Chapter 1 Science skills

Sec. 1.1 What is science? Sec. 1.2 Using a scientific approach Sec. 1.3 Measurement Sec. 1.4Presenting Scientific data

Science is a system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge.

Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery!

Curiosity provides ?s but is seldom enough to achieve Scientific results. Methods such as observing and measuring provide ways to find answers.

In some experiments observations are Qualitative or Descriptive. In others, they are Quantitative or Numerical.

Science and Technology

How are these two related? Technology is the use of knowledge to solve practical problems. The goal of science is to expand knowledge, the goal of technology is to apply that knowledge Advances in one lead to advances in the other!

Branches of Science
Natural science is divided into 3 branches Physical Science Earth and space Science Life Science Physical Science focuses on NON-LIVING things. The 2 types are chemistry and physics.

Chemistry
The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass

Physics
The study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion. Forces- cause change in motion Motion-if you push on something that is sitting still, it starts to move. If you push on something that is already moving, you will change its motion.

Class work for today

Section 1.1 Assessment page 6 Write the questions as well as the answer for #s 1-5

Using a Scientific Approach Sec 1.2

Read paragraph one on page 7 in your text Surprised at the information given? Scientific Method - An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information The GOAL of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event.

Making observations
Observation information that you obtain through your senses. Repeatable observations are known as facts.

Hypothesis a proposed answer to a question. For a hypothesis to be useful, it must be testable.

Scientific method Continued

Testing a hypothesis scientists perform experiments to test their hypothesis. Variable any factor that can change in an experiment Manipulated Variable the variable that causes the change in another Responding Variable the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable.

Testing a hypothesis continued

Controlled Experiment an experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. While the responding variable is observed for changes, all other variables are kept constant, or controlled. *Remember DRY MIX Lets look in the text on page 8-9 for examples of this to better understand

Scientific Method still continued

Drawing Conclusions decide if the data supports the hypothesis If the data do not support the hypothesis then a scientist can revise the hypothesis or propose a new one based on the data from the experiment. A New experiment must then be designed to test the new or revised hypothesis.

Continued
Developing a Theory Scientific Theory a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. They become stronger if facts keep supporting them They may be revised/replaced if it fails to explain NEW facts or discoveries.

Time for a lab

M & M lab

Scientific Laws
A statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. They have been verified over and over. They do not attempt to explain the patterns on nature that are observed. That is the job of the Scientific Theory.

Scientific Models
Model a representation of an object/event Scientific Models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly. As long as the model lets you get a mental picture of what is to be represented, it has done its job. As data changes, models change

Working Safely With Science

When working in your science lab, its important for you to follow safety precautions at all times. Go over lab safety handout Watch lab safety video

Class Work For Today

Section 1.2 assessment

Assessment page 11 Write the questions as well as the answer for #s 1-5

Quiz Chapter 1 Sections 1.1/1.2

Take out a clean piece of notebook paper Put your name, date and block in the upper right hand corner Title this quiz ch. 1 Sec. 1.1/1.2 I will now give you the quiz. Please do not write on it. Thanks Use your notes on the quiz Good luck Turn in your math problems completed Friday along with your quiz.

Measurement Section 1.3

Measurements are important in both science and everyday life. (cost, age, distance etc.) Scientists work with very large and very small numbers (speed of light/snails) Using Scientific Notation makes this easier Scientific Notation a way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10

Sci. Not. Contin.

The speed of light is 300,000,000 = 3.0 x 108 The exponent 8, tells you that the decimal point is really 8 places to the right. The speed of a snail is 0.0086 = 8.6 x 10-3 The negative exponent tells you how many decimals places there are to the left of the 8.6

Multiplying Scientific notation

First MULTIPLY numbers that appear before the multiplication signs and ADD the exponents

Distance of the sun from earth EX: (3.0 x 108 m/s) x (5.0 x 102 s) = 15 x 1010 m = 1.5 x 1011 m

Dividing Scientific Notation

DIVIDE the numbers that appear before the exponential terms and SUBTRACT the exponents EX: 1.5 x 1011 m x 1.5 x 1011-8 s = 0.5 x 103s 3.0 x 108 m/s 3.0 = 5.0 x 102 s This is how long it takes for the suns light to reach the earth

http://www.ieer.org/clssroom/scidrill.html

Practice

Turn to page 15 in your textbook Work through the Math Skills activity Check your answer Do the Math Practice Activity answering Questions 1 & 2

Class Practice

Express 365 in Scientific Notation 3.65 x 102 Express 0.0006327 in Scientific Notation 6.327 x 10-4

More class practice

Calculate the following: (3.0 x 106) x (5.5 x 103) 16.5 x 109 = 1.65 x 1010

(7.2 x 103) (8.0 x 102)

7.2 x 103-2 = 0.90 x 101 = 9.0 x 100 8.0

SI Units of Measurement
If I tell you that I have 11, what do you know? For a measurement to make sense, it requires both a # and a unit. EX: I have 11 brothers/sisters. You should always express measurements in #s and a unit so that their meaning is clear. Many units that you are familiar with are not units used in science( feet, inches, Fahrenheit)

SI Continued

Scientists use a set of measuring units called SI, or the International System of Units This is a revised version of the metric system. By everyone using the SAME system of units, scientists can easily interpret one anothers measurements.

7 Base Units

The seven are listed on page 16 Length meter (m) Mass Kilogram (Kg) Volume Cubic meter (m3) or L x W x H Length: straight-line distance between 2 points Mass: quantity of matter in an object/sample Volume: amount of space taken up by an object

Density g/cm3 g/ml Density: the ratio of an objects mass to its volume

Density = Mass = g Volume cm3 Now lets practice a little with converting within SI kids hate dances because djs cruddy music k,h,da,base,d,c,m Kilo., hecta, deca., base, deci., cent., milli.

Worksheet practice

EX: 5kg = _____ g 5.0kg = ______g Move the decimal 3 spaces to the right to get to the base unit gram K,ha,da,base(gram is the base unit) Answer: 5kg = 5000g Use this ex and complete the worksheet

Metric Prefixes
-indicates how many times a unit should be multiplied or divided by ten Figure 15 on page 17 shows some common metric prefixes/ handout metric conversion sheet. EX 9ms = 9 s = 0.009s 1000 *Note dividing by 1000 same as multiplying by 0.001 http://www.metricamerica.com/mediasays.htm

More on metric prefixes

-can make a unit larger EX 12 km = 12 x 1,000m = 12,000 m Conversion Factors a ratio of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit. Lets look together on page 18 of you text to work through an example of this

Limits of Measurement
Which is more accurate when measuring time? Analog Clock or Digital Clock Why? Analog (minutes) Digital (seconds) Eat food: 5 min. or 5 min. and 15 seconds or 5.25 min. Precision a gauge of how exact a measurement is. Significant figures all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated. 5.25 three significant digits 5 one significant digit The fewer the sign. digits, the less precise the measurement is.

Precision continued

The precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in the calculation. SOOOO if the least precise measurement in your calculation has two sign. fig., then your calculated answer can have at most two sig. fig. Lets look at an example of this on page 19 Which is more precise? 0.0000004756 12.2 3497.098 209987

Accuracy

An important quality of measuring is accuracy. Accuracy the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured. EX: If the digital clock is running 15 min. slow, it would still be precise to the nearest second, but the time displayed would not be accurate. Which is more accurate if the actual speed is 72? 70.0087 71.9 72.9 71.22432

Demo

Quick lab Comparing precision page 18 Lets do this activity together

Measuring Temperature
Thermometer thermo(heat)meter(measure) An instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is. Lets look at page 21 together Fahrenheit and Celsius and kelvin conversions Copy the formulas found on page 20 into your notes

Practice converting temp.

K = 0C + 273 formula Convert 205 K = ______ 0C 205k 273 = -68 0C

42 0C = ___ K 42 0C + 273 = 315K

More practice
0C

= 5/9(F 32) AND F = 9/5(0C + 32) Copy the example from the bottom of Page 878 in your text into your notes Do the following conversions on your own for practice using the example you just copied 33.182F = _____0C 14F = _____0C

One more set of practice in F

65C = _____F 22C = _____F

What unit to use when

Length Mass Time Second (s) Kelvin (k) Liter (l)

Temperature Volume Electric Current Ampere (a) Meter (m) Kilogram (kg)

Class Work For Today

Section 1.3 assessment

Assessment page 20 Write the questions as well as the answer for #s 1-4

Sec 1.4 Presenting Sci. Data

Read first paragraph on page 22 Organizing Data Scientists organize data using tables and graphs. These make it easier to spot patterns/trends to support of disprove their hypothesis Data Tables- the simplest way to organize data Look at fig. 20 page 22

Organizing data
Line Graphs Useful for showing changes that occur in related variables Manipulated variable x-axis Responding variable y-axis Look at fig. 21 page 23 Slope = Rise Run

Direct proportion As one goes up/down the other goes up/down the same amount Inverse proportion As one goes up/down the other goes down/up Look at fig. 22 Do Data Analysis page 24

More organizing data

Bar Graphs- often used to compare a set of measurements, amounts, or changes. See figure 23 page 24 Circle Graphs- a divided circle that shows how the part or share of something relates to the whole. See fig. 24 on page 24

Class Work For Today

Section 1.4 assessment

Assessment page 11 Write the questions as well as the answer for #s 1-5

TEST Chapter 1 Tomorrow

Be sure to bring your notebooks to class. No one will be allowed to go to their locker to get their notebooks on the day of the test.