7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.

1 of 24

Emergent Gravity and Torsion
String theory without string theory
Why the Cosmic Dark Energy is Small
Jack Sarfatti
ISEP
San Francisco

How quaint the ways of paradox, at common sense she gaily mocks.
W.S. Gilbert
1


The future, and the future alone is the home of explanation.
Henry Dwight Sedgwick
2


Introductory Overview
Lenny Susskind
i
in his book Cosmic Landscape calls the cosmological constant dark
energy problem the Mother of all physics problems and the elephant in the room. I
here propose a very simple solution of this problem based on the same world hologram
conjecture that Lenny is such a persuasive advocate of. Other consequences of this single
organizing idea include what may be a solution to the hierarchy problem and why the
early universe had much less thermodynamic entropy than our present universe. The
Einstein-Cartan extension of Einsteins 1916 General Relativity (GR) has a torsion gap
dislocation field in addition to the curvature disclination field. This was essentially
shown by Kibble 1961
ii
to be the result of universally locally gauging the non-compact
rigid 10-parameter Poincare space-time symmetry group of Einsteins 1905 Special
Relativity (SR) in the global actions
( )
, S

of all matter fields that are irreducible
representation multiplets of both the Poincare group and the internal symmetry groups.
The compensating renormalizable spin 1 Yang-Mills analog gauge connection potentials
from localizing the rigid constant and uniform six rotation and rapidity boost parameters
ab
of the Lorentz subgroup
1,3
SO of space-time rotations to arbitrary curvilinear ( )
ab
x
are the 24 antisymmetric Einstein-Cartan spin connection components
ab
S

that partition
into six 1-forms
ab ab ba
S S dx S

= . The tetrad rotation coefficients

ab
c
play the same
role in gravity-torsion as a local gauge theory as do the internal symmetry Lie algebra
structure constants in the standard lepton-quark gauge vector boson theory. The gauge
connections from localizing the four parameters
a
of the rigid translation subgroup
4
T to
arbitrary curvilinear ( )
a
x infinitesimal distortions are the 16 spin 1 intrinsically warped
tetrad components
a
A

that partition into four 1-forms
a a
A A dx

that form the

Cartan local mobile tetrad frames. The lower case Latin indices are raised and lowered
with the flat Local Inertial Frame (LIF) Minkowski metric
ab
and they are analogous to

1
Pirates of Penzance
2
An Apology for Old Maids (1908)
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.2 of 24

the Yang-Mills spin 1 field internal symmetry indices. The lower case Greek indices are
raised and lowered with the curvilinear Local Non-Inertial Frame (LNIF) metric ( ) g x

.
These tetrad frames can be independently rotated at each Einstein local coincidence
with the expanded matter field actions remaining invariant because of the compensating
spin connections that act on both tensors and spinors. The spin 2 metric field g

and the
symmetric affine torsion-free Levi-Civita metric connection
{ }

of the 1916 theory are

bilinear in the spin 1 tetrads having spin 0, spin 1 as well as spin 2 quantum zero point
fluctuation corrections in a c-number curved and torsioned dynamical background. I
introduce a new dimensionless scale-dependent world hologram cosmic landscape
coupling parameter
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1/ 3
1/ 3
2 41 28 13 13
1 10 , ~10 , 10 , ~10
G P zpf
L N cm cm

= A A
between the globally flat Minkowski tetrad and the warped tetrad. Einsteins
cosmological constant is the large scale limit of
zpf
that is a quintessent field. Since
4
T is
Abelian, its not surprising that
G
increases in the small-scale UV limit like the U(1)
QED coupling fine structure parameter
2
QED
e c = does that is ~ 1/137 in the large-
scale IR limit in the renormalization scaling group flow. Analogous to the More is
different (P.W. Anderson
iii
) emergence of the superfluid helium 3-velocity field
( ) v m d =
G
= from the exterior derivative of the single Goldstone phase 0-form from
the two real Higgs field ODLRO ground state order parameters
1 2
& , I choose 9
macro-quantum real post-inflation vacuum condensate ODLRO order parameters
1,2,...9 =
with 8 independent Goldstone phase 0-forms &
a b
that partition into two
Lorentz group 4-vectors. I form The M-Matrix
ab
M of non-closed 1-forms from these 8
Goldstone phase 0-forms. The 4D supersolid or world crystal lattice (H. Kleinert
iv
)
warped tetrad 1-forms
a
A
v
are the diagonal matrix elements
aa
M and the spin
connection 1-forms
ab
S are the antisymmetrized matrix elements
| | , a b
M . A natural
organizing idea for the 6D Calabi-Yau space of string theory emerges from these
considerations. This theory predicts that the LHC will not see any real on-shell exotic
particles that can explain the dark matter 0.23
DM
because the dark matter in the
galactic halos et-al is virtual particle exotic vacuum of w = -1 with negative zero point
energy density and positive pressure. This kind of exotic vacuum gravity lenses exactly
like w = 0 cold dark matter (CDM) on-shell particles.
1. Solution of the Small Cosmic Dark Energy Puzzle?
Steven Weinberg used the weak anthropic principle back in the mid 1980s to estimate
the Einstein cosmological constant to be of the order of the critical mass density in order
for our form of life to emerge. He did this before the discovery of the accelerating
universe in Type Ia supernovae that confirmed his not-so-serious speculation at that time.
The universe is full of surprises. This is a serious problem because the nave use of
quantum field theory predicts that the Einstein cosmological constant should be
2 66 2
~1 ~10
zpf P
L cm

when in fact observation shows

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.3 of 24

( )
2
56 2 29 3
~ ~10 ~10
zpf
H c cm gm cm



This is obviously a whopping discrepancy of approximately 122 powers of ten. Not since
the discovery over 100 years ago that black body radiation violated classical
electromagnetism and thermodynamics has there been such an embarrassing paradox. To
compound the problem the supersymmetry part of string theory allegedly predicts a
cosmological constant that is exactly zero. Ed Witten has written on several occasions
that he is very disturbed about this. Application of a simple quantum uncertainty
argument by Wigner plus the avoidance of small black hole formation leads to the
counter-intuitive result that the quantum gravity fluctuation A in a measured length A
scales as the cube root of the length
vi


2/ 3 1/ 3
P
L A A (1.1)

The world hologram idea is that the geometrodynamic field in 3D + 1 space-time is
essentially 2D surface in which the 3D volume is a kind of holographic screen
projection. We can call this Volume without volume. Given a volume of space
surrounded by a closed 2D surface, we define A the analog of the Schwarzschild radial
coordinate by
2 2
4
~
P
P
NL
NL
A
A
(1.2)

This also expresses Wheelers IT FROM BIT as well as Bekensteins horizon
thermodynamics associated with the Hawking radiation from the event horizon of a black
hole. Note that the closed 2D surrounding surface has no boundary itself, but is not the
boundary of an actual 3D volume because, we will see below, that there are N enclosed
hedgehog
vii
point monopole defects in the emergent geometrodynamic field in the form
of a lattice similar to the Abrikosov lattice of string quantized magnetic vortices in a
Type II superconductor with a non-trivial first homotopy group of integer winding
numbers for the deRham period integrals of d.


An Abrikosov lattice of vortices in a
type-II superconductor. The magnetic field passes through the vortices.
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/illpres/vortices.html
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.4 of 24

Note that the superconducting ground state order parameter has two real Higgs-type
fields with only one coherent ODLRO Goldstone phase between them. In contrast, in
3D + 1 space-time, there are three effective real Higgs type fields projected down from a
9D hyperspace + time with two independent coherent Goldstone phases & among
them accompanied by a non-trivial second homotopy group of integer wrapping
numbers N Bekenstein BITS for the deRham integrals of d d . This generally
unfamiliar topological way of thinking about physics is explained more below.
Substitute (1.2) into (1.1)

1/ 6
~
P
N L A (1.3)
Therefore
1/ 2
1/ 3
1/ 6
~ ~
N
N
N
A
A
(1.4)

Exactly as common sense 3D Euclidean geometry suggests! However, something
remarkable has happened here that is so simple yet so surprising that it takes a second and
third look of how I pulled this Volume without volume White Rabbit out of the Top
Hat. We are used to the length contraction and time dilation of 1905 special relativity
that leaves the global space-time intervals invariant in the absence of gravity and torsion.
Here we have a kind of fractal wavelet resolution scale-dependent distortion of the
quantum gravity metric zero point fluctuations. Suppose we assume, that in general, the
resolution-scale dependent total net zero point energy density from all the matter
quantum fields that exist in the interior of a surface parametrized by A is

( )
( )
00 2
2 2
00 4
1 1
~ ~
zpf
P
zpf
P
P
c
T zpf
L
NL
c
T zpf
NL
=

=
=
A
=
(1.5)

The resolution-scale dependent factor 1 N explains how and why the zero point energy
density decreases as the scale increases. Note also that the total zero point energy in the
quantum gravity fluctuation cell of volume without volume
3 2 3
~ ~
P P
L NL A A is

( )
3
3
00 4
~
P
P P
c NL c
T zpf
NL NL
=
= =
A (1.6)

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.5 of 24

But from (1.4) we get that the total zero point vacuum energy scales as N . In the case
of our observable pocket universe from our past light cone back to the WMAP surface of
last scattering when the ancestor of the CMB thermal radiation essentially decoupled
from matter in the formation of neutral hydrogen atoms from the previous electron-proton
plasma, there is a finite upper limit to
122
~10 N corresponding to the de Sitter horizon in
our future light cone from here on Earth.

2. Tetrads, Dark Energy and Holography

The Question is: What is The Question?
John Archibald Wheeler

The tetrads and the spin connections are the compensating gauge connections from
localizing the space-time Poincare symmetry group for all matter field dynamical actions.
The Einstein-Cartan tetrad 1-form fields in my new original emergent curvature-affine
torsion macro-quantum theory are

( )
1
1
1 2
3
3
2
3
3 2 1/ 3
1
~ ~
a a a
G
P
G zpf P zpf
e I A
L G
L
c N

= +
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
=
A
(2.1)

The globally flat Minkowski tetrads
a
I has geodesic free-float LIF components
a a
I

.
Its components in locally coincident off-geodesic LNIFs are curvilinear functions
describing the zero curvature inertial g-forces induced by non-gravity forces on the
local frame detectors. As shown above, the choice of the cube root in the above
dimensionless coupling of the warp field to globally flat space-time is dictated by the
world hologram conjecture that the geometrodynamic field is stored on closed 2D
surfaces enclosing 3D spacelike slices of 4D space-time. These 2-cycles are generally not
boundaries because there are singular defects of vacuum condensate order parameters
viii

inside the 2-cycles.
When
13
~10 cm

A ,
20
~10 N ,
13
~10
G

. When
28 61 41
~10 , ~10 , ~10
G
cm N

A .
The effective gravity tetrad self-coupling increases with decreasing scale just like the fine
structure constant of QED does, but at a different rate. This also seems to explain the
Hierarchy Problem?
Quantum field theory on the 2-cycles is anyonic with fractional quantum numbers and
statistics.
ix
I also note in passing that there is, admittedly a vague intuitive set of
associations at this point, a formal connection between the world hologram conjecture
and a basic Poisson Brownian motion for N Planck length rigid link nodes in a string
that can fold. I mean, for a sphere enclosing N point hedgehog nodes in the vacuum
condensate order parameter with 3 real Higgs vacuum ODLRO fields and 2 coherent
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.6 of 24

world hologram Goldstone phases in the projection from 9 + 1 hyperspace-time down to
3 + 1 Einsteinian space-time as further discussed at the end of this paper.



These are non-trivial second homotopy group ~ integers monopoles of the
geometrodynamical field not of the electromagnetic field. As above, define a kind of
Schwarszschild radial coordinate by the Euclidean ( )
2 2
4
p
A NL A A , therefore,
( )
2
2
~ ~
p p
N L N N L A (2.2)

An un-squeezed macro-quantum Glauber state of bosons (minimum uncertainty wave
packet in number-phase) has this Poisson root mean square fluctuation in number ~ mean
number of Planck links in the randomly folded string as well. The basic vacuum
condensate order parameter should have this kind of property with some squeezing to
make pink noise instead of white Brownian noise with some deviation from the Poisson
baseline. Furthermore, curiously a well known world hologram formula results from

2/ 3 1/ 3 13
2
2
3
~10
1
G deSitter p deSitter
zpf
deSitter
p
R R L R cm
R
G
L
c

=
(2.3)

Where
deSitter
R is the radius of the w = -1 dark zero point energy dominated future de
Sitter horizon of our particular pocket Hubble bubble universe on the populated cosmic
landscape of eternal chaotic inflation.

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.7 of 24


Very rough non-rigorous sketch of the idea I am trying to convey based on Wheeler-Feynman 1940.
In addition, R is the quantum gravity metric fluctuation in the future de Sitter horizon
that I will, as does Frank Tipler
x
, poetically/metaphorically describe as Tielhard de
Chardins Omega Point with the moment of inflation as the Alpha Point.


Based on John A. Wheelers Law without law

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.8 of 24

Omega sends advanced signal back in time to Alpha to trigger inflation in Igor Novikovs
globally self-consistent loop in time in the conjecture called the Final Anthropic
Principle.
xi

The dark energy density ( )
00
T ZPE is the reciprocal 4
th
power of the geometric mean of
the smallest quantum gravity length
33
~10
p
L cm

and the largest causal length

28
~10
deSitter
R cm.
( )
( )
4
4
00 2 2
4
4
3 29
2
1
~ ~ ~
8
1
~ 10 ~ ~10
10
zpf
p deSitter p deSitter
c c
T zpf
G L R L R
gm
ev c
cm cc

| |
|
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
=
=
(2.4)

The number of Bekenstein bits on the dark energy future de Sitter horizon is
3 123
~ ~10
G
N

. Einsteins 1916 GR local invariant is

( )
2
2
a
a
a a a a
a G a a G a
ds g dx dx e e
I I I A A I A A

= =
= + + +
(2.5)

The linear cross terms give spin 1 quantum fluctuations. Only the last quadratic terms
give spin 2 gravitons in addition to spin 1 and spin 0 quantum fluctuations.
There is no gravity and torsion in my macro-quantum 4D supersolid
xii
emergence
theory if any of the following limits are taken

0
0
0
zpf
G
c

=
(2.6)

The first limit is trivial. The second limit of causal retardation is not surprising. The third
limit needing quantum theory in a c-number theory is more surprising. The fourth limit
that supersymmetry
xiii
does not permit gravity to emerge in the post-inflation period is
very satisfying and adds weight to the eternal chaotic inflation populated cosmic
landscape of Hubble de Sitter horizoned dark energy parallel pocket universes in the
Megaverse (L. Susskind) of the Weak Anthropic Principle of Darwinian selection.
Self-created pocket universes are not at all ruled out here. That is we can also have a
subset of pocket universes obeying Wheelers teleological Final Anthropic Principle
(FAP) in the Igor Novikov globally self-consistent loop in time of information flow in
which advanced Feynman-Wheeler retrocausal electromagnetic signals travel down the
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.9 of 24

warped past light cones from the dark energy Omega Point de Sitter future horizon
back from the future to cosmically trigger the moment of inflation Alpha Point leading
then forward in time to create the hot Big Bang seen in the CMB, COBE and WMAP
observations as well as the abundances of He and other light nuclei relative to hydrogen.
The future horizon must act as a total absorber with the infinite red shift as the effective
absorption. The blue-shifting advanced ordering signals from Omega to Alpha ensure
that the early universe has low thermodynamic entropy so that the irreversible Arrow of
Time of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is locked to the accelerating expansion of
3D space that we see in the anomalous red shifts of the Type 1A supernovae standard
candles.
3. Curvature and Torsion
Einsteins 1916 GR and its extension to include affine and formally Chern-Simons-
Kiehn
xiv
topological torsions ~
a b
A dA follows almost trivially from Cartans elegant
powerful compact notation for differential forms. The dislocation torsion gap field 2-form
a
T
xv
is defined in terms of the tetrad rotation coefficients
ab
c
discussed in more detail
later on

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
a a
a a a c
c
a a a c c
G c G
a a a d d c c
G cd G G
T T dx dx
De de S e
d I A S I A
d I A I A I A

=
= = +
= + + +
= + + + +
(3.1)

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 1,3
ab ab ab
ab c c
ab
G c G
c
S S T S O
I A I A
+
= + + +
(3.2)

Where ( )
4
ab
S T is the torsion-free spin connection of local 1916 GR from localizing only
the 4-parameter translation group of global 1905 SR. We only get disclination curvature
from ( )
4
ab
S T . In addition, localizing the 6-parameter space-time rotation Lorentz group
1,3
SO gives the additional spin connection
( )
1,3
ab
S O that includes the dynamically
independent torsion field of the Einstein-Cartan extension of Einsteins 1916 GR. Of
course, this will also make curvature disclination as well as torsion gaps. Einsteins 1916
GR requires as a postulate that

( )
4
0
0
a a c
c
a a d c
cd
de S T e
de e e
+ =
+ =
(3.3)
Therefore
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.10 of 24

( )
( ) ( )
1,3
a a a a c
c
a c
c
a d c
cd
d c
a
cd G G
T De de S e
S O e
e e
I A I A

= = +
=
=
= + +
(3.4)

It is important to realize and emphasize that the total antisymmetric spin connection
consists of separate contributions of qualitatively different origins. The first curvature
spin connection 1-form ( )
4
ab
S T comes from locally gauging only the 4-parameter T
4

translation group. It is all that there is in Einsteins zero torsion 1916 GR.

( ) ( )
4
1
2
a a a a b a b
c c c c b bc
S T e de e de e e de e e ( = + =

(3.5)

Where is called left contraction.
xvi
Eq. (1.11) is not physically enlightening except
to indicate that the torsion-free spin connection is a kind of 1-form dual of a tetrad 1-form
combined with the exterior derivative of a tetrad 1-form. The Hodge * dual is not
sufficient here. To paraphrase Schrodinger on infernal quantum jumps had I known
about this infernal left contraction nightmare foisted upon us by the rigorous
mathematicians I never would have gotten into this business!
I note also Rovellis more intuitive eq. 2.89
xvii


( )
|
|
|
| |
4
2
a b ab a b c
c
S T e e e e e e


= + (3.6)

The symmetric torsion-less Levi-Civita connection components with covariant derivative
D of Einstein 1916s in terms of the 16 tetrad components, their gradients and the tetrad
rotation coefficients
a
bc
are

( )
( )
4
1916
a a c b
a a cb
a a b
c bc
GR e e e e e
S T e

= +

(3.7)

Rovelli in his book Quantum Gravity eq. 2.42 shows explicitly that Einsteins
symmetric connection is completely determined by the tetrads as

( )
( ) | | |
( )
1916
a b c d
a b c d
GR e e e e e e e e


= + + (3.8)

Its the second torsion contribution
( )
1,3
ab
S O of Cartans extension of Einsteins 1916 theory
that contains the dynamically independent torsion field from locally gauging only the 6-
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.11 of 24

parameter space-time rotation Lorentz group SO
1,3
first done in Japan by Utiyama in 1954, but
not published until 1956.
xviii


( ) ( )
4 1,3
ab ab ab ab c
c
S S T S O e = + = (3.9)

In what follows it is understood that we are using the Einstein-Cartan theory beyond
Einsteins 1916 theory that excluded the torsion field. I suspect that the mystery of both
dark energy and dark matter as well as the NASA Pioneer Anomaly are showing us the
effects of a cosmic torsion field at different scales. In other words, the torsion of space-
time is what has been missing in our understanding of the cosmos. The presence of
torsion morphs Einsteins cosmological constant into a locally variable quintessent field
at different scales.
The Einstein-Cartan generalized curvature field 2-form is, in terms of the tetrad rotation
coefficients and the tetrads themselves including torsion gaps as well as disclinations, is

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
ab ba ab
ab
ab a cb
c
ab c a d cb e
c cd e
c d e
ab a cb
c G cd G e G
R R R dx dx
DS
dS S S
d e e e
d I A I A I A

=
=
= +
= +
= + + + +
(3.10)

Note the direct curvature-torsion field couplings from universally locally gauging the 10-
parameter Poincare group
10
P of 1905 global special relativity for all matter field actions
equally to the local curvature-torsion geometrodynamic field theory

( ) ( ) ( )
10 4 1,3
ab ab ab
c c c
P T O = + (3.11)

The minimally coupled Einstein-Hilbert action density 4-form, consistent with the
equivalence principle, is

( )
( )
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
~
ab c d a b c d G
zpf
e f g
ab a eb
e G ef G g G
c d
G G
a b c d
zpf G G G G
S
R e e e e e e
V
d I A I A I A
I A I A
I A I A I A I A

+
= + + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
(3.12)

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.12 of 24

Now this is manifestly formally similar to the renormalizable Yang-Mills spin 1 internal
symmetry local gauge theories with the tetrad rotation coefficients
ab
c
playing the role
of the Yang-Mills electroweak-strong force Lie algebra structure constants f
k
S Z

discussed below. Note the formal Chern-Simons terms
a b
dA A called topological
torsion by R. Kiehn.
xix
The formal details of this standard knowledge is in Ch 2 of
Rovellis book Quantum Gravity and is not essential to the new physics in this paper. I
only mention it in passing as context for the new ideas. For example, Rovellis equation
(2.10) for the global action of the gravitational field is

( )
2
~
ab c d a b c d
G abcd zpf
p
c
S R e e e e e e
L
+

=
(3.13)

The quantum zero point energy potential second term on the RHS of (1.20) is quartic in
the warp tetrad fields
a
A suggesting renormalizability of the quantum gravity
fluctuations. The equivalence principle implies that all forms of energy, both real on mass
shell outside the vacuum and virtual off mass shell inside the vacuum, bend space-time.
This is different from quantum electrodynamics where the free field zero point energy
can be subtracted out in regularization/renormalization schemes that Feynman called
shell games alluding in a double entendre to the mass shell.
xx
Feynman told me its
a scandal no one could do it better.
Einsteins 1916 GR is the torsion-free limit 0
a
T = . We have minimal coupling
xxi
of the
compensating gauge connections of the non-compact localized Poincare group in addition
to the compact localized internal symmetry groups of the electro-weak-strong forces to
the original matter source fields in which the ordinary globally flat Minkowski space-
time partial derivative is replaced by the combined curved, torsioned, internal gauge
covariant partial derivative
xxii


( ) ( )
a a ab
a G a ab
D I P A P S P A Q

= + + +

k
k
(3.14)

It is understood that all the 10 Lie algebra generators ,
a ab
P P for the non-compact
Poincare group
10
P and Q
k
(1,3 and 8 respectively) for the compact internal symmetry
groups (1) , (2) , (3)
em weak strong
U SU SU are in irreducible matrix representations for which
the components of the matter source fields form the basis. Note the term
a
a
I P

that
includes purely kinematic off-geodesic inertial forces in Minkowski space-time. On a
geodesic
a
a
I P

(3.15)

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.13 of 24

Note how the warp field influence on the matter fields depends upon the variable world
hologram coupling
G
. Exotic resonant peaks in
G
are thinkable giving strong
amplification of curvature and torsion fields from low power dissipation sources.
4. Spin 1 Local Internal Symmetry Gauge Field Equations

Physics is simple when its local.
John Archibald Wheeler

Maxwells spin 1 world vector electromagnetic field equations of ~1865 now understood
as the result of localizing the rigid U(1) internal symmetry group for electrically charged
matter fields are particularly simple in flat Minkowski space-time in Cartans form
notation. As is well known given the definitions
( )
*
A A dx
F F dx dx A A dx dx
F F dx dx

=
= =

(4.1)


0
* *
* 0
F dA
dF
d F J
d J
=
=
=
=
(4.2)

The first line is the definition of the electromagnetic field. The second line is Faradays
law of induction of electric fields by time-changing magnetic flux and no magnetic
monopoles. The third line is Amperes law for the generation of magnetic fields by
material currents and time changing electric displacement fields even in vacuum. The
latter creates light propagating through vacuum. The fourth line is local conservation of
electrical current densities. In flat Minkowski space-time there is no problem getting a
total charge as the spacelike integral of the timelike component of the current
density ( )
0
J in the sense of Noethers theorem of 1918 for rigid symmetries of the
matter field actions whose parameters are not arbitrarily space-time dependent. It has
long been known that trying to force global energy-momentum conservation into
Einsteins curved space-time is unnatural requiring a gravitational non-tensor that
transforms like an inhomogenous connection under local general coordinate
transformations. One gets approximate global conservation laws only in special
asymptotically flat space-times that do not fit the cosmological facts. Therefore, one must
be careful and cautious in attempting to do these integrals in curved and torsioned space-
time. Its like forcing oversized square pegs into small circular holes. There is something
wrong with the question. Global conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum
require Killing vector field isometries that are generally not available for realistic
geometrodynamic fields. Therefore, we must be content with local stress-energy current
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.14 of 24

density covariant conservation. Note that the w = -1 dark energy density is constant,
therefore the total dark energy of our accelerating expanding pocket asymptotic de Sitter
universe is not conserved. Also note that these spacelike global integrals cannot be
measured empirically. We are only able to do local measurements and some correlations
of local measurements from only a finite number of world lines. Integrals along the past
light cones are obviously more physical in terms of realistic measurement theories.
5. The Curved-Torsioned Electromagnetic Field
How do Maxwells equations look in curved and torsioned space-time? Same as above,
but, using the local gauge principle of minimal coupling, simply replace the Minkowski
exterior derivative d by the exterior covariant derivative
gravtorsion
D obtained by localizing
the 10-parameter Poincare group of 1905 SR.

( )
a ab
gravtorsion a G ab
D e P S P + (5.1)

On a geodesic
a
a
I P d (5.2)

0
* *
* 0
emgravtorsion gravtorsion em
gravtorsion emgravtorsion
gravtorsion emgravtorsion emgravtorsion
emgravtorsion emgravtorsion
F D A
D F
D F J
D J
=
=
=
=
(5.3)

The spin 1 world vector Yang-Mills field equations are similar to Maxwells where we
replace the exterior derivative by a suitable internal covariant exterior derivative
xxiii


F DA dA f A A = = +

k k k k S
S
Z
Z
(5.4)

Note the internal symmetry indices are , , k S Z not to be confused with the geodesic
xxiv

LIF Minkowski space-time lower-case Latin indices , , a b c and the off-geodesic LNIF
warped space-time lower-case Greek indices , , ,

0
* *
* 0
DF
D F J
D J
=
=
=

k
k k
k
(5.5)

*F F dx dx


=
k
(5.6)

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.15 of 24

Only in globally flat Minkowski space-time can we write

( ) ( )
3
0
,
spacelike
Q J d x
Q Q f Q

( =

k k
k k S
S
Z Z
(5.7)

Where the now generalized Noethers theorem for the localized internal Lie group whose
algebra has structure constants f
k
S
Z
implies the conserved global internal charges

( )
0
dQ
dt

=
k
(5.8)

For an arbitrary spacelike foliation of flat un-torsioned space-time with the extended
invariant minimally coupled matter field action
( )
, S D

.
6. Spin 1 Gravity-Torsion Substratum Field Equations
The gauge connection determines the spin. The torsion field obviously has spin 1. We
expect its field equation to be of the Yang-Mills type in the sense perhaps that

( )
( )
0
* *
* 0
a
gravtorsion
a a
gravtorsion
a
gravtorsion
D T
D T J
D J

=
=
=
(6.1)

Where the 1-form torsion field source current densities ( )
a
J derive from both the
orbital angular momentum and the spin parts of the matter fields including their virtual
zero point dark energy and dark matter fluctuations. Therefore, propagating torsion
waves seem to be permitted in principle. Again Einsteins 1916 GR has 0
a
T = globally.
7. Emergence of curvature tetrads and torsion spin connections from 8
Goldstone phases of the vacuum ODLRO condensate

Define the M-Matrix
xxv
of non-closed 1-forms

ab a b a b
M d d (7.1)

For the Goldstone phase 0-forms &
a b
:

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.16 of 24

2
ab a b
dM d d = (7.2)

Because the exterior form product rule is

( ) ( )
deg
1
A
d A B dA B A dB + (7.3)

Superfluid Helium has only one Goldstone phase 0-form in its ground state ODLRO
local order parameter of two real Higgs fields. Its emergent 3-vector flow 1-form v in
Galilean relativity is

( )
x y z
x y z
v d
m
dx dx dx
m

=
= + +
=
=
(7.4)

Similarly, the emergent curved tetrad 1-forms from localizing T
4
and dynamically
independent torsion spin connection 1-forms from localizing O
1,3
are

| | | | | |
( ) ( )
,
a aa a a a a
a b a b a b ab ba
c
ab c ab
c c G
A M d d
S M S d d
e I d d
= =
= = =
= = +
(7.5)

The free Einstein-Cartan gravity-torsion vacuum field action density 4-form is then

( )
( )
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
~
ab c d a b c d G
zpf
c d d
ab a cb
c G cd G d G
c d
G G
a b c d
zpf G G G G
a aa a a a a
S
R e e e e e e
V
d I A I A I A
I A I A
I A I A I A I A
A M d d

+
= + + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
= =
(7.6)

These macro-quantum vacuum condensate ODLRO world hologram Goldstone phases
are analogous to the Hamilton-Jacobi actions in the micro-quantum Bohm pilot-
wave/hidden variable theory. The kinetic energy terms in the action density are

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.17 of 24

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e
ab
e G
c d
G G
d I d d
I d d I d d


+
+ +
(7.7)

Note that

( ) 2 d d d d d = (7.8)

And that in general 0
ab
c
d . There are 16 independent tetrad components
a
A

that are
the compensating spin 1 connection fields from locally gauging rigid T
4
to non-rigid
T
4
(x). On the other hand, assuming a linear non-singular mapping, there are 24
independent tetrad-based spin connection components with 8 undetermined degrees of
freedom that motivates my choice of the above 8 independent Goldstone phases with 9
post-inflation real macro-quantum local Higgs vacuum condensate field order
parameters
1,2,...9 i=
that obey the Landau-Ginzburg Mexican Hat Potential that in the
simple case of only 2 real Higgs fields with 1 Goldstone phase looks like



With topologically stable vortex strings in 3D physical space along which both real Higgs
fields vanish giving a Goldstone phase singularity. The phase is undefined like the
longitude at the North Pole. This is because the first homotopy group of non-equivalent
loops of the vacuum manifold (the brim of minima
1
S in the above picture) is non-trivial
(not the identity group). The integer is the winding number AKA number of circulation
quanta, or vorticity flux quanta in superfluid helium as an example. Another example is
the Abrikosov lattice of quantized magnetic vortices in Type II superconductors.

( ) { }
1
1
0, 1, 2,... S Z = = (7.9)

Define
9
2 2
1
i
i=

(7.10)

The effective macro-quantum coherent vacuum potential is assumed to be

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.18 of 24

( ) ( )
2 2 4
2
0
0
V x m b
m
b
= +
<
>
(7.11)

The vacuum manifold of potential minima is the 8D unit sphere

9
2
3 3
2 2 2 1
2
0 0
1 cos cos cos
i
a b i
a b

=
= =

= = + +

(7.12)

Define

2
2
a
a
a
a


(7.13)

These are 2 constraints on 8 variables leaving 6 free to form the dimensions of Gennady
Shipovs oriented point
xxvi
As suggested below, choosing two definite Goldstone
phases & projects our model from a hyperspace to ordinary 3D space with three real
Higgs fields having an
2
S vacuum manifold with hedgehog point defect nodes in the 3
Higgs fields forming a Planck scale lattice analogous to the lattice of magnetic string
vortices in Type II superconductors. Non-bounding closed 2D surfaces without boundary
would then have quantized area wrapping numbers from
( )
2
2
S Z = corresponding to
the quantized DeRham period integral of the closed non-exact 2-form 2d d . This
explains the why and wherefore of Bekenstein tHooft-Susskind world holography.

7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.19 of 24


The above diagram by Gennady Shipov (Moscow,Russia) which emerged during my
collaboration with him depicts a primitive Calabi-Yau space precursor to the more
elaborate one below.



Which means that for n d > , there are no topologically stable defects
Toulouse & Kleman (see below)
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.20 of 24

The homotopy theory of topological defects of order parameters is well developed. The
defects are Goldstone phase singularities at the nodes of the magnitude of the order
parameter where 0 . There are no stable non-textured defects when the number of
real Higgs fields exceeds the dimension of the spacelike hypersurfaces of space-time.
This is clearly a physical motivation, an organizing idea (Ed Wittens term for what
string theory lacks the lost chord of Jimmy Durante? ) for introducing extra space
dimensions so that multi-component real order parameters can have nodes that
correspond to stable topological defects in hyperspace that then project down into
ordinary space in peculiar patterns like Edwin Abbotts Flatland. The nodes of the
order parameter vacuum condensate in the case of cosmology is the pre-inflation
energetically unstable false vacuum. In the case of the ground state of superfluid
helium 4 the nodes are fuzzed out into cores of random zero point energy at absolute
zero. The order parameter is cohered zero point vacuum energy in the case of cosmology.
This explains the missing 120 to 123 powers of 10 in Einsteins random zero point w = -1
dark energy cosmological constant. Almost all the random zero point energy gels, i.e.
coheres into the smooth ODLRO fabric of space-time itself seen in the emergent tetrads
and spin connections of the M-Matrix.
Consider a line defect (vortex line) in a three-dimensional sample of superfluid. one
surrounds it by a closed loop. The phase change 2 of the complex order parameter
as one completes a turn around the loop is a topological invariant: to one turn in real
space, around the vortex line, is associated a certain closed path in the (vacuum)
manifold of internal states. This ... class of equivalent paths into which this closed path
can be continuously deformed within the (vacuum) manifold of internal states) then
characterizes our line defect topologically. If the closed path can be continuously
deformed into one point in the (vacuum) manifold, then the line defect is not topologically
stable.
Let us generalize to arbitrary space dimensionalities of the medium (d) and of the
defect (d). We wish to surround the defect by subspace of dimensionality r such that

' 1 d r d + + = (7.14)

In the preceding example 3, ' 1 d d = = and the surrounding subspace has dimensionality
1 r = . Now it is seen that, in three-dimensional space, wall defects will be surrounded by
two points (this is the 0-dimensional unit sphere S
0
), line defects by a closed loop (this is
the 1-dimensional sphere S
1
), point defects by a sphere (this is the 2-dimensional sphere
S2) Application to systems where the order parameter is an n-component vector (n-
vector model). This includes real scalar order parameter: n = 1; complex scalar: n
= 2; ordinary vector: n = d For an n-vector order parameter, the (vacuum) manifold
of internal states is S
n-1
, It is known that (here 1 m n )
( )
( )
1
1
1
0
1
n
r
n
n
S
r n
S Z

=
<
=
(7.15)
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.21 of 24

Topologically stable defects have therefore the dimensionality

' d d n = (7.16)

Which means that for n d > , there are no topologically stable defects, for 0 n d < < (this
is the triangle of defects in the , n d plane) there is one kind of defect (points for n d = ,
lines for 1 n d = , walls for 2 n d = other defects may occur for 4 d > The
boundaries of the triangle of defects in the , n d plane are the diagonal n d = , which
plays an important role in critical phenomena, uniaxial; nemetic liquid crystals, where
the order parameter is a line element, that is a vector with no arrow. For an arbitrary
number n of components of the order parameter, the manifold of internal states is
1 n
P

,
which means the real projective space of 1 n dimensions. For usual nematics in three
dimensional space,
2
P , the projective plane; for two-dimensional nematics,
1
1
P S =

( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1
m
m
r m r
P Z
P S
r

=
=
>
(7.17)

As a consequence three-dimensional nemetics will have, besides the point defects
they share with the corresponding vector systems, topologically stable line defects which
have the property of being their own antiparticle: two nematic line defects can
disintegrate into points. As a last example, superfluid A phase of He
3
, where the
orbital order parameter is a frame of three orthogonal vectors Then the manifold of
internal states is ( )
3
3 SO P = the A phase appears as a higher dimensional nematic
a string of singularities reminiscent of the Dirac monopoles The
( )
1
, 1 1
n
r
S r n

> > , exhibit a rich variety
xxvii
(for brane worlds d > 4)
To summarize, in physical space of dimension d for stable defects of dimension
' d surrounded by a surface of dimension r for n real Higgs fields, consequently
1 n independent coherent Goldstone phases forming vacuum manifold
1 n
S



' 1
'
1
d r d
d d n
r n
+ + =
=
=
(7.18)

in 3D + 1 space-time, a single real Higgs field 1 n = has a discrete symmetry that is broken with
the vacuum manifold
0
S consisting of 2 points 1 . The homotopy group is
( ) ( )
1 0
0
n
r
S S Z

= , the topologically stable defect is a 2D domain wall in physical space

where the single real order parameter vanishes. Two real Higgs fields 2 n = in 3D space is a local
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.22 of 24

complex order parameter like a giant quantum wave but obeying a nonlinear Schrodinger type of
equation (Landau-Ginzburg) with one continuous Goldstone phase whose singularities are 1D
vortex lines in space ' 1 d = where the order parameter vanishes. The vacuum manifold is S1 and
the screw sense winding number (number of circulation quanta) is the number of times the
Goldstone phase passes through 2 in the vacuum manifold for a single turn around the loop r =
1 that the vortex string threads, i.e.
( ) ( )
1 1
1
n
r
S S Z

= Next, is the monopole point defect

in 3D space where 3 n = hence ' 0 d d n = , the dimension of the surrounding surface is
1 2 r n = with homotopy group
( )
2
2
S Z = wrapping numbers instead of winding
numbers, which in my application to emergent geometrodynamic fields are precisely the area
quanta of Bekensteins horizon thermodynamics at the core of the world hologram conjecture.
The number of area quanta of the geometrodynamic field is the number of times the two
Goldstone phases trace out a complete circuit in their vacuum manifold
2
S when a little bug
covers the entire surrounding 2D
2
S surface without boundary that is not itself a boundary of the
enclosed 3D volume because of the point monopole Goldstone phase singularity. This is not a
magnetic monopole, but a geometrodynamic monopole in the emergent warped space-time
theory presented here. Imagine that each geometrodynamic monopole is worth 1 area quantum.
This is called a hedgehog point defect where the 3 real Higgs vacuum condensate order
parameters simultaneously vanish so that both Goldstone phases are undefined at these 0D point
nodes. In this case the effective radius of the volume scales as the square root of the number of
enclosed hedgehogs analogous to the mean displacement in Brownian motion. One can picture
these point nodes of the 3 real Higgs fields as a Planck scale lattice analogous to the Abrikosov
lattice of vortex strings in the Type II superconducting phase. Finally we come to peculiar
textures where 4 n = so there are no stable defects in 3D space. Imagine a Kaluza-Klein extra
space dimension 4 d = . We now have a hyperspace monopole that we project to 3D space.
A vacuum manifold which is a three-sphere
3
S can, in turn, give rise to further defects
called textures. And, . Successive symmetry breakings can produce hybrid defect
combinations like domain walls bounded by strings or monopoles connected by strings
Vilenkin & Shellard (endnote iii p.59)
Conclusions
The pre-inflation false vacuum is that of the standard internal symmetry local gauge
theory model in unstable globally flat space-time without any gravity and no rest masses
for the virtual quanta trapped inside it. The moment of inflation, in the context of eternal
chaotic inflation on a populated cosmic landscape, forms 9 real Higgs fields with 8
independent Goldstone phases out of which the tetrads and spin connections emerge
much like the frictionless flow of superfluid helium. The random zero point energy in the
unstable pre-inflation vacuum is literally cohered into the post-inflation vacuum
condensate where it is swept under the rug as it were. Note that Sidney Coleman calls
this hidden symmetry of the vacuum.
xxviii
The dimensionless spin 1 tetrad coupling
requires dark zero point energy from all matter fields and it obeys the holographic
principle with quantized areas. Dark matter is simply vacuum zero point energy of
positive pressure with w = -1 that mimics w = 0 CDM. Hence, no dark matter detected
locally by LHC or any detector as a matter of principle. The total vacuum zero point
energy density decreases with increasing scale as 1 N where N is the number of
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.23 of 24

Bekenstein BITS on the closed surrounding non-bounding surface of area
2
~
P
NL enclosing N fuzzy quantum gravity foamy cell cores of variable resolution-
dependent size
1/ 6
~
P
N L A within which the three-real component vacuum order
parameter has a pointlike geometrodynamic monopole node at which the two Goldstone
phases are undefined. This explains why the observed dark energy accelerating our
pocket universe is so small at the largest cosmological scale. The finite upper bound
122
~10 N of the future de Sitter horizon from our Earth observation world line lies in our
future light cone suggesting retro-causal advanced signals back from the future to trigger
inflation in a Novikov globally self-consistent loop of spontaneous self-organization.
This also automatically explains why the early universe has less thermodynamic entropy
than the later universe aligning the Arrow of Time with the expansion of space.
xxix





i
We were grad students together at Cornell in the early 60s and collaborated with Johnny Glogower on the
quantum phase/time operator problem published in the same initial issue of the short-lived journal
Physics in 1964 where John Bell published his famous classic locality inequality for quantum
entanglement.
ii
T.W.B. Kibble, Lorentz Invariance and the Gravitational Field, J. Math. Phys. Vol 2, No. 2, March-
April, 1961, 212-221, reprinted in Gauge Theories in the Twentieth Century, J.C. Taylor (Imperial
College Press, 2001)
iii
P.W. Anderson, A Career in Theoretical Physics, World Scientific, 1994; SCIENCE, More Is
Different Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science, 4 August, 1972, Vol
177, 393-396; Coherent Matter Field Phenomena in Superfluids, 143-163 (World volume); Uses of
Solid-State Analogies in Elementary Particle Theory, 363-388 (World volume). More is Different,
(Princeton Press, 2001)
iv
Hagen Kleinert, Part IV Differential Geometry of Defects and Gravity with Torsion 1331
http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents2.html
v
Rovelli, in his intuitively pleasing book Quantum Gravity, argues that the tetrad 1-form is the
fundamental gravity field not the tensor metric field. Therefore, like the electromagnetic 1-form potential
the gravity field should emerge from the local gauge principle and indeed it does. The false lead taken by
quantum gravity theorists is to work with the less fundamental Levi-Civita connections from the gradients
of the metric tensor that Einstein used. Its best to work directly at the square root tetrad level that acts
directly on the source matter spinor fields. Einstein was never comfortable with Cartans later mathematical
version of his theory. This is revealed in the Einstein-Cartan letters. No doubt Einstein would have made
real progress in his later work had he mastered Cartans method, which is still not that familiar to many
relativists.
vi
Y. Jack Ng, H. Van Dam, Space-time Foam, Holographic Principle, and Black Hole Quantum
Computers eq. (3), http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0403057
vii
Surface wrapping number = +1. Anti-hedgehogs are -1.
viii
D.J. Thouless, Topological Quantum Numbers in Nonrelativistic Physics, (World, 1998).
A. Vilenkin, E.P.S. Shellard, Cosmic Strings and Other Topological Defects, (Cambridge, 2000)
ix
F. Wilczek, Fractional Statistics and Anyon Superconductivity, (World 1990)
x
F. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (with J. Barrow), The Physics of Immortality.
P.C. Davies, The Cosmic Jackpot(2007)
xi
Garrett Moddell (University of Colorado) spoke at the June 2006 AAAS Retrocausality Workshop at the
University of San Diego where John Cramer described his experiment to attempt to send an advanced
signal back through time by 50 microseconds. Moddell argued that any advanced signal from the future
lowers the entropy at the past receiver whilst increasing the entropy of the future transmitter presumably in
a Novikov globally self-consistent loop in time (River of Time). This would explain Roger Penroses
7/10/2007 at 8:00:38 PM in San Francisco Jack Sarfatti wrote p.24 of 24


objection to inflation (The Road to Reality) that there is no natural reason why the early universe has low
entropy compared to the current epoch.
xii
J. Sarfatti, Destruction of Superflow in Unsaturated 4He Films and the Prediction of a New Crystalline
Phase of 4He with Bose-Einstein Condensation PHYSICS LETTERS, Vol 30A, no.5, 3 Nov 1969. This
paper of mine predates Tony Leggetts prediction of supersolid helium films allegedly observed only
recently some three decades later.
xiii
Exact supersymmetry requires vanishing cosmological constant.
xiv
R. Kiehns work in the application of Cartans forms to physics is found at
http://www22.pair.com/csdc/car/
xv
H. Kleinert, Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter; Rovelli Quantum Gravity Ch 2.
xvi
W.A. Rodrigues, Jr , C. de Olivera, The Many Faces of Maxwell, Dirac and Einstein Equations
(Springer, 2007)
xvii
Its not obvious to me that (3.6) and (3.7) are consistent with each other. I cite (3.7) from Rodrigues &
Olivera. There are several 3-index symbols in the theory, the structure constants of the commutators of the
tetrad 1-forms in an anholonomic non-coordinate basis, the Lie derivative dragging of one tetrad by
another, and the one used here from Rodrigues & Olivera in which the spin connection 1-form is a
contraction of the 3-index symbol with the tetrad 1-forms. How these several 3-index symbols relate to
each other mathematically is beyond the scope of this physics paper.
xviii
L. ORaifeartaigh, The Dawning of Gauge Theory, Ch 10 (Princeton, 1997).
xix
E-mail and xi above.
xx
One of my private conversations with Feynman in his Cal Tech office 1968.
xxi
Einsteins Equivalence Principle (EEP) is simply minimal coupling for the localized 10-parameter
Poincare group.
xxii
In the interest of generality, I am being cavalier about factors of i that may be needed for particular
examples.
xxiii
Note that I use several different kinds of covariant exterior derivatives using the same symbol D
wearing different hats. It should be clear from context which one is meant.
xxiv
Relative to Einsteins 1916 symmetric torsion-free metric Levi-Civita-Christoffel connection.
xxv
M for Mother, Mystery or Witten up-side-down.
xxvi
G. Shipov, Theory of the Physical Vacuum (Moscow), e-mail communications
xxvii
G. Toulouse, M. Kleman, Principles of a classification of defects in ordered media, Le Journal De
Physique Lettres, 37, June 1976, reprinted in Thouless cited above.
xxviii
S. Coleman, Erice Lectures, Aspects of Symmetry, AKA spontaneous symmetry breaking,
ODLRO and More is different emergence of qualitative new physical orderings.
xxix
Roger Penrose considers this to be a serious problem for inflationary cosmology, e.g. The Road to
Reality. Sir Roger also objects to the use of extra space dimensions in string theory on purely
mathematical grounds in which he is expert.