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Elasticity and Seismic Waves

This document discusses seismic waves and elasticity theory. It covers equations of motion, compressional and shear wave potentials, velocities and polarizations. Wave potentials are useful for solving elastic wave problems by relating the potential functions to displacement, strain, and stress. Impedance is defined as the ratio of stress to particle velocity. In plane waves, the elastic energy density equals half the product of density and squared particle velocity.

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gullapallisriram
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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15 views

Elasticity and Seismic Waves

This document discusses seismic waves and elasticity theory. It covers equations of motion, compressional and shear wave potentials, velocities and polarizations. Wave potentials are useful for solving elastic wave problems by relating the potential functions to displacement, strain, and stress. Impedance is defined as the ratio of stress to particle velocity. In plane waves, the elastic energy density equals half the product of density and squared particle velocity.

Uploaded by

gullapallisriram
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEOL882.

3
GEOL483.3
Elasticity and
seismic waves
Recap of theory
Equations of motion
Wave equations
P- and S-waves
Impedance
Wave potentials
Energy of a seismic wave
Reading:

Telford et al., Section 4.2

Shearer, 3

Sheriff and Geldart, Sections 2.1-4


GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Forces acting
on a small cube
Consider a small volume (dx dydz=dV)
within the elastic body.
Force applied to the parallelepiped from
the outside is:
F
i
=
j
c
ij
dV
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Equations of Motion
(Motion of the elastic body with time)
Uncompensated net force will result in
acceleration (second Newton's law):
Therefore, the
equations of
motion for the
components of U:
j

2
U
i
t
2
=(
c
ix
x
+
c
iy
y
+
c
iz
z
)
j6V

2
U
i
t
2
=F
i
Newton's law:
j

2
U
i
t
2
=(\+j)
A
x
i
+j
2
U
i
GEOL882.3
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Wave potentials
Compressional and Shear waves
These equations describe two types of waves.
The general solution has the form (Lam
theorem):
Exercise: substitute the above into the
equation of motion:
and show:

U=

.
U
i
=
i
+c
ijk

k
(or )
j

2
U
i
t
2
=(\+j)
A
x
i
+j
2
U
i
j

2

t
2
=(\+2j)
2
,
j

2

i
t
2
=j
2

i
,

=0.
Because there are 4 components
in and only 3 in U, we need to constrain .
P-wave (scalar) potential.
S-wave (vector) potential.
GEOL882.3
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Wave velocities
Compressional and Shear waves
These are wave equations; compare to the
general form of equation describing wave
processes:
Compressional (P) wave velocity:
Shear (S) wave velocity:
V
S
< V
P
,
for =0.25:
Note that the V
P
/V
S
depends on the Poisson's
ratio alone:
V
P
/ V
P
=
.
3
V
S
V
P
=
.
j
\+2j
=
.
1/ 2c
1c
.
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Wave Polarization
Elastic solid supports two types of
body waves:
Note that this is still an ISOTROPIC reflector.
In general, reflection will intermix
the S-wave polarization modes,
and P-wave will convert into SV upon reflection.
P
S
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Notes on the use
of potentials
Wave potentials are very useful for
solving elastic wave problems
Just take or satisfying the wave equation,
e.g.:
...and use the equations for potentials to derive
the displacements:
...and stress from Hooke's law:

ij
=
ij
+ 2
ij

Displacement amplitude =
(potential amplitude)/V
Power = [
2
(potential amplitude)/V]
2

U=

(r , t )=Ae
i o(t
r n
V
P
)
(plane wave)
This is velocity amplitude
GEOL882.3
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Example:
Compressional (P) wave
Scalar potential for plane harmonic wave:
Displacement:
note that the displacement is always along n.
Strain:
Dilatational strain:
Stress:
Question: what wavefield would we have if used
cos(...) or sin(...) function instead of complex
exp(...) in the expression for potential above?
(r , t )=Ae
i o( t
r n
V
P
)
.
u
i
(r , t )=
i
(r ,t )=
i on
i
V
P
Ae
i o(t
r n
V
P
)
.
e
ij
(r , t )=
i
u
j
(r ,t )=
o
2
n
i
n
j
V
P
2
Ae
i o(t
r n
V
P
)
.
A=e
ii
(r , t )=
o
2
V
P
2
Ae
i o( t
r n
V
P
)
=
o
2
V
P
2
(r , t ) .
c
ij
(

r , t )=
o
2
V
P
2
(\6
ij
+2jn
i
n
j
)(

r , t ).
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Impedance
In general, the Impedance, Z, is a
measure of the amount of resistance to
particle motion.
In elasticity, impedance is the ratio of
stress to particle velocity.
Thus, for a given applied stress,
particle velocity is inversely
proportional to impedance.
For P wave, in the direction of its
propagation:

impedance does not depend on


frequency but depends on the
wave type and propagation direction.
Z(r , t )=
c
nn
(r , t )

u
n
(r ,t )
=
\+2j
V
P
=jV
P.
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Elastic Energy Density
Recall that for a deformed elastic
medium, the energy density is:
E=
1
2
c
ij
c
ij
GEOL882.3
GEOL483.3
Elastic Energy Density
in a plane wave
For a plane wave:
...and therefore:
For P- and S-waves, this gives:
Thus, in a wave, strain energy equals
the kinetic energy
Energy propagates at the same speed as
the wave pulse
u
i
=u
i
(t

x)
e
ij
=
1
2
(
i
u
j
+
j
u
i
)=
1
2
(

u
i
p
j
+

u
j
p
i
).
1
2
c
ij
e
ij
=
1
2
|(\+j)( pu)
2
+j(uu)( pp)
1
2
c
ij
e
ij
=
1
2
(\+2j) p
2
u
2
=
1
2
j

u
2
P-wave
1
2
c
ij
e
ij
=
1
2
(j) p
2
u
2
=
1
2
j

u
2
S-wave
Energy is NOT conserved locally!

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