Lym Lapland tha Doth Rate Reploning He Gaby Giearatio’ Fuk Tete tegen Aldine Geup be, 107 7 Control By Design ‘The Architectural Assault on the Public Realm Irwould be easy to argue thatthe theme of anturbaiam less bigs su sy stati in Anglo-American culture than have aimed. After sll measuring the Frequency and magni of iets and mages pop luton past and present which what is involved heres daunting, periaps imposible ask This also tie regandig the lnk between pet “ais and negative eengs aboot the ables in at he wey eX fence of pivlism tl is matter of aerence volving the ltepreta- fon of data fogment. And sch inferences and ntrpretton® are eral subject to disagreement and debate. short nde previous to thapters we have been dealing with phenomena of an elie, nso tal intangible, pechapschimescalcharctr, Thus, 1a ad that 1 fn the subject of Hs chapter—the snimus foward the ple realn expresied in the bull evironment tobe gratifying ts sli con {roto is palpably. As we wil se, socal siete may arge about ‘he causal effacy of physica abject and thes rangement in space, But they cannot debate’ the existence, feguency, or magnitude of those ssranged cbc: Privat ma’ or ay not be “tal” OF few inte hanes tere an ben doubt ‘ie will begin our investigation of seu byatchitectre by taking an ‘excurstsinto sociology’ long-standing agoraphobia an wil flr seme fguments that attempt to counter it inthe secon seston — hich pro ‘ies brief overview of various atest “conta” th public rlin— ‘we will ee that the people who actually design and bul cts appa in fonirast othe soilogss who study thse pal to sue om ag07 phobic qual Rather they seem deeply apprecativea the power of spe tal arangements to subdue the unr public ln eit bydestoying fr bysuntzing ie The lst two major sections ofthe chapr explore in onsidrale deta these alermative strategies of contro {wil onclade ‘ith some thoughts about he cntibtions of he built environmental to ever more aniurbansm, fo ever stongerfeaigs of ar and lsthing toward the pli elm, ana eve eter depot of pesto.10 CConsoby Dein ‘COUNTERING SOCIOLOGY'S "AGORAPHOBIA": THE SPATIAL "STRUCTURING" OF INTERACTION Agoraphobia is defined as a fear of open or public spaces and of roid To say that sociologist sufer fom ii, admit to ake sone betes with that Ginn because what aially san toconvey here ig the soclologst’ fear of the iar of sce a «pent coved varia {(Choldin 19785). To watcha oom fll of sali (and fellow traveler) ‘when the =" word ess stows a oor ful of "wicked tees of ‘thewest” whe have just Boer doused wth water. Wel, perhaps Tam ex [rating somewhat But not much. At lest since Emile Durelm © ‘Senuncaton a he “geographia” or “cmt” canes of Suicide (1897), 1952) moa of shave beon ding rm even hint of gegrophial deter ‘minon in our work. Generations af us have avoided the shoals of such ‘termina as though avelding the plague and, even in thes elight- ‘Sed times, any author acco of commiting aga” may wel ace he ‘splines equivalent of the siake 9 humilatng rubbing i the Book Teview secon of one or anoer of is juan 195, for example, Nathan Glazer wrote, "We must rt ost ur thinking the assumption thatthe physieal fora of our communis has social consequences {quote Fowler 1987) few years ter in 1958, Herbert Gans accused Jane acts i The Dea Lif of Groen ites) ofan "victim, to the Falcy of Physial Deterinin” (quoted in Fowler 1987). And lost thirty years later, Joh Palen (aking to task the amity dete- ministicencestescisplayed by eal crits of American suburban devel- ‘pment repent the retain: Imp in the developing my esa ‘suburbs anther feylee wae anave detersaiem dat sed at the charters ofthe but omiroument egal how pple tlc and ‘ce (198382, emphasis ada) In sum, Wirston Crurchil’s observe ton, "We shape ou buildings treater they shape us,” hat is the es thatthe spaces and places we cet ray intr rete wa common place among geographers nd envionment psychologis sor many Eeciologists simpy too “outrageous to be taker seriously. Tet me not be minunderstnd ere I the lst tor Aen yeas, space" nas been aw oranda concep in Sociology a Its pose gercespecilly among thow inlined owacd ceed” of polieabsco omic analyses. And ofcourse, in urban sociology land-use patersing tnd change le, “spatial” arangements) have been of dominating cone ‘em from the evry days ofthe Chega Scho). Ody enough, hoteve, llth terest isin the concep sear enhive ole pen ral Space is shaped: by “natural sleion” or “natural markt Fores" (i, ‘Burgess 1925; Hawley 1950), bythe machinations of "pital" and "cape Coat Seblnys“Agrpotio® 1 tats” (eg, Fansein, Gordon, and Harloe 1952 Gotdoner 185,198, Harvey 197, 185,198, Walton 197, 1981; Zakin 182,987,191, 1985), bythe "production need” of worldeconomy” og, Sosen 19, 1984), snd by local and esonal “growth machines” (Logan and loth 1987, ‘Maloth 1975, Space may also be the “nepien” of har emotions atachment or antipathy (Fey 1948, Fried 1963; Hammon 1980), But ‘acepina few lat works (eg, Foe 1987; Levits 17%: MeKenzie 1925: LaGory 193; Maines, Bdge ond Umer 1986 Sater 180; Sen ey 197%; Soe, Leahy: and Schwab 86; Span 1952 Ty and Shelter 488 space does not ie shape, it does nat give, it doesnot "cause." ‘el atIsuagested a the end of Chapter there are Fry goo! reson toaccept at esst oss working hypothe iden tha echaactar ofthe Dull envionment (meuing the teangement of physical abject in space) ‘connected to what humans doin ht enveonment. Asa prota othe major business of his chapter thn, let me sketch out Ue ofthese very {od reasons. These ave to do with he way In which pace tats [pts parameters around human iteneton. would ange th toa by afeting () how interaction accrs 2) whe interacts With whom, and yee conten ofthe interaction Structuring How Interaction Occurs ‘The bi envronmet certainly doesnot serine exactly how pope are gingto interact with ane another butt des amply ot Sonstein e range of interactional psibltes The extraordinarily comple soca Teltonship among devers on fray’ in ero ity ses that ‘was dscused in Chaperone ample ofa paral form of intra tion made possible by a particular frm of phystal structure. The place ‘mento the horerawn ccrgeby the road car the rina nade oflongistance and warspor inthe rinetenthcetury ran example of the replacement of one ntratona possiblity by another “eles of te eigen entry: port the rads, fred sal _govpstn ore dustin the ures wr characte by tre [Scverten an itrchrt te vel noni ofthe pc ety fo hie "ytelogsent Ui cont the acl inthe in mip ot Tow whut do wiht ther nd mading Seam scope he [etal emricaton ht ong ales pce Ts conection between ‘dings te alnaton of aond ave os neater by suo desing th he suet of vel ening apps te Towingconrutn tem ens 88 wh ve renin ‘Seta eth general an soe acy of overste Contra Desian Novoday one weve so ft ad ss if joey a an raion ‘icka accion er faces ton egursy anesthe esi ie sate having sid sage wed. Conesation ro anger hes Pine opt mang peopl eon ech her est ated ange af mere perie-Tr ne might nyt he elds ‘item ner Whe sane ne Dl one waegng pr =e oss, sone Eiki company ocho ted esas rapport Gres oa tht tn ined epee Saran he on ‘Bley weno loner ok botany athe ipsa Sooo cation Tne aver cokes anes ae fea Gin cen salon whee walt epoelty aoe Tus ang ‘ees enact uvebuch WP “The German historian and sil siti Wlgang Schlvtbusch is hee eserbing the svi sution ol he pl Europenn fist. second-class mlway cr divided into separate compartments, each comparment eat Ing tha or four perions on ane sde Who faced tee os four persons oF the other Iii confguration, moved afer he horse-drawn caring, Iwhichcunder conditions of relatively bre ave ne appeared to af The willing of tanger otal o one another. Less inate physical rangement, os inthe alway cas inthe United States ar hose Buto- prance designed forthe lower orders” were the sees or onsierabe “scab, Asmmamerous neta century commentators observed ‘lye preg aes unde is pence fra anger speaking ‘ot an ering neesngy ensure by ter companions. Inthe ages one hind ancl ard ccs whch pty seo be i no Enno at sof noes, et eneor erase lee ena persa of eng tr Om he array te sous maa ing om hes ees con se ova cepa [ged the Fecha Alphonse Osade gies isimpressonat Sipe agente etanacge gee ny UP tosis intl age inthe maa of drunken sal sane, ‘gat pose sep ith hair mowthe pene ose of Ce fe seit i wii ts le ts wet lp Ficmuliofenage the poor wither of pipe emake ney EESitige und wet sav hk om stl one euch 978, hose aed) Certsily we know from Jane Jacob's asic The Deh and it ret Amer Cs (1961) an fom studies soc as those Wii HL Whyte ‘it cone on small urban spaces (88, 198) that thebullt vironment space-can encourage or discourage people from “hanging about” and thus encourage or discourage interaction oF more than fleeting sor That Coming Say “Agra 13 heres ahing “neil” sot pp or he pbeln Blessares we viewed in Chapter People waking cn Scare {here ae people to wate. Br or png verbal xg tae tangs ear occu enly if people ten copemnce long encagh hae ate enunirs One has ony Yo ak th pale oats fe Le Co tne inspized housing profes of England, Sede, Resa, Felon or the United States Ge, foroxample stations? and 72), estl he serio of contemporary mepastuctes ke the Bonaventure Hotel st Loe Angles or London's South Bank Complex se Tusation 73 and 74, 10 encounter evizormente—to be calor in deta low a eval of people tat interaction simply fretned? ‘Structuring Who interacts with Who “The bulk environment no more filly determinant of who ineracts ‘with whom than ts of how a ntracion tas place, but it aloo 0 less powerful as. facilitator or hindrance. The pvged classes Vick ‘han England understood his very wel They fa ala designed her frcestanding hases so a5 to Incorporate totally separate qusters and tentanees for servants and tradespeople. As they began it ninteenth ‘century to contemplate residence in unr Blacks of ft the question of Tow to ensure that they and thar servants Would not met inthe bal ‘Mustain 71. Roehampton Etats London (Paty author)