Ku UDAYA SUR IA | \ Structural Steelwork: Design to Limit State Theory ‘Third edition ‘School of Ci Engiesing ‘The Ualesiy of Lees, eds, UK ‘Thien Cheong Ang ‘School of Cri an Environmental Engineering Nasyang Techraogial Unversity, Singapre ‘Singing Chiew School of Cl and Evionmestal Engineering ‘enya Techoalogial Unies, lagspare et pause meer ELSEVIERContents Preface tothe third edition vi Preface tothe second edition vi Preface tothe first eition viii, (Chapter! INTRODUCTION. — 1 LL Steetstrctures 1 12. Structural elements 13 Smuctural design 4 14 Design methods 4 15 Design calculations and computing 6 16 Detaling 7 Chapter? LIMITSTATE DESIGN 8 2.1 Limit state design principles § 22 Limitstates forstes! design 8 23° Working and factoredoacs 9 24 Stability imitstaes 11 25° Suwewtalintesrty 11 26 Serviceability limit state deflection 12 27 Design swengsh of materials 13 28 Design methods for buildings 14 Chapter3 MATERIALS 15 3. Structural see! properties 15 32 Design considerations 15 33. Steal sections 18 3.4 Section properties 21 Chapters BEAMS 24 41 Typesand uses 24 42 Beamloads 25 43 Classification of beam cross-sections 26 44 Bending suesses and moment cap 45° Lateral vorsioal buckling 34Chapte 31 32 53 5a 33 Chapter 6 61 62 63 6a 65 Chapter 7 nu 12 13 Ta 13 18 17 718 79. 740 Chapter 8 81 82 83 aa 83 R6 87 Shearin beams 40 Defiection of beams 42 Beam connections 42 Examples of beam design 47 Compound beams 56 Granebeams 62 Purling 7? ‘Sheeting ails 85 PLATEGIRDERS 94 Design considerations 94 Behaviour of plate ginler 97 Design toBS $950:Part I 101 Design of plat girder 112 Design utilizing tension eld action 120 ‘TENSION MEMBERS 131 ‘Uses, yes and design considerations 131 End comectons 122 Seuccraltehviou ofosionmaners 134 Designof tension members 139 Designexanples "141 COMPRESSION MEMBERS 144 ‘ypesanduses 144 ‘Lands en compression members 146 (Cassfcation of roes-soctons 148 Axially loaded compression memters 148 Beam cohmes 165 Escensialy loaded columns in bilings 173 (Cased cofumns subjected o axl bad and woment 182 Sie columa forasingle-toreyincustial bulding. 186 Grane colamns 192 Corum bases 204 ‘TRUSSES AND BRACING 210 “Trusses—Iypes, uses and truss members 210 Loads on eusses 210, Analysis of russes 212 Design of truss members 214 ‘Truss connections | 218 DDesign ofa roof wuss for an induseal building 220 Bracing 233PORTAL FRAMES 246 Design and constuction 246 Blast design 248, Plastic design 259, Inplane sability 264 ‘Restraints and member stability 267 Serviceablty check for eaves defection 270 Design of joins 271 Design example ofa portal frame 274 ‘Farber reading for portal design 282 CONNECTIONS 284 ‘Types of connections 284 Non-preloaded bolts, 284 Preloaded bots 301 ‘Welded connections 306 Further considerations in design o? connections 318 WORKSHOPSTEELWORKDESIGNEXAMPLE 225 Iwrodueton 325 Basic design loads 325 ‘Compater analysis aia 327 Results of computer analysis 320 Structural design of members 334 Steelwork dealing 337 STEELWORK DETAILING | 338, Drawings 338 General recommendations 339 Steel sections 340 Grids end marking plans 34t Bolts 343 Welds 344 Beams 347 Plate girders 347 Columas and bases 348 ‘Trusses and latice girders Computer-aided drafting References 352 Index 353Preface to the third edition ‘Tiss the third edition ofthe Strctrl Stelwork: Design to Limit State Theory by TJ. MacGinley nC. ng, which rovedto be very popular wth both str dents and proctsing engincee. The change of authorship vas forced upon by the deceased of MrT. MacGinley.Allthechaplershave been updated and earanged 10 comply withthe atest revision ofthe BS $950-1:2000 Structural use of stel- workin building «Part 1: Code of practice for design rolled an welded sections. it ‘may be sed asa stand-alone text or in conjunction with BS 950. The book con ‘ains detailed explanation of the principles undeying steel design and isinvended {or stdents reading for evil andor structural enginering egress in univers ies. Tt should be useful o final year students imolved in design projects and als0 sallcienly practical for practising engineer and architects who requir a into uecion to the latest revision of BS 5950. Every topic is iustrated with fell ‘worked examples and problems ae also provided for practice buPreface to the second edition “The book has been updated to comply with BS 5950: Par I: 1990 Structural Use of Stetvork in Buiing Code of Practice for Design in Simple and Continuous Construction Hot Rolled Sections ‘Anew chapter on portal design bas boon aed toroundout its contents. Tie rype ‘of structure is in constant demand for warehouses. factories and fr many other purposes and isthe most common single-storey balding in use. The incosion of ‘this material ineoducesthe reader to elastic and phi rig frame design, member stably problems and design of moment-tansniting joints. TIM, TCA,Preface to the first edition ‘The purpose ofthis book isto show basic ste design othe new Hint tate code BS 5950. It has been writen primarily for undergraduates who will now sar leering steel design to the new code, and wills be of weet recent grates nd designers wishing o update their knowledge "The book covers design of element andoinsin tel construction tothe simple design method: its scheme i the same a that used in the previous book by the Principal author. SiractralStetwork Celewarons and Detailing, Bucerworts, 1973. Design theory with some ofthe backgroud tothe code procedures is given and separate cles and acomplete building fame ae designed to show the use ofthe code “The application of microcomputers in the design proces is discussed and the listing for some programs are given, Reconamendations fr dealing are ince, With a mention of computer aided deting (CAD), TM, TCA.1 Introduction LA Steel structures ‘Steel frame buildings consist of a skeletal framework which cartis all the Toads to which the building i subjected. The sections through thre common ‘types of buildings ae shown in Figure 1.1. These are: (D) single-storey lace oof building: @) single-storey poral frame building: (G) mediumsse braced maltstorey building, ‘These three types cover many of the uses of sel frame buildings such as factories, warehouses. offices, fats, schools, ete. design fo the lates toot building (Figure |.) is given and the design ofthe elements forthe braced. ‘muliestorey building (Figure 1.1(Q) is also ineleded. Design of poral frame is desribed separately in Chapier 9, ‘The building frame is made up of separate clements—the beams, columns, trusses and bracing-—lsted beside each section in igre 1-1. These must be joined together and the building attached to the foundations, Elements are ‘iscussed more flyin Section 1.2, Buildings are thee dimensional and only the sestional ramehasbeen shown in Figure 1-1. These frames must be propped and braced Isteall so that they ‘eaain in position and cary the loads without buckling out of the plane of the section Suuctural raming plans are shown in Figures 1.2 and 1.5 forthe building types illustrated in Figures 1.1(a) and 1.1) ‘Various methods for analysis and design have been developed over the years. In Figure I. he single-storey structure @) ano the mullsstorey building in (Cate designed by the simple design method, wile the portal franve in (bis designed by the continuous design method. All design is based onthe newly revised limit state design code BS 5950-1: 2000 Pat 1. Design theories are discussed briefly in Section 14 and design methods are set out in tal in ‘Chapter 2. 12 Structural elements ‘As mentioned above ste! buildings are eomposa? af distinc elements: (Q) Beams and girders—members carrying lateral loads in bending and shea, {@) Ties—members carrying axial loads i tension,(0) Sngisy ce roa ang whe (0) Single pe te poral (omit bing 5 cola Figwe LThee common pet este ings 6) Sits columas or sanchions—memberscarying axial ins in com resion. Those Tener are ofen subjected to Bending as wall 3 (6) Trstsand inte girders fund members canyng ater ons. These trscompored of ss and es, (5) Prlne™ beam members ceying of sheesings {6} Sheeting rals~beam members sopportng wal lading; {9} Brecing--iagonl strats and test witholunns and foot tse, for ‘ert and hionta uses tress wind lads an ence povided ably ofthe bang Joints connect members together such a the joints in trusses, joins bewe ‘oor beams and columns of other oor beams, Bases transmit the loads fro the columns to the foundations.oe Seoceratelenens 3 iy Lower tnd ing ‘S| aie ing Bang ements 1 ac te 6 ewe rd ing 2 Coun 4 tacos 3 Ratinandsheingrais Ene 4 Garena ° Te 5 Row ng 10 Gales wre 12 Facey tng ‘The structural elements are listed in Figures [.1-1.3, and the types ‘members making. up the various elements are discussed in Chapter ‘etals for a factory and a multi-storey building are shown inan fin hare gare 13 Musto te ing 13 Structural design Building design nowadays usually carried cat by a multi-discipline design team, An architect draws up plans fora building to meet the clients require ‘meats. Th structural engineer examines various alternative framing arrange ‘ments and ray carry ut preliminary designs to determine which isthe most ‘ecodomical. This is termed the ‘conceptual design stage", Fora given framing ‘rangement, the problem in structural desig consists of 2) estimation of loading: (@) analysis of main frames, trusses or and connections to detemnine ax points inall members: (@) design ofthe elements and connections using desig data from step (2) @) production of arrangement and detail drawings from the designer's Eeetches. ice ginders, Hoe systems, bracing Toads, shears and moments at critical ‘This book covers the design of elements first. The, to show various elements indheirtruecontextina building, the design forthe basi single-storey srucure ‘with atice roof shown in Figure 1.2 is given, 14 Design methods ‘Stecl design may be base on three design theories: (1) elastic design; (Q) plastic design; (G) limit state design. Elastic design sth raditonal method ands ill commonly used inthe United ‘States. Steel is almost perfectly elastic upto the yield point and elastic theory is avery good method on which the method based. Stwetures are analysed by elastic theory and section are size so tha the permissible suesses are not Danian tess nen nn nn eioT] (0) Feary bing 0) Mat try ing = Plu 14 Fat nd mtr balding ‘exceeded. Design in accordance with BS 449-2: 1967: The Use of Structural ‘Steel n Buln is sil acceptable in the United Kingsom, Plastic theory developed to take account of bexsviour past the yield point is ‘based on finding the load hat causes the stretureto collapse, Then the working load is the collapse load divided by a Toad factoz This too is permitted under BS 449, Finally, imi tate design has been developed to take account of all condi- ions that ean make te stuctare become unfit for use, The design is based on the actual behaviour of materials and streture in we and i in accordance i6 tnodecion ‘wih BS 5950: The Structural Use of Stelwork in Building: Part Code of Practice for Design—Rolled and Welded Setins The code requirements relevant tothe worked problems are noted and dis- cussed. The complete code shouldbe obtained and read in conjunction with this book “The aim of structural design iso produce a afe and economia structure that full its required purpose. Thearetical knywledge of structural analysis ‘must be combined with knowledge of design principles and theory and the constrains given inthe standard to pie a safe cesign. A thorough knowledge ‘of properties of materials, methods of fabricain and erection is essential for lhe experienced designer. "The learer must sta withthe bases and gradually buildup experience through doing coursework exercises in conjunction with a study of design principles and theory. ‘Brish Standards are draw up by panels of experts from the professional ingtntions, and include engineers fom edusational and research insita- tions, consulting engineers, goverament authorities andthe fabrication and consivtion industries. The standards give the design methods, factors of| Safety, design loads, design strengths, defection limits and safe construction ‘AS wel asthe man design standard for steelwork in buildings, BS 5950-1; ‘2000: Part I, reference most be made to other relevant standard, including: (2) BS EN 10020: 2000. This pives definition and classification of grades of| seal, (@) BSEN 10029: 1991 (pits); BSEN 10025:1993 sections), BSEN 10210- 1: 1994 (hot finished hollow sections); BS EN 10219-1: 1997 (cold formed hollow sections). This gives the mechanical properties forthe various types cof steel sections. (@) BS 6399-1: 1996 Par 1, Code of Praetce for Dead and Imposed Loads. (G) BS 6399-2: 1997 Par 2, Code of Practice for Wind Loads. (6) BS 6399-3: 1998 Par 1, Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads Representative loading may be taken forelement design. Wind looding depends ‘on the complete building and must be estimated usiug the wind code 1.5 Design calculations and computing CCaleolacions are needed inthe design process determine the loading on the siructure, cary out the analysis and design the elements and joints, and must beset out clear in standard form. Design sketches to ilusrate nd amphity the calculations ae an integral part of the procure and ae used to produce the detail drawings. ‘Computing now forms an increasingly larg part of design work, and all routine calculations ean be eadily eared outor a PC. The ws of the computer peeds up calculation and enables allematve sections to be checked, giving the designer a wider choies than would be pesible with manual working. ‘However its most important that students uterstand the design principles involved before using computer programs, Teisthrough doing exercises thatthe student consolidates the design theory even in lettres. Problems are given at the endof most chapters,essing 7 1.6 Detailing Chapter 12 deals withthe dessiling of stuoural steelwork. Inthe earlier chapters, sketches are made in design problems to show building arrange- rents, loading on frames, trusses, members, conections and other features pertinent to the design. TCs often necessary © make a sketch showing the ‘rrangement oF a joint before the design ean be carried out. At the end ofthe blem, sketches are made 1o show basic design information such a setion| size, span, pt sizes, drilling, welding, etc. These sketches are used to produce the working drawings, "The general ezangement draving and marking plans give the information for erection. The detailed drawings show all the particulars for fabrication of the elements. The designer must know the conventions for making steelwork drawings, such as the scales to be used, the methods for specifying meine bets, plates, bolls, welding, ere. He/she must be able to day standard joint details and must also have aknowledge of methed of fabrication and erection [AUIoCAD is becoming generally available and he student shouldbe given en appreciation oftheir use.Limit state design 2.1 Limit state design principles ‘The central concepts of limit state design areas follows: (2) Al he separate conditions that make the structure unfit for we ae taken, into secount. These are the separate limit states. (@) The designs based onthe actual behavicur of materials and performance ‘of structures and members in service. (@) Ideally, design shouldbe based on statistical methods with a small prob ability ofthe structure reaching a limit te “The three concepts are examined in more del below. ‘Requirement (1) means thatthe structre should not overtam under applied loads and is members and joints should be song enough to cary the forces to which they are subjected. In addition, other conditions such as excessive ‘deflection of beams or unaccepiable vibration, though notin fct casing col Tapse, should not make the subetue unfit forse. 'In concept (2), the strengths are calculated using plastic theory and post- Duckling behaviour istaken into account. Th offect of imperfections on design szengih is als included. tis recognized Ua ealeulations cannot be made all cases to ensute that limit states are not wached. In cases such as brite fracture, good practice must be followed to etsure that damage or fulure does Concept (3) implies recognition of the factthat loads and material strengths vary, spproximations are used indesign and mperfeciens in fabrication and erection affect the stength inservice Al these Factors can only be realistically sssssed in statistical terms. However, it 'sneystjsaibe to adopt a complete probeblity basis for design, and the method adopted isto ensure safety by ts Suitable factors. Partial factors of safety are Inioduced to take account of the uncertainties in Toads, materials stengs.ete. mentioned abovs, These are Aiseussed more filly below. 2.2 Limit states for steel design "The limit states for which stelwork isto be designed are set out in Section 2 ‘of BS 5950-1: 2000. These areas follows. 5‘The ultimate limit states include the following: Q) strength including general yielding, rupture, buckling and tansformation into'a mechanism) Q) stability against overuming and sway; G) fractore dus to Fatigue; @) brite fracture When the ultimate limit states are exceeded, te whole stracture or part of it 22.2 Serviceabilty mit states ‘The serviceability limit states consist ofthe folowing: (©) detection; (© vibration (or example, wind-inducedosciaion); ) repairable damage due to fatigue; (@) corrosion and durability. ‘The serviceability limit states, when exceeded, make the structure or par of it unfit for normal use but do not indicate hat collapse has occured. All relevant limit states should be considered, but usually it willbe appro- priate to design on the basis of strength and subility at ulate loading and then check that deflection isnot excessive unde serviceability loading. Some recommendations regarding the other limit sales will be noted when appro- ‘rite, bu detailed treatment of these topics iseuside the Scope of this book. 2.3 Working and factored loads 23.1 Working loads The working loads (elso known as the specifed, characteristic or nominal {oad are the actual loads the structure i designed to cary. These are normally ‘thought of the maximum loads which will not be exceeded daring the life of the suctur.Instasticalerms, characteristic leads hav a95 per centprobsb- itty of not being exceeded. The main loads on buildings may be classified as: (1) Dead Fonds: These are dve 10 the weight of floor slabs, roofs, walls, clings, partitions, finishes, services and slf-weigh of steel. When sizes te kiov, dead loads can be calculated from weights of materials or from the manufacture’ iteature. However, al the start ofa design, sizes are not known accurately and dead loads ust often be estimated from ‘experince. The values used should be checked when the final design is ‘complete, For examples onelemen design aepresentativeloading hasbeen ‘chosen, but forthe building design examples actual loads from BS 6399: Par I are used, E @) Imposed toads: These take account of the lods caused by people, furniture, feqiipment, stock cc. on the floors of bulings and snow on roof. The ‘values ofthe floor loads used depend onthe use of the building. Imposed Toads are given in BS 6399: Part | and snow load is given in BS 6399: Pans(©) Wind toads: These loads depend on the ‘ocation and building sie. Wind Toads ae given in BS 6399: Part 2.” Calculation of wind Toads ie piven in the examples on building design. (4) Dynamic loads: These are caused mainlyby cranes. Anallowance is made ‘or impact by increasing the static verteal loads and the inertia effects are taken ino account by applying a proportion of the vertieal Toads as ‘porzontal Toads. Dynamic loads from cranes ave given in BS 6399: Par 1 Design examples show how thse loads ae calculated and applied tocrane Birds ad columns. Other loads onthe structures are caused by waves, ce, seismic effects et. and these are outside the seape ofthis book. 232 Factored loads forthe tltimateHimit slates In accordance with Section 2.4.1 of BS 5950-1: 2000, factored loads are used {indesign ealeulatons for strength and stabil. Factored low working or nominal load x relevant partial load factor, “The partial oad factor takes account of: (1) the unfavourable deviation of loads from their nominal values; and (@) the reduced probability that various oad: wil all be at their nominal value simultaneously. It also allows forthe uncertainties in the behaviour of materials and of the structure as opposed ro those assumed in design ‘The partial load factor, 7 are piven in Table 2 of BS 5950-1: 2000 and some of the factors are given in Table 2.1 (Clause 241.1 of BS 5950-1: 2000 staies hat the factored loads should be applied in the most unfavourable manner sid embers an eannections should “ae 21 Poel acter fora Deeded reariningwftecommuning 19 estat nnd lndand iyo od 13 Iga od is Sere co 16 eset and iS nun cence wh eel er sea poses seeps | | |= Sioetl neti 11 not fil under these load conditions. Brief comment are given on some ofthe Toad combinations: (1) The main load for design of most members and structures is desd plus imposed load. @ In light roof structures uplift and load reversal ceurs and tll structures ust be checked fr overturning. The load combination of dead pls wind ood is used in these cases witha load fador of 1.0 for dead and 1.8 for wind lsd, {@) Its improbable thet wind and imposed loads will simultaneously reach their maximum values and load factors are reduced accordingly. (4) is also unlikely thatthe impact and surge lod from eranes will rach ‘maximum values together and othe load fectorsare reduced, Again when ‘wind is considered with crane loads the Factors are further reduced, 2A Stability limit states ‘To ensure subility, Clause 24.2 of BS 5950 states that structures must be checked using factored Toads forthe following two conditions (2) Overtuyning: Te stracture must not overar or it of is seat. @) Sway: To ensure adequate resistance, two design checks are required: (2) Design to resist the applied horizontal loads (©) Asean esis ocnoonal zal ois. These eo be akon 5.05 pr can ofthe ona ead os imposed lol and re 6 Be applied at oor level They are to act with 1.4 times ‘he dead and 1 tics the imposed Toad. Sway resistance may be provided by bracing igid-construction shear walls, stair wells or it shafie, The designer should sleany indicate the system he is using. In examples in this book, stability against sway willbe ensured by ‘bracing and rigid portal action, 2.5 Structural integrity ‘The provisions of Section 24.5 of BS 5950 ensure that the structure complies ith the Building Regulations and has the abi to ress progressive collapse following secidental damage. The main pars ofthe clause are stmmatied below (1) Allsuructres must be eectively ted at all ors and roofs. Columns must bbe anchored in two directions approximately at right angles. The tes may be stel beams or reinforcement in slabs, Ead connections rust be able 10 resist factored tensile load of 7SEN for fers an the steelwork only suppors cladding that weighs ‘and that carries only imposed rot loads ard wi (@) Additional requirements are set obt for tertain muli-storey buildings ‘where the extent of accidental damage rmus be limited. In general, ted buildings wil be satisfactory ifthe following five conditions are me (@) sway resistance i distbuted drought the building (&) extra tying is tobe provided as specified12 Limite eign () column splices are designed to resist a speciied tensile force; (@) any beam carrying a column is checked asset out in (3) below: and (© precast floor unite ae tied and anchored. (@) Where required in @) the above damage must be localized by checking tosec if at any storey any single column or bear carrying column may be removed without causing more than limited amount of damage. If the removal of a member causes more thin the permissible lini, must be designed as a key clement, These erica! members are designed for accidental loads set oot inthe Building Regulations. ‘The complete section inthe code and the Building, Regulations should be consulted, 2.6 Serviceability limit state deflection Deflection is the main serviceability limit siste that must be considered in esign. The limit state of vibration i outside the scope of this book and fatigue was briefly discussed in Section 2.2.1 and, agin isnot covered in detail. The protection for ste! to prevent the limit state of corrosion being reached was ‘etioned in Section 2.24, 'BS 5950-1: 2000 sates in Clause 25.1 that defection under serviceability Toads of a building or part should not imparthe strength or efficiency ofthe structure or its components or cause damage tothe fnisings. The service ability loads used are the unfactored imposed loads except inthe following (2) Dead + imposed +- wind. Apply 80 per cea ofthe imposed and svnd lou. (@) Crane surge-+ wind. The greater eflect of either only is considered ‘The structure is considered to be elastic and tie most adverse combination of loads is assumed, Deflection limitations ae given in Table 8 of BS 5930-1 2000. These are given here in Table 22. These limitations cover beams and strictures ether than pitehed-roof portal frames 1 should be noted thatealeulated defects are seldom realized in the Snished structure. Th deflection is based on he Boum of frame ses section ‘only and composite action with slabe or sheting is ignored. Again, the Toll valle of th imposed load wsedin the ealoulatons ts raly achieved in practice Daten of bea asd opal od eae eae Seem ipa eae a declan det tn tnd Rissa ane, Bem ee emameen |