INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prepared by: Engr. Analene M. Nagayo

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION - is a basic process of exchanging information. HUMAN COMMUNICATION - conveying ones ideas, thoughts and feelings to others. Barriers : LANGUAGE & DISTANCE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION refers to transmission, reception and processing information using electronic circuit. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM collection of electronics circuit capable of transmitting and/or receiving information by electric means.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

message signal Information Source Transmitter transmitted signal Channel /
(communication medium)

received signal Receiver

Estimate of message signal

User of Information

Noise

ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM INFORMATION SOURCE - responsible for the generation of message signals that needs to be delivered to their destination. It may be coming from an analog or digital source so that intelligence signal may be either analog or digital.
INFORMATION SOURCE MESSAGE SIGNAL

HUMAN
COMPUTER VIDEO CAMERA/RECORDER FACSIMILE

AUDIO SIGNAL
BINARY DATA VIDEO SIGNAL/PICTURES IMAGE DATA

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

TRANSMITTER -collection of electronic components and circuits designed to transform the message signal produced by the information source into a form suitable for transmission over a given communication channel. -Components of a transmittter are amplifiers, modulator, oscillator and antenna COMMUNICATION CHANNEL - medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. - means of transporting signals between a transmitter and receiver. -Attenuates information signal and causes the received signal to appear much lower in amplitude Types:

Guided media for wire communication - fiber optic cable, twisted copper wire & coaxial cable

Unguided media for wireless communication - free space

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

RECEIVER -collection of electronic components and circuits that receives the transmitted message from the channel and convert it back into a form understandable by the user of information. -Components of a receiver are amplifiers, demodulator and antenna USER OF INFORMATION - human or computer that needs the information sent by the source. NOISE - any unwanted form of energy that enters the communication system tending to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reproduction of the transmitted signal. examples: Atmospheric noise static Thermal Agitation noise

LIMITATION OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

NOISE

BANDWIDTH - portion of electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal. - frequency range over information signal is transmitted or over which a receiver or other electronic circuit operates. BW = f upper limit f lower limit Information Capacity a measure of how much source information can be carried through the system in a given period of time. Hartleys Law states that the information capacity is directly proportional of the bandwidth and transmission line.

Information capacity Bandwidth x Transmission Line

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

I. ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF TRANSMISSION
(A) SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - One-way communication system - It transmits signals only or receives signals only. - examples: pager, AM/FM radio, TV, wireless remote control (B) DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - Two-way communication system

a) HALF-DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - Transmission and reception of signals nonsimultaneously. - example: portable two-way radio, radar, sonar
b) FULL-DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - Transmission and reception of signals simultaneously. - example: telephone system, data communication, LAN

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

II. ACCORDING TO TYPES OF TRANSMITTED SIGNAL (A) ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM -Transmission and/or reception of analog signals/continuous waves. - examples: AM/FM radio, Television

(B) DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - Transmission and/or reception of digital signals/binary data. - examples: Data communication systems: LAN & WAN

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

III. ACCORDING TO FORMS OF SIGNAL (A) BASEBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

-Transmission baseband signals directly over the communication medium. - Baseband signals are analog/digital signals in their original form. - example: telephone
(B) BROADBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - Works with modulated signals. - Modulated signals are signals in their altered form. - Modulation is a process of imposing low frequency baseband signal onto a higher frequency signal to allow effective transmission and reception of the desired signal.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Information needed to be transmitted through free space for long-distance communication is converted into signals that radiates through space. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - Are signals made-up of electric and magnetic fields that radiates through space - Also called as radio waves - Electromagnetic waves vary sinusoidally and it can be characterized by: FREQUENCY , f - is the number of voltage polarity alteration or electromagnetic field oscillation that occurs in one second. - Unit : cycles/sec (cps) or Hertz (Hz) - Each alteration or oscillation is called cycle. - f = 1/T -WAVELENGTH, l - is the distance travelled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle. - Length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies in space. - Unit : meters(m) or miles (mi). - Electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of light, c = 3 x 108 m/s or 1.86 x 105 mi/s. - l = kc / f where k is the velocity constant (k = 1 for free space)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Examples: 1. If 5000 cycles takes place in 1 second, the frequency is _________Hz. Answer : 5KHz 2. If 1 cycle occurs 2ms, the frequency is __________Hz. Answer : 500 Hz 3. A radio signal with frequency of 1.5GHz has a wavelength of ____m. Answer : 0.2 m 4. A radio signal with wavelength of 2 miles has a frequency of ____Hz. Answer : 93KHz

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
MODES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION Electromagnetic waves / radio waves normally travels in a straight line but this can be changed by various method. 1. REFLECTION - occurs when radio waves strike a boundary of two media an some or all of the waves do not enter the second material. The waves that do not enter the second medium are reflected. 2. REFRACTION - occurs when radio waves travel across the boundary of zones with different characteristics. - change in the direction of a ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another with different velocities of propagation. 3. DIFFRACTION - scattering of radio signals. - occurs when radio waves move around bends or obstacles, thereby, producing secondary wavelets.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - Range of frequencies over which electronic communication takes place.
NAME FREQ. (Hz) l (m) APPLICATION
AC power line (50 60 Hz) Low end of human hearing frequency (20 20KHz) Normal range of human speech (300 3.4KHz) Mid-part of human hearing frequency

ELF
(EXTREMELY LOW FREQ.)

30 300

107 - 106

VF
(VOICE FREQUENCY)

300 - 3000

106 105

VLF
(VERY LOW FREQUENCY)

3000 30K

105 104

High end of human hearing frequency Government and Military communication systems Most musical instruments SUBCARRIER freq. for modulation Aeronautical and Marine Navigational system

LF
(LOW FREQUENCY)

30K 300K

104 103

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
NAME MF
(MEDIUM FREQUENCY)

FREQ. (Hz) 300K 3M

l (m) 103 102

APPLICATION
AM radio broadcasting (535 1605KHz) Other Aeronautical and Marine Navigational system Shortwave (SW) radio broadcasting Two-way (CB & amateur) radio communication FM radio broadcasting (88 108MHz) TV ( CH2 CH13 ) broadcasting (54 216MHz) Amatuer radio communication

HF
(HIGH FREQUENCY)

3M 30M 30M 300M

102 101 10 1

VHF
(VERY HIGH FREQUENCY)

UHF
(ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY)

300M 3G

1 10-1

UHF (channel 14 to 83) TV broadcasting (470-890 MHz) Above 1 GHz is called microwave frequencies. Cellular radio system (800 900 MHz) Amatuer radio communication Microwave frequencies used for Satellite and RADAR

SHF
(SUPER HIGH

3G 30G

10-1 10-2

FREQUENCY)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
NAME FREQ. (Hz) l (m) APPLICATION
Satellite communication and specialized RADAR system
Infrared electromagnetic signal produced by heat sources Radio Astronomy Optical devices Guidance in weapon system TV remote control unit Fiber Optic Communication LASER Advantage of light wave signals is their high frequency that gives them the ability to handle tremendous amount of information.

EHF
(EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY)

30G 300G

10-2 10-3
0.7m 10m

INFRARED

LIGHT / VISIBLE

0.4m 0.8m

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) an organization that bring together various countries to discuss how frequency spectrum is to be divided up and shared.
National Telecommunication Commission (NTC) regulates the use of frequency spectrum and controls all telephone and radio communication in the Philippines.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Examples: 1. What is the bandwidth of voice frequencies ? Answer : BW = 3.4KHz - 300Hz = 3.1KHz 2. Why not assign 2KHz bandwidth for FM broadcast instead of the usual 200KHz bandwidth? Answer : due to the need of a wider bandwidth to carry information. 3. A signal occupies the spectrum space from 1.25G to 2.45GHz. The bandwidth is _______. Answer: 1.2GHz

REFERENCES
Electronic Communication Systems Through Advanced by W. Tomasi

Communication Electronics by L. Frenzel

Lecture Notes in Principles of Communication by A.H. Ballado and M.M. Sejera

Electronic Communication Systems by

G. Kennedy