B. Sc.

(HONS) MATHEMATICS Department of Mathematics, Banaras Hindu University Course Code MTB 101 Algebra MTB 102 Calculus MTB 201 MTB 202 MTB 301 MTB 302 MTB 401 MTB 402 MTB 501 MTB 502 MTB 503 MTB 504 MTB 505 MTB 506 MTB 507 MTB 508 MTB 509 MTB 601 MTB 602 MTB 603 MTB 604 MTB 605 MTB 606 MTB 607 MTB 608 MTB 609 MTB 610 MTB 611 Semester I Title Total Semester II Statics & Dynamics Multivariable Calculus Total Semester III Differential Equations Tensor & Geometry Total Semester IV Partial Differential Equations Mathematical Methods Total Semester -V Analysis-I Abstract Algebra Programming in C Differential Geometry Discrete Mathematics ELECITIVE I ( Any one of the following courses, each of 3 credits )
Combinatorial Mathematics Business Mathematics Special Theory of Relativity-I Computational Mathematics Lab-I

Credits 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3

Total Semester -VI Analysis-II Linear Algebra Numerical Analysis Mechanics Operations Research ELECITIVE II ( Any one of the following courses, each of 3 credits )
Number Theory Probability Advanced Differential Geometry Special Theory of Relativity-II Computational Mathematics Lab-II.

18 3 3 3 3 3 3

Project Total Grand Total

4 22 64

*More Elective papers can be added subject to the availability of subject experts.

Syllabi for B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics Courses

Semester I MTB 101 Algebra Credits : 3 Matrix algebra: Introduction, Elementary operations of matrices. Inverse of a matrix. Rank of a matrix. Application of matrices to the system of linear equations, Consistency of the system. Algebra: Definition of a group with examples and simple properties, Subgroups, Generation of groups, Cyclic groups, Coset decomposition, Lagranges theorem and its consequences. Homomorphism and Isomorphism. Permutation groups and Cayleys theorem. Normal subgroups, Quotient group, Fundamental theorem of Homomorphism. The Isomorphism theorems for groups. Recommended Books: 1. I. N. Herstein , Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1975. 2. D.T. Finkbeiner, Introduction to Matrices and Linear transformations, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1986. 3. K.B. Datta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, PHI Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2000. 4. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K.Jain , S.R. Nagpal, First Course in Linear Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1983. 5. S. Singh, Modern Algebra, Vikas Publ. House, India. MTB 102 Calculus Credits : 3 Differential Calculus: Successive differentiation and Leibnitz theorem. Limit (- definition), Continuity, Discontinuity, properties of continuous functions. Differentiability, Chain rule of differentiation, Mean value theorems, Taylors and Maclaurin theorems. Application of differential calculus in curve sketching. Integral Calculus: Definite Integral as the limit of sum. Recommended Books: 1. Gorakh Prasad, Differential Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 2000. 2. Gorakh Prasad, Integral Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 2000. 3. Gabriel Klambauer, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar Inc. New York 1975. 4. Shanti Narayan, Elements of Real Analysis, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.

Semester II MTB 201 Statics & Dynamics Credits : 3 Statics: Analytic condition of equilibrium for coplanar forces. Equation of the resultant force. Virtual work. Dynamics: Rotation of a vector in a plane. Velocity and acceleration components in Cartesian, polar and intrinsic systems. Central orbit, Keplers laws of motion, rectilinear simple harmonic motion. Vertical motion on circular and cycloidal curves. Motion with respect to linearly moving and rotating plane. Coriolis force and centrifugal force. Recommended Books: 3

1. R.S. Verma - A Text Book on Statics., Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad 2. S.L. Loney - An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid Bodies, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 3. J.L. Synge & B.A. Griffith - Principles of Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1959.

MTB 202 Multivariable Calculus Credits : 3 Functions of Two Variables: Limit, Continuity, Differentiability. Partial differentiation, Change of variables, Eulers, Taylors theorem. Maxima and minima. Double and triple integrals, Change of order in double integrals. Beta and Gamma functions Vector Calculus: Gradient, Divergence and Curl. Greens, Stokes and Gauss Theorems with applications. Recommended Books: 1. Shanti Narayan, A Text Book of Vector Calculus, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi. 2. S. C. Mallik, Mathematical Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. 3. Gabriel Klaumber, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar, New York 1975. 4. G.B. Thomas, R. L. Finney, M. D. Weir, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Pearson Education Ltd, 2003. 5. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Semester III MTB 301 Differential Equations Credits : 3 Ordinary differential equations of first order: initial and boundary conditions, homogeneous equations, linear equations, Exact differential Equation. First order higher degree equations solvable for x, y, p. Singular solution and envelopes. Linear differential equations with constant coefficients, homogeneous linear differential equations, linear differential equations of second order with variable coefficients. Series solutions of differential equations. Bessel and Legendre equations. Bessel and Legendre functions. Recommended Books: 1. Gorakh Prasad, Integral Calculus, Pothishala Private Ltd. Allahabad. 2. S. Balachandra Rao & H.R. Anuradha, Differential Equations with Applications and Programmes, University Press, Hyderabad, 1996. 3. R.S. Senger, Ordinary Differential Equations with Integration, Prayal Publ. 2000. 4. D.A. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Orient Longman (India), 1967. 5. E.A. Codington, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of India, 1961. 6. B.Rai, D.P.Choudhary,Ordinary Differential Equations, Narosa Publ. 2004. MTB 302 Tensor &Geometry Credits : 3 Contravariant and Covariant vectors, Transformation formulae, Symmetric and Skew symmetric properties, Contraction of tensors, Quetient law. Polar equation of a conic, Sphere, Cone, Cylinder, Paraboloids, Central Conicoids. Recommended Books: 1 Barry Spain, Tensor Calculus, Radha Publ. House Calcutta,1988.
2 R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Applications to Reimannian Geometry. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd, Allahabad.

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R.J.T. Bell, Elementary Treatise on Co-ordinate geometry of three dimensions, Macmillan India Ltd., 1994. Shanti Narayan, Analytical Solid Geometry, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.

Semester IV MTB 401 Partial Differential Equations Credits : 3 Linear partial differential equations of first order. Non linear PDE of first order: Charpits method. Linear partial differential equation of second and higher order of homogeneous and non homogeneous forms with constant coefficients. Second order PDE with variable coefficients. Monges method. Solution of heat and wave equations in one and two dimensions by method of separation of variables. Recommended Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Son Inc., New York, 1999. 2. Ian N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988. 3. S.B. Rao and H.R. Anuradha, Differential Equations, University Press, 1996. 4. W.T.H. Piaggio, Elementary Treatise on Differential Equations and their applications, CBS Publishers N.Delhi,1985.

MTB 402 Mathematical Methods Credits : 3 Integral Transforms: Laplace Transformation, Laplace Transforms of derivatives and integrals, shifting theorems, differentiation and integration of transforms, convolution theorem. Application of Laplace transform in solution of ordinary differential equations. Fourier series expansion. Calculus of Variations: Functionals, Deduction of Eulers equations for functionals of first order and higher order for fixed boundaries. Shortest distance between two nonintersecting curves. Isoperimetric problems. Jacobi and Legendre conditions (applications only). Recommended Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Son Inc., New York, 1999. 2. N. Kumar, An Elementary Course on Variational Problems in Calculus, Narosa Publications , New Delhi. 3. A.S. Gupta, Text Book on Calculus of Variation, Prentice-Hall of India. 4. S.G. Deo, V Lakshmikanthna & V. Raghavendra, Text Book of Ordinary Differential Equations, Tata McGraw-Hill. 5. F.B. Hilderbrand, Advanced Calculus for Applications, PHI, New Delhi, 1997. 6. B. Rai, D.P. Choudhary, H.I. Freedman, Ordinary Differential Equations, Narosa Publ, 2002.

Semester V MTB 501 Analysis-I Credits : 3 5

Riemann Integral, Integrability of continuous and monotonic functions, Fundamental theorems of integral calculus, Mean Value theorems of integral calculus. Improper integrals and their convergence. Comparison test, Abels and Dirichlets test, Integral as a function of a parameter and its applications. Sequences, Theorems on limits of sequences, Monotone convergence theorem, Cauchys convergence criterion. Infinite series, series of non-negative terms. Comparison test, Ratio test, Rabbes, logarithmic, De Morgan and Bertrands tests. Alternating series, Leibnitzs theorem. Recommended Books:
1. Shanti Narayan, A Course of Mathematical Analysis. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi. 2. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Anslysis, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1985. 3. R.R. Goldberg, Real Analysis, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1970. 4. S. Lang, Undergraduate Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. 5. P.K. Jain and S.K. Kaushik, An Introduction to Real Analysis, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2000.

MTB 502 Abstract Algebra Credits : 3 Automorphism and inner automorphism, Automorphism groups and their computations. Normalizer and centre, Group actions, stabilizers and orbits. Finite groups, Commutator subgroups. Rings, Integral Domains and Fields. Ideal and quotient Rings. Ring Homomorphism and basic isomorphism theorems. Prime and maximal ideals. Fields of quotients of an integral domain. Principal ideal domains. Polynomial Rings, Division algorithm. Euclidean Rings, The ring Z[i]. Recommended Books: 1. P.B. Bhatacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpal, Basic Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition)
Cambridge University Press, Indian Edition, 1977. 2. N. Herstain, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1975. 3. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vol I & II, W.H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by Hindustan Publishing Company).

MTB 503 Programming in C Credits: 3 C fundamentals. Constants, Variables and Data types, Operators and expression, formatted input and output. Decision makings, Branching and Looping. Arrays. User defined functions. Structures. Pointers. File handling. Programming based on above. Recommended Books: 1. B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language 2nd Edition, (ANSI
features) Prentice Hall, 1989. 2. V. Rajaraman, Programming in C, Prentice Hall of India, 1994. 3. Byron S. Gotfried, Theory and Problems of Programming with C, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998. 4. Henry Mullish & Herbert L. Cooper, Spirit of C: An introduction to Modern Programming, Jaico Publishers, Bombay. 5. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi.

MTB 504 Differential Geometry Credits : 3 Theory of space curves: Space curves, Planer curves, Serret-Frenet formulae. Osculating circles and spheres. Existence of space curves and evolutes and involutes. Theory of surfaces: Parametric curves on surfaces. Direction coefficients. First and second Fundamental forms. Principal and Gaussian curvatures. Lines of curvature, 6

Eulers theorem. Rodrigues formula, Conjugate and Asymptotic lines. Developables, Developable associated with space curves, Developable associated with curves on surfaces. Minimal surfaces. Recommended Books: 1. T.J. Willmore - An Introduction to Differential Geometry. Oxford University
Press.1965.

2. B. B. Sinha, Differential Geometry, An Introduction. Shyam Prakashan Mandir

MTB 505 Discrete Mathematics Credits : 3 Lattices and Boolean algebra: Logic: propositional and predicate. lattices as partially ordered sets and as algebraic systems. Duality, Distributive, complemented and complete lattices. Lattices and Boolean Algebra. Boolean functions and expressions. Application of Boolean algebra to switching circuits( using AND, OR and NOT gates) Graphs and Planar Graphs: Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graphs, Directed graphs. Paths and circuits. Matrix representation of graphs. Eulerian Paths and Circuits. Planar graphs. Recommended Books: 1. C.L. Liu, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, (Second Edition), McGraw Hill, International Edition, 1986. 2. J.P. Tremblay and R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to Computer Science, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 199 3. S. Wiitala, Discrete Mathematics: A Unified Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Co. 4. N. Deo, Graph Theory with Applications to Computer Science, Prentice-Hall of India,

ELECTIVE -I Credits : 3 ( Any one of the following 3 credit courses: MTB 506 - MTB 509 ) MTB 506 Combinatorial Mathematics Introduction to Basic ideas. Selection and Binomial Coefficients: Permutations, Ordered selections, Unordered selections, Remarks on Binomial theorem. Pairing problems: Pairing within a set, Pairing between sets, an optimal assignment problem, Gales optimal assignment problem. Recurrence: Fibonacci type relations, using generating functions, Miscellaneous methods. Inclusion-Exclusion principle: The Principle, Rook polynomials. Block Diagram and Error- correction Codes: Block designs, Square block designs, Hadanard Configurations, Error Correcting Codes. Steiner Systems. Golays Perfect code. Recommended Books: 1. Ian Anderson, A First course in Combinatorial Mathematics, Springer, 1989. MTB 507 Business Mathematics Financial Management: Financial Management. Goals of Financial Management and 7

main decisions of financial management. Time Value of Money: Interest rate and discount rate. Present value and future value-discrete case as well as continuous compounding case. Annuities and its kinds. Meaning of return. Return as Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Numerical Methods like Newton Raphson Method to calculate IRR. Measurement of returns under uncertainty situations. Meaning of risk. Difference between risk and uncertainty. Types of risks. Measurements of risk. Calculation of security and Portfolio Risk and Return-Markowitz Model. Sharpes Single Index Model Systematic Risk and Unsystematic Risk.Taylor series and Bond Valuation. Calculation of Duration and Convexity of bonds. Mathematics in Insurance: Insurance Fundamentals - Insurance defined. Meaning of loss. Chances of loss, peril, hazard, and proximate cause in insurance. Costs and benefits of insurance to the society and branches of insurance-life insurance and various types of general insurance. Insurable loss exposures-feature of a loss that is ideal for insurance. Life Insurance Mathematics. Construction of Mortality Tables. Computation of Premium of Life Insurance for a fixed duration and for the whole life. Recommended Books: 1 Aswath Damodaran, Corporate Finance - Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
2. 3. 4. 5. Inc. John C. Hull, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. Sheldon M. Ross, An Introduction to Mathematical Finance, Cambridge University Press. Mark S. Dorfman, Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance, Prentice Hall, Englwood Cliffs, New Jersey. C.D. Daykin, T. Pentikinen and M Pesonen, Practical Risk Theory for Actuaries, Chapman & Hall.

MTB 508 Special Theory of Relativity-I Review of Newtonian mechanics: Inertial frames. Speed of light and Gallilean relativity. Michelson-Morley experiment. Lorentz-Fitzgerold contraction hypothesis. Relative character of space and time. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation equations and its geometrical interpretation. Group properties of Lorentz transformations. Relativistic kinematics: Composition of parallel velocities. Length contraction. Time dilation. Transformation equations for components of velocity and acceleration of a particle and Lorentz contraction factor. Geometrical representation of space-time: Four dimensional Minkowskian space-time of special relativity. Time-like, light-like and space-like intervals. Null cone, Proper time. World line of a particle. Four vectors and tensors in Minkowiskian space-time. Recommended Books:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C. Moller, The Theory of Relativity, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1952. P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, Prentice Hall of India, 1969. J.L. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics, Academic Press, 1967. W. Rindler, Essential Relativity, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969. V. A. Ugarov, Special Theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers, 1979. R. Resnick, Introduction to Special Relativity, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. 1972. J.L. Synge, Relativity : The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956. W.G. Dixon, Special Relativity : The Foundation of Macroscopic Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1982.

MTB 509

Computational Mathematics Lab-I 8

The student is expected to familiarize with popular softwares for numerical computation. Real life problems requiring knowledge of numerical algorithms for linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Eigen value problems/ writing computer program in a programming language. To this end softwares like MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, MAPLE can be adopted with following course outline. 1. Plotting of functions. 2. Matrix operations, vector and matrix manipulations, Matrix Computation and its applications. 3. Data analysis and curve fitting. 4. Solution of equations. 5. 2-D Graphics and 3-D Graphics - general purpose graphics functions, colour maps and colour controls. 6. Examples : Number theory, References :
1. 2. MATLAB - High performance numeric computation and visualization software : Users Guide. MATHEMATICA - Stephen Wolfram, Cambridge.

Semester VI MTB 601 Analysis-II Credits : 3 Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Harmonic functions, Elementary functions. Mapping by elementary functions, Mobius transformations, Conformal mappings. Metric spaces: Introduction. Neighbourhood, limit points, interior points, open and closed set, closure and interior, boundary points. Subspace of a metric space, Completeness. Cantors intersection theorem. Construction of real numbers as the completion of the incomplete metric space of rationals. Dense subsets. Separable metric spaces. Continuous functions. Uniform continuity, Isometry and homeomorphism. Equivalent metrics. Recommended Books: 1. Shanti Narayan, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, S. Chand & Co. New
Delhi. 2. E. T. Copson, Metric Spaces, Cambridge University Press, 1968. 3. R.V. Churchil & J.W. Brown, Complex Variables and Applications, 5 th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. 4. Mark J., Ablowitz & A.S. Fokas, Complex Variables: Introduction and Applications, Cambridge University Press. South Asian Edition, 1998. 5. P.K. Jain and K. Ahmad, Metric Spaces, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1996

MTB 602 Linear Algebra Credits : 3 Vector spaces, subspaces and linear spans, linear dependence and independence. Finite dimensional vector spaces. Linear transformations and their matrix representations. Algebra of linear transformations, the rank and nullity theorem. Change of basis. Dual spaces, bi dual space and natural isomorphism. Eigen values and eigen vectors of LT. Diagonalization, Cayley Hamilton theorem. Inner product spaces, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, orthogonal vectors. Orthonormal basis, Bessels inequality, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. 9

Recommended Books:
1. N. Herstain, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1975. 2. K. Hoffman and R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 1971. 3. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vols I & II, W.H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by Hindustan Publishing Company). 4. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2000. 5. I.S. Luther and I.B.S. Passi, Algebra, Vol. I - Groups, Narosa Publishing House, Vol. I 1996.

MTB 603 Numerical Analysis Credits : 3 Numerical solutions of algebraic equations, Interpolation, Numerical differentiation. Numerical Quadrature. System of linear equations. Eigen value computation. Numerical solution to ordinary differential equations of first order. Recommended Books: 1. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar, R.K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and
Engineering Computation, New Age International, 1999. 2. C.F. Gerald, P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 1998. 3. S. D. Conte, C de Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1980. 4. C.E. Froberg, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, (Second Edition), Addition-Wesley, 1979. 5. Melvin J. Maron, Numerical Analysis A Practical Approach, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York, 1982.

MTB 604 Mechanics Credits : 3 Satatics: Analytic conditions of equilibrium in 3-dimension. Poinsots central axis. Stable and unstable equilibrium. Dynamics: Moment of inertia, Equimomental systems, Principle axes. DAlemderts principle for motion of rigid body-linear and rotation for finite and impulsive forces. Conservation of momentum and energy. Compound pendulum. Reaction of axis of rotation. Kinetic energy and angular momentum for motion in two dimensions. Recommended Books:
1. S.L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on Statics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 2. S.L. Loney, An Elementray Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid Bodies, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 3. J.L. Synge, B.A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1959. 4. N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag, Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991.

MTB 605 Operations Research Credits : 3 Linear Programming problem, Convexity, Simplex and Revised Simplex algorithm, Duality theory, Dual simplex. Transportation, Assignment and Traveling Salesman problems. Portfolio Theory, Principle of Optimality and its applications. Recommended Books:
1. G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House, 1995. 2. S.I. Gass, Linear Programming: Methods and Applications (4th edition) McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975. 3. Kanti Swaroop, P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, Sultan Chand &

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Sons, New Delhi, 1998. 4. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.

ELECTIVE -II Credits : 3 ( Any one of the following 3 credit courses: MTB 606 - MTB 610 ) MTB 606 Number Theory

Primes and factorization. Division algorithm. Congruence and modular arithmetic. Chinese remainder theorem. Euler phi function. Primtive roots of unity. Quardratic law of reciprocity, application. Arithmetical functions. Mobius inversion formula. The Diophantine equations x2 + y2 = z2, x4 + y4 = z4. Farey sequences. Recommended Books:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa 1989. K. Ireland, and M. Rosen, A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory, GTM Vol. 84, Springer-Verlag, 1972. G.A. Jones, and J.M. Jones, Elementary Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1998. W. Sierpinski, Elementary Theory of Numbers, North-Holland, Ireland, 1988. Niven, S.H. Zuckerman, and L.H. Montgomery, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, John Wiley, 1991. H.B. Mann, Addition Theorems, Krieger, 1976. Melvyn B. Nathanson, Additive Number Theory: Inverse Problems and the Geometry of Sumsets, Springer-Verlag, 1996.

MTB 607 Probability Notion of probability: Random experiment, sample space, axiom of probability, elementary properties of probability, equally likely outcome problems. Random Variables: Concept, cumulative distribution function, discrete and continuous random variables, expectations, mean, variance, moment generating function. Discrete random variables: Bernoulli random variable, binomial random variable, geometric random variable, Poisson random variable. Continuous random variables: Uniform random variable, exponential random variable, Gamma random variable, normal random variable. Conditional probability and conditional expectations, Bayes theorem, independence, computing expectation by conditioning; some applications - a list model, a random graph, Polyas urn model. Bivariate random variables: Joint distribution, joint and conditional distributions, the correlation coefficient. Functions of random variables: Sum of random variables, the law of large numbers and central limit theorem, the approximation of distributions. Uncertainty, information and entropy, conditional entropy, solution of certain logical problems by calculating information. Recommended Books:
1 2. 3. 4. S.M. Ross, Introduction to Probability Models (Sixth edition) Academic Press, 1997. I. Blake, An Introduction to Applied Probability, John Wiley & Sons, 1979. J. Pitman, Probability, Narosa, 1993. A.M. Yagolam and I.M. Yagolam, Probability and Information, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1983.

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MTB 608 Advanced Differential Geometry Geodesics. Canonical geodesic equations. Nature of geodesics on a surface of revolution. Clairauts theorem. Normal property of geodesics. Torsion of a geodesic. Geodesic curvature. Gauss-Bonnet theorem. Surfaces of constant curvature. Conformal mapping. Geodesic mapping. Tissots theorem. Elements of general Riemannian Geometry: Reimannian metric, Tensor fields. Covariant differentiation. Symmetric properties of curvature tensor. Concept of affine connection. Christoffel symbols. Curvature and torsion tensors. Riemannian metric and affine connection. Geodesic and normal coordinates. Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry. Divergence, Curl and gradient. Recommended Books:
1. J.A. Thorpe, Introduction to Differential Geometry, Springer-Verlog. 2. M. Docarmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice-Hall, 1976. 3. C.W. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions. Cambridge Univ. .Press, 1955. 4. T.J. Willmore - An Introduction to Differential Geometry. Oxford University Press. 5. R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Application to Riemannian Geometry, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad. 6. B. B. Sinha, Differential Geometry, An Introduction, Shyam Prakashan Mandir, Allahabad, 1978.

MTB 609 Special Theory of Relativity-II Relativistic mechanics - Variation of mass with velocity. Equivalence of mass and energy. Transformation equations for mass momentum and energy. Energy-momentum four vector. Relativistic force and Transformation equations for its components. Relativistic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian. Relativistic equations of motion of a particle. Energy momentum tensor of a continuous material distribution. Electromagnetism - Maxwells equations in vacuo. Transformation equations for the densities of electric charge and current. Propagation of electric and magnetic field strengths. Transformation equations for electromagnetic four potential vector. Transformation equations for electric and magnetic field strengths. Gauge transformation. Lorentz invariance of Maxwells equations. Maxwells equations in tensor form. Lorentz force on a charged particle. Energy momentum tensor of an electromagnetic field. Recommended Books:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C. Moller, The Theory of Relativity, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1952. P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, Prentice Hall of India, 1969. J.L. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics, Academic Press, 1967. W. Rindler, Essential Relativity, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969. V. A. Ugarov, Special Theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers, 1979. R. Resnick, Introduction to Special Relativity, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. 1972. J.L. Synge, Relativity : The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956. W.G. Dixon, Special Relativity : The Foundation of Macroscopic Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1982.

MTB 610

Computational Mathematics Lab-II

The student is expected to familiarize with popular softwares for numerical computation and optimization. Numerical algorithms for linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, 12

Eigen value problems, Finite difference methods. Differentiation; Integration Ordinary differential equations etc. should be attempted.. The objective of such a laboratory is to equip students to model and simulate systems using optimization modelling languages/programming languages. To this end softwares like MATLAB, LINDO, MATHEMATICA, MAPLE can be adopted with following course outline. 1. Numerical integration. 2. Nonlinear Equations and Optimization functions. 3. Differential equations. 4. Sparse Matrices - Iterative methods for sparse linear equations, Eigen values of sparse matrices, Game of life. 5. Linear Programming, Integer Programming and Quadratic Programming Modelling and Simulation Techniques. References
1. 2. 3. MATLAB - High performance numeric computation and visualization software : Users Guide. MATHEMATICA - Stephen Wolfram, Cambridge. Optimization Modelling with LINDO : Linus Scharge.

MTB 611 Project Credits: 4 Some innovation in form of the written project, in Mathematics/application of Mathematics, based on the knowledge gained during the under graduate course of studies in view of the developments in Mathematics.

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