1. ABSTRACT Diffusion of solutes in liquids is used widely in most operations.

Especially in operations like separation operations as liquid-liquid extraction or solvent extraction, gas absorption and distillation. In order to determine the diffusivity of 2M NaCl solution in distilled water, it is known that the electrical conductivity of distilled water changes, as NaCl diffuses into water and the diffusion coefficient of NaCl is determined according to the changes in electrical conductivity of distilled water measured against time. 2. OBJECTIVES The main object of this experiment is to determine the diffusion coefficient of 2M NaCl solution in distilled water. 3. PROCEDURE In practice, a small volume of concentrated solution(2M NaCl) is placed on one side of the honeycomb, whilst the other side consists initially of a large volume of pure water. As diffusion of the solute occurs, the concentration within the larger volume increases, and is monitored with a conductivity sensor and meter. The mixture is continually stirred with a magnetic stirrer to ensure uniform concentration within the bulk liquid. Here are the experiment steps; 1-Identify the separately packed components in terms of their experimental purpose and ensure components are labelled and stored for further use. 2-Install batteries in the magnetic stirrer and conductivity meter 3-Position test cell into the Perspex vessel. Check clamping arrangement operates satisfactorily. Position Perspex vessel onto magnetic stirrer. Place stirring bar into vessel. Switch on stirrer and rotate speed knob clockwise. Check that the stirring bar rotates in the vessel. 4-Connect conductivity meter to vessel ensuring correct connection to the meter with the leads provided. These leads are colour coded for correct connection. Switch meter to battery position. Check meter indicates correct level.

4. APPARATUS The equipment (Armfield Ltd., Hamshire, England ) consists of a variable speed magnetic stirrer and stirring bar for agitation of the test solution. The magnetic stirrer is battery operated.

A specially designed diffusion cell is mounted on top of the stirrer vessel and clamp into the desired position using the locking screw. At the base of the stirrer vessel is a connection point for a conductivity cell, this in turn is connected by the appropriate leads to a conductivity meter. The conductivity meter is battery operated. The present apparatus uses vertical capillaries 5 mm long and 1 mm bore to restrict diffusion to one dimension. The concentration at the lower ends are chosen ande taken to be constant. The concentration at the top ends is effectively zero during the experiment.

Equipment used to determine the diffusion coefficient of a liquid

5. DATA t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 -1 0,0000082 0,0000083 0,000095 0,0001 0,00012 0,00035 0,00057 0,00065 0,00071 0,00075 0,00079 0,00083 0,00086 N=121 CM= 0,41 -1M-1 d=1 mm V=1 lt=1*10-3 m3 x=5 mm M=2 M

6. CALCULATION AND RESULTS The rate of diffusion is; J = D Thus, V dk D 2 M . = D .N . C M dt 4 x D= 4 *V * x dk * D * N * M * C M dt

C Ficks Law. x

Grafik Bal 0,0012 0,001 0,0008 0,0006 0,0004 0,0002 0 0 50 t 100 150 k y = 9E-06x - 9E-05 R2 = 0,8858 dk/dt Dorusal (dk/dt)

dk/dt = 9*10-6 D= 4 * 1 * 10 3 * 5 * 10 3 * 9 * 10 6 3 2 * (10 ) * 121 * 0,41 * 2

D= - 5,77*10-7 m2/s (Experimental)

7. DISCUSSION In diffusion in liquids an important difference from diffusion in gases is that the diffusivities are often quite dependent on the concentration of the diffusing components. In the experiment there may be difference with the theoretical results and experimental results we had not an effective stirring for molecular diffusion. Molarity of NaCl solution may be different 2 M. The solutions CM value is given 0,41-1M-1. This means that the conductivity of solution changes 0,41 units as the molarity changes one unit. D = 4 *V * x dk * D * N * M * C M dt
2

and found -5,77*10-7 m2/s. This negative value indicates that diffusion is from high concentration to low concentration. Diffusivity of NaCl at 25C and one atm is given 2.03*10-9 m2/s (Li and Gregory 1974). The calculated diffusivity is greater than literature value. This difference between diffusivities may be resulting from the temperature. Because the experiment was done at ambient temperatures and diffusivity increases with increasing temperature. The velocity of the water

across the capillary tips affects the rate of diffusion, and consequently affects the diffusion coefficient. Different stir speeds will give different results. In addition, there may be possible experimental errors such as, in suspectible readings from conductivitymeter, molarity changes in solution due to undesirable conditions, which happened before experiment or reduced diffusion area due to blocked capillaries.

8. CONCLUSION

Diffusion in liquids also occurs in many situations in nature, such as oxygenation of rivers and lakes by the air and salts in bloods diffusion. The experimental results show that the diffusion is the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by means of the random, individual movements of the molecules. Diffusion can be affected by the temperature. Because the temperature affects the vapor pressure. Also volume of water in outer vessel, length of capillaries, diameter of capillaries, number of capillaries, molarity of the salt solution, electrical conductivity change for unit molarity change and rate of change of conductivity affect the result of the diffusion constant. The most significant affect of diffusion in solutions is observed that due to liquid phase diffusion, proportion of solid phase increases in the solution. With the combined use of knowledge that electrical conductivity of solutions changes with the concentration changes, diffusivity is calculated. The result that is found by the Ficks equation and the approach of conductivity change due to concentration change show small difference with the literature result. The experimental conditions and equipment are not sensitive; therefore, this difference may be accepted.

9. RECOMMENDATIONS The capillary tube should be filled through to top of the tube. And after the filling, it should be wiped outside of the tube. Capillaries must be cleaned properly. The holes of capillary tube should not be closed. Measurements must be taken carefully, because of the short time between two readings. Distilled and de-ionized water must be used in vessel. Electrical stream should be stable. Well mixing is important. Mixing equipment must be mix solution homogeneous.

10. NOMENCLATURE J D C x x V d N M CM dk dt t : Diffusion flux across unit area at right angles to the x-direction (mol/cm2*sec) : Diffusion constant (cm2*sec-1) : Concentration gradient in the x-direction : Length of capillaries (cm) : Volume of water in outer vessel (liter) : Diameter of capillaries (cm) : Number of capillaries : Molarity of the salt solution : Electrical conductivity change for unit molarity change (-1*M-1) : Rate of change of conductivity with time (-1*sec-1) : Time (sec)

11. REFERENCES 1.Geankoplis, C.J. 2003 ; Transport Processes and Seperation Process Principles(Includes Unit Operations) Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference,New Jersey. 2.Ertekin, F. ; ier, F. ; Kumcuolu, S. ; Sakin, M.; 2006 , Unit Operations Laboratory Manual , Ege niversitesi Mhendislik Fakltesi Yayn, No:47, Bornova 3. Todd W. Rayne and Eugene W. Domack, Department of Geology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323 (Li and Gregory 1974) ,Annon, 2009, http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/c4.htm