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Chapter 4: Many Properties of Light Can Be Understood Using A Wave Model of Light

Pythagoras: a Greek philosopher who believed that light beams were made up of tiny particles. Wave Model of Light: a model in which light is a type of wave that travels through space and transfers energy from one place to another.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
244 views17 pages

Chapter 4: Many Properties of Light Can Be Understood Using A Wave Model of Light

Pythagoras: a Greek philosopher who believed that light beams were made up of tiny particles. Wave Model of Light: a model in which light is a type of wave that travels through space and transfers energy from one place to another.

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Chapter 4: Many properties of light can be understood using a wave model of light

Chapter 4: Definitions
1.)

Pythagoras: a Greek philosopher who believed that light beams were made up of tiny particles. Microscope: an optical device used to magnify extremely small objects, such as micro-organisms; composed of a combination of lenses. Telescope: an optical device used to magnify distant objects, such as stars and planets; composed of a combination of lenses or lenses and mirrors. Amplitude: the distance between the highest point (crest) on a wave and the rest position; also, the distance between the lowest point (trough) and the rest position. Compression Wave: a wave for which the action making the wave is back and forth along the direction in which the wave is moving. Crest: the highest part of a wave. Energy: the capacity to apply force over a distance. Force: anything that causes a change in the motion of an object; a push or pull on an object. Frequency: the number of repetitive motions, or vibrations, of a wave that occurs in a given amount of time; measured in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). Hertz: cycles per second; unit used to measure frequency of a wave. Medium: the material or substance through which wave is moving. Transverse Wave: a wave for which the action making the wave is perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is travelling.

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Trough: the lowest part of a wave. Wave: a disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space, without causing any permanent displacement. Wavelength: distance from on wave crest to the next; length of one unit of a wave that repeats itself. Reflection: the process in which light or another type of wave interacts with a surface and is sent back from the surface. Refraction: the changing of direction or bending of light or other type of wave when travelling from one medium to another medium having a different density. Spectrum: the array of colors of light that result from the separation or dispersion of white light. Visible Light: a form of energy that you can detect with your eyes. Wave Model of Light: a model in which light is a type of wave that travels through space and transfers energy from one place to another. Electromagnetic Radiation: a repetitive movement, not of particles, but of electric and magnetic energy through space. Gamma Rays: the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with the highest energy, highest frequency and lowest wavelength; result from nuclear reactions; used in cancer therapy. Microwaves: electromagnetic waves having wavelengths between 0.3cm and 30cm. Radiant Energy: energy, such as light, that spreads out from a source in all direction. Radio Waves: electromagnetic waves having wavelengths from a few centimeters to several kilometers long. X-rays: electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths.

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Section 4.1: The Nature of Light


580 BCE: Pythagoras believes light beams are made of tiny particle. 1000 CE: lens discovered 1200 CE: glasses were invented. Late 1500 CE: compound microscope was invented. 1609 CE: Galileo invents the telescope. Also tries to measure the speed of light. An assistant has a lantern 1 km away on a hilltop and Galileo tries to record the time it takes from the moment the lantern is uncovered to the moment he sees the light. He fails. 1800 CE: starts to think that light are a wave. Albert Michelson calculates the speed of light. He shines a laser to a mirror that is 35 km away. It reflects and it bounces back to a rotating detector that calculates the time the light left to the time it comes back. So he figures out that light travels at 300 000 km every second. Compare this to 343m/s for sound.

Section 4.2: Properties of Waves Features of a Wave


A wave is a disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space, without causing any permanent displacement. Energy is the capacity to apply a force over a distance. A force is a push or pull on an object.

The amplitude is the height of a wave crest or depth of a wave trough, as measure from its rest position. The larger the amplitude, the greater the energy transported. Frequency is the number of repetitive motions, or oscillations, that occur in a given time. Frquency is usually measure in hertz (Hz), or cycles per second. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the frequency. When one value increaes as the other deceases, scientists call this an inverse relationship.

Two Types of Waves


1.) Transverse Waves: matter in a medium moves up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. 2.) Compression Waves: matter in a medium moves parallel to the direction of the wave.

Section 4.3: Properties of Visible Light Wave Model of Light:


in this model light acts like a wave. This is important in understanding certain properties. Refraction a property of light where by it bends or changes direction when passing from one medium to another.

Different wavelengths of light will bend at different degrees This means that light can be split into it component colors if passed through a prism. Component Colors of Light white light is every color combined. black is the absence of color. the spectrum goes from red to violet: ROY G BIV Red/Orange/Yellow/Green/Blue/Indigo/Violet Longest Wavelength----------------------------------------------Shortest Wavelength Lowest Frequency----------------------------------------------------Highest Frequency Reflection: occurs when light bounces off something. When we see color we are seeing that color reflected off of a surface. Eg.) A red car reflects red light All other colors are absorbed. White=everything reflects. Black= nothing reflects

Section 4.4: Light and the electromagnetic spectrum


Produced by Radiant Energy Visible light is only a small part of the spectrum.

Radio Waves are a type if electromagnetic radiation that have the longest wavelength and lowest energy and frequency compared to all other types. Microwaves: shortest wavelength and highest frequency of radio waves. Eg: microwaves. Radar: shorter wavelength microwaves used in remote sensity. Waves are projected and they bounce off solid objects. Show location and speed of object. Infrared Waves Infrared waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation that, relative to light, has a longer wavelength and lower energy and frequency. Ultraviolet Waves Ultraviolet waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation that, relative to light, has a shorter wavelength and higher energy and frequency. X Rays X rays are a type of elctromagnetic radiation that have a shorter wavelength and higher energy and frequency than ultraviolet waves.

Chapter 5: The law of reflection allows mirrors to form images


Chapter 5 Key Terms
1. Angle of incidence: the angle between the incident ray and the normal. 2. Angle of reflection: the angle between the reflected ray and the normal. 3. Angle of Refraction: the angle between the normal and the refracted ray. 4. Concave mirror: curved mirror for which the center is behind the outer edges; the mirrored surface is curved inward. 5. Convex mirror: curved mirror for which the center protrudes out beyond the outer edges; the mirrored surface is curved outward. 6. Diffuse Reflection: reflection of light that does not produce an image but instead makes it possible to see what is on the surface of the reflecting material. 7. Extended rays: an imaginary line that extends from a light ray in a straight line to show where the eye perceives an image to be located; may extend from an incident ray to a point behind a mirror, or from a refracted ray to a point in front of a lens. 8. Focal point: of a mirror or lens is the point at which converging light rays meet or from which light rays diverge. 9. Image: the likeness, or appearance, of an object as seen in a mirror or through a lens. 10. Image distance: the distance between the mirror or lens and the image. 11.Incident ray: a ray that strikes a reflecting or refracting surface. 12.Inverted: oriented in the direction opposite to that of the object; often referred to as upside down 13.Law of reflection: states that the angle of reflection of a light ray is equal to the angle of incidence, or the angle at which the ray strikes the reflecting surface.

14.Normal: an imaginary line perpendicular to a surface such as a mirror or lens. 15. Object distance: the distance between the mirror or lens and the object. 16.Opaque: material that prevents visible light from penetrating it; an object cannot be seen through such a medium. 17.Particle model of light: a model of light behaviour based on the assumption that light is a stream of particles that travel in a straight line. 18. Plane Mirror: a flat, smooth mirro, or reflecting surface. 19.Principal axis: a line that is normal, or perpendicular, to the center of a mirror or lens. 20.Ray diagram: demonstrates the path of light from an object using straight lines. 21.Ray model of light: a simplified model in which light is represented as a straight line, or ray, that shows the direction in which the light is travelling. 22.Real image: the image formed when reflected or refracted rays meet; when a screen is placed at the image position, the image can be seen on the screen. 23.Rectilinear Propagation: describes a porperty of light: light travels in straight lines. 24.Reflected ray: the ray leaving a reflecting surface after an incoming ray has struck the surface. 25.Refracted ray: a rat tgat describes the direction of light after passing from one medium to another of different density. 26.Specular reflection: type of reflection that produces an image of the surroundings. 27.Transcluent: material that allows light to pass through but scatters it in the process; an object observed through such a material appears fuzzy.

28.Transparent: material that allows light to pass through with no change in the direction of the raysl an object can be clearly seen through such a medium. 29.Upright: oriented in the same direction as the object; often referred to as right-side up 30.Vertex: the point at which the principal axis meets a mirror. 31.Virtual image: image that appears to be the source of light rays, though no rays are acutually coming from it; if you palce a screen at the position of a virtual image, no image will be visible on the screen.

Section 5.1: The Ray Model of Light


Particle Model of Light: light is made of extremely tiny particles which travel in a straight line. Wave Model of Light: light is a wave with wavelength and frequency. Light is actually BOTH!!! We use the Ray Model of Light which is a simplified model to explain hoe light acts. Here light is represented as a straight line (ray) that shows the direction light travels. Different types of materials do different things to light. 1.) Transparent: all (or nearly all) light will pass through the object. Rays of light continue on their path. Ex) water, air glass. 2.) Translucent: most light gets through but the rays are scattered in all directions. Ex) frosted glass. 3.) Opaque: lets no light through and rays are reflected or scattered. Ex) rock, whiteboard.

Shadows
Shadows tell you about one of the most important properties of light: light travels in straight lines. This is known as rectilinear propagation.

Light Can Be Reflected


It can be reflected in two ways: 1.) Specular Reflection: creates an image of its surroundings. 2.) Diffuse Reflection: does not create an image but instead shows you what is on its surface. Specular reflection needs a smooth surface, relative to the ray of light. Diffuse reflection occurs when the surface is not smooth, relative to the light.

The Law of Reflection


When a ray of light reflects off of a surface, it will reflect at the same angle it struck the surface. (page 178)

Light Can Be Refracted


Refraction: Bends Waves of light bend when they enter a new medium. This happens because the light either slows down or speeds up

The Direction of the Refracted Ray


Light bends as it changes mediums In general it slows down as it enters a denser medium. It also bends towards the normal when entering this denser medium and away when entering a less dense medium.

Section 5.2: Images in Plane Mirrors


A plane mirror is smooth and flat The image is what you see in the mirror.

The distance from the object to the mirror is the object distance. The distance from the image to the mirror is the image distance. For a plane mirror, these are the same. Other characteristics of the image are: S: size (bigger, the same or smaller) P: position (how far away from mirror) O: orientation (inverted or not; upside down or not) T: type (virtual or not) For a plane mirror: same size, same position, same orientation, virtual image.

Section 5.3: Images in Curved Mirrors


Concave Mirrors Have relecting surface that curves inward This changes the image This occurs because reflected light converge (travel towards each other) The point at which they converge is called the focal point.

For a concave mirror, when an object is between the focal point and the mirror, the image has the following characteristics: The image is larger than the object. The image distance is larger than the object distance. The image is upright. The image is virtual. For a concave mirror, when an object is between the focal point and the distance twice that of the focal point, the image has the following charactericstics: The image is larger than the object. The image distance is larger than the object distance. The image is inverted. The image is real. For a concave mirror, when an object is beyonda distance twice that of the focal point, the image has the following characteristics: The image is smaller than the object. The image distance is smaller than the object distance. The image is inverted. The image is real.

Chapter 6: Lenses refract light to form images.


Chapter 6 Key Terms 1) Aperture: an opening through which light enters a camera.

2) Astigmatism: a condition in the eye in which the cornea has a distorted shape, causing blurred vision. 3) Blind Spot: the area in the eye where the optic nerve enters the retina; has no light-sensing cells. 4) Blindness: any vision impairment that prevents a person from carrying out regular activities; ranges from partial to complete inability to detect light. 5) Charge-coupled Device: a detector at the back of a camera that absorbs light and provides the electrical signals needed to produce a digital image. 6) Color blindness: the ability to see only in shades of grey. 7) Concave lens: lens that is indented in the center thinner in the center than at the edges; causes light rays to diverge, or spread apart, which makes the image appear smaller. 8) Cone cells: cone-shaped cells in the retina of the eye that absorb light and allow you to detect color. 9) Convex lens: a lens that a bulge outward on both sides; thicker in the center than at the edges; causes light rays to converge, or point toward each other. 10) Cornea: a transparent tissue that covers the iris and pupil of the eyeball; helps to maintain the shape of the eye. 11) Diaphragm: a ring that controls the amount of light entering a camera. 12) Far-sighted: a vision impairment in which distant objects are clearly visible but nearby objects appear fuzzy; caused by light rays converging to form an image behind the retina.

13) Focal length: the distance from the center of a lens to the focal point of the lens. 14) Iris: the colored circle of muscle surrounding the pupil; controls the amount of light entering the eye. 15) Lens: a curved piece of transparent material, such as glass or plastic that refracts light in a predictable way; can be used to focus an image. 16) Near-sighted: vision impairment in which nearby objects can be seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry; caused by light rays converging to form an image before they reach the retina. 17) Night blindness: a vision impairment in which it is difficult or impossible to see in dim light; often cause by rod cells losing the ability to respond to light. 18) Optical Center: the point where the principal axis intersects the center of a lens. 19) Optic Nerve: a nerve that transmits electrical signals from the eye to the brain. 20) Pupil: an opening through which light enters the eye; the black circle in the center of your eye. 21) Reflecting Telescope: a telescope that uses a combination of a concave mirror, a plane mirror, and a convex lens to collect and focus light from distant objects. 22) Refracting Telescope: a telescope that uses a combination of lenses to focus light from distant objects. 23) Retina: a screen-like tissue at the back of the eye where an image is formed; contains light sensitive rod and cone cells.

24) Rod Cells: specialized cells in the retina that absorb light and allow you to detect shapes and movement in low-light conditions. 25) Sclera: an opaque tissue that surrounds the cornea and helps to maintain the shape of the eye; the white region surrounding the iris. 26) Snow Blindness: a condition of temporary partial or complete blindness cause by overexposure to sunlight that is reflected from snow.

Section 6.1: Concave and Convex Lenses A lens is a curved piece of transparent material that refracts light in a predictable way.

Concave lens: center is caved in. Convex lens: center is curved out.

Convex Lens (converging lens): light bends towards each other. This tends to magnify the image. Concave Lens (divergent lens): light bends away from each other. *See figure 6.3 and 6.4 on page 216 Section 6.2: Human Vision Correcting Focus Problems: Near-sighted vision: image falls short of the retina. This can be corrected with concave lens. Far-sighted vision: image falls behind the retina. This can be fixed with convex lens.

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