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X Ray Diffraction2

X-ray diffraction is a technique used to identify crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern of X-rays hitting a sample. X-rays are generated when high velocity electrons hit a metal target in an X-ray tube. When the X-rays hit the sample, they cause the electrons in the material to oscillate and emit electromagnetic waves in all directions. If the waves undergo constructive interference, diffraction occurs. Each material produces a unique diffraction pattern that acts as a fingerprint to identify its crystalline structure.

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24 views

X Ray Diffraction2

X-ray diffraction is a technique used to identify crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern of X-rays hitting a sample. X-rays are generated when high velocity electrons hit a metal target in an X-ray tube. When the X-rays hit the sample, they cause the electrons in the material to oscillate and emit electromagnetic waves in all directions. If the waves undergo constructive interference, diffraction occurs. Each material produces a unique diffraction pattern that acts as a fingerprint to identify its crystalline structure.

Uploaded by

raddyraj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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X-ray Diffraction

By Vydehi

What is X-ray diffraction?


non-destructive analytical technique for identification and quantitative determination of the various crystalline forms, known as phases. Identification is achieved by comparing the X-ray diffraction pattern

Origin of X-rays
The x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of the wavelengths in the region of about 0.1 to 100 A Most useful region 0.7 to 2 A

How do we generate X-rays?


X-rays are generated when high velocity electrons impinge on a metal target X-ray tubes & rotating Anode Generators Synchrotron radiation

XRD able to determine?


Which phases are present?

At what concentration levels? What are the amorphous content of the sample?

X-ray Diff. Phenomenon


When a beam of X-radiation is incident upon a substance, the electrons constituting the atoms of the substance become as small oscillators These , on oscillating at the same frequency as that of incident x-radiation, emit electromagnetic radiation in all directions If these scattered waves undergo constructive interference, they are said to be diffracted by the crystal plane Every crystalline substance produce its own XRD pattern, which because it is dependent on the internal structure, is characteristic of that substance. The XRD pattern is often spoken as the FINGERPRINT of a mineral or a crystalline substance, because it differs

from pattern of every other mineral or crystalline substance.

How does it work?


Diffraction Braggs Law n=2dsin When a monochromatic x-ray beam with wavelength is incident on the lattice planes in a crystal planes in a crystal at an angle , diffraction occurs only when the distance traveled by the rays reflected from successive planes differs by a complete number n of wavelengths. Diffracted beams are often referred as deflections. Constructive interference of the reflected beams emerging from two different planes will take place. If the difference in the path lengths of two rays is equal to whole no.of wavelengths.

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