APPENDI X

B
Math symbol tables
B.1 Hebrew and Greek letters
Hebrew letters
Type Typeset
\aleph
\beth Q
\daleth
\gimel
496 Appendix B
Greek letters
Lowercase
Type Typeset Type Typeset Type Typeset
\alpha \iota \sigma
\beta \kappa \tau
\gamma \lambda \upsilon
\delta \mu j \phi
\epsilon c \nu \chi
\zeta \xi \psi
\eta \pi \omega
\theta \rho
\varepsilon \varpi c \varsigma
\vartheta \varrho \varphi
\digamma } \varkappa
Uppercase
Type Typeset Type Typeset Type Typeset
\Gamma \Xi \Phi
\Delta \Pi \Psi
\Theta \Sigma \Omega
\Lambda \Upsilon
\varGamma \varXi \varPhi
\varDelta \varPi \varPsi
\varTheta \varSigma \varOmega
\varLambda \varUpsilon
B.2 Binary relations 497
B.2 Binary relations
Type Typeset Type Typeset
< < >
= = : :
\in \ni or \owns
\leq or \le \geq or \ge
\ll \gg
\prec \succ ~
\preceq _ \succeq _
\sim \approx
\simeq \cong

=
\equiv \doteq
.
=
\subset \supset
\subseteq \supseteq
\sqsubseteq _ \sqsupseteq _
\smile \frown
\perp \models [=
\mid [ \parallel |
\vdash \dashv
\propto \asymp
\bowtie >
\sqsubset ` \sqsupset a
\Join I
Note the \colon command used in ) : r r
2
, typed as
f \colon x \to x2
498 Appendix B
More binary relations
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\leqq _ \geqq _
\leqslant \geqslant
\eqslantless \eqslantgtr
\lesssim _ \gtrsim _
\lessapprox _ \gtrapprox _
\approxeq
\lessdot < \gtrdot
\lll \ggg
\lessgtr \gtrless
\lesseqgtr _ \gtreqless
\lesseqqgtr _ \gtreqqless _
\doteqdot = \eqcirc =
\circeq = \triangleq =
\risingdotseq = \fallingdotseq =
\backsim ~ \thicksim
\backsimeq - \thickapprox
\preccurlyeq - \succcurlyeq ,
\curlyeqprec - \curlyeqsucc `
\precsim _ \succsim _
\precapprox _ \succapprox _
\subseteqq \supseteqq
\Subset \Supset
\vartriangleleft < \vartriangleright
\trianglelefteq _ \trianglerighteq _
\vDash = \Vdash '
\Vvdash '
\smallsmile \smallfrown
\shortmid . \shortparallel +
\bumpeq = \Bumpeq
\between \pitchfork .
\varpropto \backepsilon ~
\blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright >
\therefore \because
B.2 Binary relations 499
Negated binary relations
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\neq or \ne ,= \notin ,
\nless \ngtr
\nleq _ \ngeq _
\nleqslant \ngeqslant
\nleqq _ \ngeqq _
\lneq _ \gneq _
\lneqq _ \gneqq _
\lvertneqq _ \gvertneqq _
\lnsim _ \gnsim _
\lnapprox _ \gnapprox _
\nprec \nsucc ,
\npreceq _ \nsucceq _
\precneqq _ \succneqq _
\precnsim _ \succnsim _
\precnapprox _ \succnapprox _
\nsim ~ \ncong
\nshortmid \nshortparallel +
\nmid [ \nparallel
\nvdash - \nvDash =
\nVdash ' \nVDash
\ntriangleleft ; \ntriangleright ;
\ntrianglelefteq _ \ntrianglerighteq _
\nsubseteq _ \nsupseteq _
\nsubseteqq \nsupseteqq
\subsetneq _ \supsetneq _
\varsubsetneq _ \varsupsetneq _
\subsetneqq _ \supsetneqq _
\varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneqq
500 Appendix B
B.3 Binary operations
Type Typeset Type Typeset
+ + -
\pm \mp
\times \cdot
\circ \bigcirc _
\div \bmod mod
\cap \cup
\sqcap \sqcup .
\wedge or \land \vee or \lor
\triangleleft \triangleright >
\bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown _
\oplus \ominus
\otimes \oslash
\odot \bullet
\dagger \ddagger
\setminus \smallsetminus
\wr / \amalg H
\ast \star
\diamond
\lhd \rhd
\unlhd \unrhd
\dotplus \centerdot .
\ltimes \rtimes
\leftthreetimes ` \rightthreetimes
\circleddash \uplus
\barwedge \doublebarwedge ,
\curlywedge \curlyvee
\veebar Y \intercal
\doublecap or \Cap + \doublecup or \Cup J
\circledast \circledcirc
\boxminus \boxtimes
\boxdot \boxplus
\divideontimes \vartriangle ,
\And &
B.4 Arrows 501
B.4 Arrows
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\leftarrow \rightarrow or \to
\longleftarrow \longrightarrow
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow
\Longleftarrow = \Longrightarrow =
\leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow
\uparrow \downarrow
\Uparrow \Downarrow
\updownarrow \Updownarrow
\nearrow \searrow
\swarrow \nwarrow
\iff \mapstochar
\mapsto \longmapsto
\hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown
\leadsto Y
\leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows
\leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows
\Lleftarrow \Rrightarrow =
\twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow
\leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail
\looparrowleft \looparrowright +
\upuparrows | \downdownarrows _
\upharpoonleft , \upharpoonright `
\downharpoonleft \downharpoonright
\leftrightsquigarrow - \rightsquigarrow ~
\multimap
\nleftarrow \nrightarrow
\nLeftarrow = \nRightarrow =
\nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow =
\dashleftarrow --- \dashrightarrow ---
\curvearrowleft . \curvearrowright
\circlearrowleft \circlearrowright
\leftrightharpoons = \rightleftharpoons =
\Lsh \Rsh
502 Appendix B
B.5 Miscellaneous symbols
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\hbar / \ell /
\imath \jmath ,
\wp \partial
\Im \Re '
\infty \prime /
\emptyset \varnothing
\forall \exists
\smallint \triangle
\top \bot
\P \S
\dag \ddag
\flat . \natural ;
\sharp ; \angle
\clubsuit \diamondsuit
\heartsuit \spadesuit
\surd

\nabla
\pounds \neg or \lnot
\Box P \Diamond Q
\mho H
\hslash h \complement U
\backprime \ \nexists
\Bbbk k
\diagup , \diagdown
\blacktriangle # \blacktriangledown *
\triangledown V \eth
\square \blacksquare B
\lozenge \blacklozenge #
\measuredangle X \sphericalangle <
\circledS \bigstar
\Finv \Game ,
B.6 Delimiters 503
B.6 Delimiters
Name Type Typeset
left parenthesis ( (
right parenthesis ) )
left bracket [ or \lbrack [
right bracket ] or \rbrack ]
left brace \{ or \lbrace
right brace \} or \rbrace
backslash \backslash
forward slash / ,
left angle bracket \langle
right angle bracket \rangle )
vertical line | or \vert [
double vertical line \| or \Vert |
left oor \lfloor
right oor \rfloor |
left ceiling \lceil
right ceiling \rceil |
upward \uparrow
double upward \Uparrow
downward \downarrow
double downward \Downarrow
up-and-down \updownarrow
double up-and-down \Updownarrow
upper-left corner \ulcorner '
upper-right corner \urcorner
lower-left corner \llcorner ,
lower-right corner \lrcorner
504 Appendix B
B.7 Operators
Pure operators, with no limits
Type Typeset Type Typeset Type Typeset Type Typeset
\arccos arccos \cot cot \hom hom \sin sin
\arcsin arcsin \coth coth \ker ker \sinh sinh
\arctan arctan \csc csc \lg lg \tan tan
\arg arg \deg deg \ln ln \tanh tanh
\cos cos \dim dim \log log
\cosh cosh \exp exp \sec sec
Operators with limits
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\det det \limsup limsup
\gcd gcd \max max
\inf inf \min min
\lim lim \Pr Pr
\liminf liminf \sup sup
\injlim inj lim \projlim proj lim
\varliminf lim \varlimsup lim
\varinjlim lim

\varprojlim lim

B.7 Operators 505

B.7.1 Large operators
Type Inline Displayed
\int_{a}{b}
_
b
a
_
b
a
\oint_{a}{b}
_
b
a
_
b
a
\oint_{a}{b}
__
b
a
__
b
a
\oint_{a}{b}
___
b
a
___
b
a
\oint_{a}{b}
____
b
a
____
b
a
\oint_{a}{b}
_

_
b
a
_

_
b
a
\prod_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\coprod_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigcap_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigcup_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n
_
i=1
\bigwedge_{i=1}{n}
_
n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigvee_{i=1}{n}
_
n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigsqcup_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n
_
i=1
\biguplus_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigotimes_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigoplus_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
\bigodot_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n
_
i=1
\sum_{i=1}{n}

n
i=1
n

i=1
506 Appendix B
B.8 Math accents and fonts
Math accents
amsxtra
Type Typeset Type Typeset
\acute{a} o
\bar{a} o
\breve{a} o \spbreve
\check{a} o \spcheck

\dot{a} o \spdot
.
\ddot{a} o \spddot
..
\dddot{a}
...
o \spdddot
...
\ddddot{a}
....
o
\grave{a} ` o
\hat{a} o
\widehat{a} o \sphat
\mathring{a} o
\tilde{a} o
\widetilde{a} o \sptilde

\vec{a} o
Math fonts
Type Typeset
L
A
T
E
X
\mathbf{A} A
\mathcal{A} /
\mathit{A} A
\mathnormal{A}
\mathrm{A} A
\mathsf{A} A
\mathtt{A} A
\boldsymbol{\alpha}
\mathbb{A} A
\mathfrak{A} A
\mathscr{a} A
\mathscr requires the eucal package with the mathscr option
B.9 Math spacing commands 507
B.9 Math spacing commands
Name Width Short Long
1 mu (math unit) \mspace{1mu}
thinspace \, \thinspace
medspace \: \medspace
thickspace \; \thickspace
interword space \
1 em \quad
2 em \qquad
Negative space
1 mu \mspace{-1mu}
thinspace \! \negthinspace
medspace \negmedspace
thickspace \negthickspace
APPENDI X
C
Text symbol tables
C.1 Some European characters
Name Type Typeset Type Typeset
a-ring \aa a \AA

A
aesc \ae \AE
ethel \oe \OE
eszett \ss \SS SS
inverted question mark ?
inverted exclamation mark !
slashed L \l l \L L
slashed O \o \O
510 Appendix C
C.2 Text accents
Name Type Typeset Name Type Typeset
acute \{o} o macron \={o} o
breve \u{o} o overdot \.{g} g
caron/ha cek \v{o} o ring \r{u} u
cedilla \c{c} c tie \t{oo} oo
circumex \{o} o tilde \{n} n
dieresis/umlaut \"{u} u underdot \d{m} m
.
double acute \H{o} o underbar \b{o} o

grave \{o} `o
dotless i \i dotless j \j
\{\i} \v{\j}
C.3 Text font commands
C.3.1 Text font family commands
Command with Argument Command Declaration Switches to the
font family
\textnormal{...} {\normalfont ...} document
\emph{...} {\em ...} emphasis
\textrm{...} {\rmfamily ...} roman
\textsf{...} {\sffamily ...} sans-serif
\texttt{...} {\ttfamily ...} typewriter-style
\textup{...} {\upshape ...} upright shape
\textit{...} {\itshape ...} italic shape
\textsl{...} {\slshape ...} slanted shape
\textsc{...} {\scshape ...} small capitals
\textbf{...} {\bfseries ...} bold
\textmd{...} {\mdseries ...} normal weight and width
C.3 Text font commands 511
C.3.2 Text font size changes
Command L
A
T
E
X sample text AMS sample text
\Tiny [not available] sample text
\tiny sample text sample text
\SMALL or \scriptsize sample text sample text
\Small or \footnotesize sample text sample text
\small sample text sample text
\normalsize sample text sample text
\large sample text sample text
\Large sample text sample text
\LARGE sample text sample text
\huge sample text sample text
\Huge sample text sample text
512 Appendix C
C.4 Additional text symbols
Name Type Typeset
ampersand \& &
asterisk bullet \textasteriskcentered
backslash \textbackslash
bar (caesura) \textbar [
brace left \{
brace right \}
bullet \textbullet
circled a \textcircled{a} a _
circumex \textasciicircum
copyright \copyright c _
dagger \dag
double dagger (diesis) \ddag
dollar \$ $
double quotation left \textquotedblleft or
double quotation right \textquotedblright or
em dash \textemdash or ---
en dash \textendash or --
exclamation down \textexclamdown or !
greater than \textgreater
less than \textless <
lowline \_
midpoint \textperiodcentered
octothorp \# #
percent \% %
pilcrow (paragraph) \P
question down \textquestiondown or ?
registered trademark \textregistered R _
section \S
C.5 Additional text symbols with T1 encoding 513
Additional text symbols, continued
Name Type Typeset
single quote left \textquoteleft or
single quote right \textquoteright or
sterling \pounds
superscript \textsuperscript{a}
a
tilde \textasciitilde
trademark \texttrademark
TM
visible space \textvisiblespace
For the \textsubscript command, see Section 11.3.
C.5 Additional text symbols with T1 encoding
C.5.1 Accents
Name Type Typeset
ogonek
C.5.2 European characters
Name Type Typeset Type Typeset
eth
dyet
eng
thorn
C.5.3 Quotation marks
Name Type Typeset Type Typeset
single guillemet
double guillemet
single quotation
double quotation
514 Appendix C
C.6 Text spacing commands
Name Width Short command Long command
Positive Space
Normal varies
Intersentence varies \@.
Interword varies \
Italic Corr. varies \/
Tie varies
Thinspace \, \thinspace
Medspace \: \medspace
Thickspace \; \thickspace
1 em \quad
2 em \qquad
Negative Space
Thinspace \! \negthinspace
Medspace \negmedspace
Thickspace \negthickspace