF ORIGIN IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURE SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES SAFEGUARDS GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE RELATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS DISPUTE SETTLEMENT TRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISM PLURILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

MAJOR GATT PROVISIONS


NON DISCRIMINATION MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT(ARTICLE I)FOR EACH MEMBER COUNTRY(EXCEPTING SPECIAL CASES) NATIONAL TREATMENT(ARTICLE III) FOR GOODS IMPORTED FROM MEMBER COUNTRIES COMMITMENTS ON TARRIFF NEGOTIATIONS PROHIBITIONS AGAINST QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS SPECIAL PROVISIONS TO PROMOTE TRADE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

GATT ARTICLES
PART-1(2ARTICLES) ARTICLE-I GENERAL MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT ARTICLE-II SCHEDULE OF CONCESSIONS

GATT ARTICLES
PART-2(21ARTICLES)
ARTICLE-III-NON DISCRIMINATION(NATIONAL TREATMENT) ARTICLE-IV-SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CINEMATOGRAPHY ARTICLE-V-FREEDOM OF TRANSIT OF GOODS WHILE IN TRANSIT THROUGH THE TERRITORY OF ANOTHER CONTRACTING STATE ARTICLE-VI- ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES

ARTICLE-VII-VALUATION OF CUSTOMS OF GOODS ON ACTUAL BASIS.


ARTICLE-VIII- FEES & FORMALITIES LIMITED TO COST OF SERVICES RENDERED. ARTICLE-IX-EQUAL TREATMENT IN THE MARKING REQUIREMENTS ON PRODUCTS(COUNTRY OF ORIGIN) ARTICLE-X- PUBLICATIONS OF LAWS, REGULATIONS, JUDICIAL DECISIONS FOR THE GOVT.S & TRADERS TO BE ACQUAINTED.

GATT ARTICLES
ARTICLE-XI-NON PROHIBITION OF EXPORT EXCEPT TAXES OR OTHER CHARGES. ARTICLE-XII- PERMITS TO IMPOSE RESTRICTIONS TO SAFEGUARD BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ARTICLE-XIII-RESTRICTIONS ON IMPORTS OR EXPORTS BE ADMINISTERED IN A NON DISCRIMINATORY MANNER. ARTICLE-XIV- EXCEPTIONS TO THE PROVISIONS OF NON DISCRIMINATION ARTICLE-XV- SEEK COOPERATION FROM IMF TO SOLVE PROBLEMS LIKE MONETARY RESERVES, BOP OR FOREIGN EXCHANGE ARRANGEMENTS.

ARTICLE-XVI- SUBSIDIES(PROHIBITION OF EXPORT SUBSIDIES)


ARTICLE-XVII- STATE TRADING ENTERPRISES TO ACT IN CONSISTENT WITH THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NON DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT.

GATT ARTICLES
ARTICLE-XVIII- GOVT. ASSISTANCE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
ARTICLE-XIX- EMERGENCY ACTION ARTICLE-XX- GENERAL EXCEPTIONS TO PROTECT PUBLIC MORALS, TO PROTECT HUMAN, ANIMAL OR PLANTLIFE OR HEALTH. ARTICLE-XXI- SECURITY EXCEPTIONS. ARTICLE-XXII- CONSULTATION AMONGST CONTRACTING PARTIES IN RESPECT OF ANY MATTER AFFECTING OPERATION OF THE AGREEMENT ARTICLE-XXIII- RETALIATORY ACTIONS BY CONTRACTING PARTY IN CASE OF FAILURE BY THE OTHER PARTY IN CARRYING OUT OBLIGATIONS

ACHIEVEMENTS
TARRIFF BINDINGS NEGOTIATING ON NON TARRIFF BARRIERS ELIMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS DISPUTE SETTLEMENTS
TARRIFF BINDINGS PERCENTAGE OF TARRIFFS BOUND BEFORE & AFTER URUGUAY ROUND TALKS BEFORE AFTER DEVELOPED ECONOMIES 78 99 DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 21 73 TRANSITION ECONOMIES 73 98

GATT vs. WTO


GATT IS A SET OF RULES AND MULTILATERAL AGREEMENT GATT HAS CONTRACTING PARTIES WAS ESTABLISHED WITH AN ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH ITO WAS APPLIED ON PROVISIONAL BASIS RULES ARE APPLICABLE TO TRADE IN MERCHNDISE GOODS GATT WAS ORIGINALLY A MULTILATERAL INSTRUMENT, BUT PLURALIST AGREEMENTS WERE ADDED AT LATERAL STAGE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM WAS NON PROCEDURAL AND NOT FASTER AND AUTOMATIC WTO IS A PERMANENT INSTITUTION WTO HAS MEMBERS IT IS ESTABLISHED TO SERVE ITS OWN PURPOSE ACTIVITIES ARE PERMANENT RULES ARE APPLICABLE TO TRADE IN GOODS, SERVICES, TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGREEMENTS ARE MULTILATERAL & INVOLVE COMMITMENTS FROM MEMBERS DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IS FAST AND AUTOMATIC WTO HAS PROVISIONS FOR REVIEW OF TRADE POLICIES OF MEMBERS

WTO AGREEMENTS
WTO IS A RULE BASED SYSTEM RULES ARE AGREEMENTS THOSE GOVT.S HAVE ACTUALLY NEGOTIATED WTO AGREEMENTS COVER GOODS(GATT), SERVICES(GATS) AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY(TRIPS) IT SPELLOUT PRINCIPLES OF LIBERALIZATION (WITH PERMITTED EXCEMPTIONS) INCLUDES LOWERING TARRIFFS & OTHER TRADE BARRIERS OPEN SERVICE MARKETS SET PROCEDURES FOR SETELLING DISPUTES PRESCRIBE SPECIAL TREATMENTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES REQUIRE GOVERNMENTS TO MAKE THEIR TRADE POLICIES TRANSPERENT

GATT PRINCIPLES
(I)NON DISCRIMINATION MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT(ARTICLE I)FOR EACH MEMBER COUNTRY(EXCEPTING SPECIAL CASES) NATIONAL TREATMENT(ARTICLE III) FOR GOODS IMPORTED FROM MEMBER COUNTRIES (2)RACIPROCITY EXCHANGE OF SIMILAR CONCESSIONS(TARRIFF AGAINST TARRIFF) EXCHANGE OF DISSIMILAR CONCESSONS (TARRIFF AGAINST QUOTAS) (3)MARKET ACCESS OPEN TRADING SYSTEM & COMPETITION AMONGST ENTERPRISES FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (4)TRANSPERANCY PROMOTION OF FAIR COMPETITION TRANSPERANCY IN TRADE POLICIES AND PROCEDURE

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