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Mini Introduction To BGP: Michalis Faloutsos

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the primary routing protocol used between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It allows for flexible business relationships and routing policies between ASes. Each AS advertises routing information to neighboring ASes, including which IP address prefixes it can reach. BGP routing tables contain prefixes and the autonomous system paths to reach each prefix. Route advertisements follow distance vector principles and routing policies ensure transit traffic primarily flows in a customer to provider direction through the internet graph.

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17 views

Mini Introduction To BGP: Michalis Faloutsos

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the primary routing protocol used between autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It allows for flexible business relationships and routing policies between ASes. Each AS advertises routing information to neighboring ASes, including which IP address prefixes it can reach. BGP routing tables contain prefixes and the autonomous system paths to reach each prefix. Route advertisements follow distance vector principles and routing policies ensure transit traffic primarily flows in a customer to provider direction through the internet graph.

Uploaded by

lokesh_md
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mini Introduction to BGP

Michalis Faloutsos

What Is BGP?
Border Gateway Protocol BGP-4 The de-facto interdomain routing protocol BGP enables policy in routing:

Which information gets advertised and how

BGP is a Distance Vector like protocol Within an AS, Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP or I-BGP)

How A BGP graph Looks Like


AS 2 AS 5

AS 4

AS 3

Each AS has designated BGP routers BGP routers of an AS communicate internally with another protocol (IGP)

AS 1

What is different with BGP?


BGP goal: enable business relationships Opts for: flexibility, scalability Performance optimization is secondary

Some Basic Numbers

~20,000 Autonomous Systems approx.

Identified by ASN a 16 bit value

Corporate Networks ISP Internal Networks National Service Providers


Assigned by IANA

Superlinear growth

IP Addresses and Prefixes


IP addresses have 32 bits: 4 octets of bits (IPv4) A prefix is a group of IP addresses 128.32.101.5 is an IP address (32 bits) 128.32.0.0/16 is a prefix of the 16 first bits:

128.32.0.0 128.32.255.255

(2^16 addresses)

128.32.4.0/24 is a prefix of the 24 first bits longer

Routing is Based on Prefixes

A BGP Routing table has prefixes for entries For a IP address of a packet, find longest match Example: packet IP 128.32.101.1 128.32.0.0/16 match for 16 bits 128.32.101.0/24 is a longer match No matches:

128.1.1.4 128.32.5.0/24

Prefix Matching in More Detail

For a IP address of a packet, find longest match Example: Compare


packet IP 128.32.101.1 With 128.32.0.0/16 IP : 01000000. 001000000. 01100101 .00000001 Mask : 11111111. 111111111. 00000000 .00000000 AND : 01000000. 001000000. 00000000 .00000000 Prefix : 01000000. 001000000. 00000000. 00000000 Equal? Yes

Advertising Routing Information


Each AS advertises what it can reach from each BGP router Policies I: filter what you advertise Policies II: filter from what you hear advertised Build up a BGP routing table

Remember which prefix you hear from which link

What Does a Routing Table Look Like?


Prefix
128.32.0.0/16

Origin AS
123 123

Path
14 56 123 34 101 203 123 50 15 15

128.32.101.0/24

15

Origin AS owns the address Routing tables can have peculiarities

Route Advertising

Distance Vector style protocol Hear advertisements: IP prefix, AS-path Filter if desired (i.e. ignore) Append yourself: IP prefix, myAS+AS-path Forward to appropriate ASs

Basic AS relationships

Customer Provider

Customer pays Provider for service The Customer is always right Ex. MCI and AT&T
Ex. AT&T research and AT&T wireless

Peer to Peer: mutual cooperation

Sibling-Sibling

The Internet as a Directed Graph


Every edge is bidirectional Business relationships are represented

Provider Peer

Customer Peer

The Initial Idea


Data flows between customers-providers Top level providers are peers

They exchange information to ensure connectivity

What can possibly go wrong?

And then came the rain


Thousands of ASs Complicated relationships Multiple providers for one AS!!

Multihoming I want to use multiple paths and load balance

Traffic engineering

AS Relationships
100 200
Provider Customer

10
11 1 2 12 13 4

Peer

Peer

Customer Provider: customer pays and is always right Peer to Peer: Exchange traffic only between their customers Sibling-Sibling: Exchange traffic at will

The Rules of BGP Routing


Transit traffic: traffic that does not go to my customers (or their customers) A provider carries any traffic to or from a customer Peers exchange traffic only if between their customers

How BGP Policy Restricts Routing


Provider Customer

100 10 11 12 3

200

Peer

Peer

13 4
Path Properties:

2 Routing rules:

Provider accept everything Peer only if it is for its customers

Up then down No up-down-up, at most 1 peer-peer steps

Implementing BGP Rules

What do you do with an advertisement: Through customer link

Advertise to all (customers, peers, providers) Advertise to customer only (and possibly siblings) Advertise to customer only (and possibly siblings)

Through provider link

Through peer link

Through sibling link

Advertise to all

How Policies Affect Routing


Customer 1 ISP1

A Provider will get rid of traffic as soon as possible, But a Provider will carry the traffic for its customer Did anyone say traffic is asymmetric?

ISP2 Customer 2

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