International Journal of Statistika and Mathematika, E-ISSN: 2249-8605, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2011 pp 46-51

On Contra -gb -Continuous Functions and Approximately -gb-Continuous Functions in Topological Spaces
D.Sreeja 1* and C.Janaki 2**
1

Asst.Professor, Dept. Of Mathematics, CMS College of Science And Commerce, Coimbatore (TN) INDIA.
2

Asst.Professor, Dept. Of Mathematics, L.R.G Govt.Arts College for Women, Tirupur (TN) INDIA. Correspondence addresses
* **

[email protected]

[email protected]

Research Article
Abstract: In this paper a new class of sets called contra-gbcontinuous functions is introduced and its properties are studied. Further the notion of approximately -gb-continuous functions and almost contra- gb-continuous functions are introduced. Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05 Keywords: contra-gb-continuous functions, approximately gb-continuous functions, almost contra- gb- continuous functions

2. Preliminaries
Throughout this paper (X, ) and (Y, ) represent non-empty topological spaces on which no separation axioms are assumed unless otherwise mentioned. For a subset A of a space (X,) , cl(A) and int(A) denote the closure of A and the interior of A respectively.(X, ) will be replaced by X if there is no chance of confusion. Let us recall the following definitions which we shall require later. Definition 2.1: A subset A of a space (X, ) is called (1) a regular open set if A= int (cl(A)) and a regular closed set if A= cl(int (A)); (2) b-open [3] or sp-open [8], open [11] if A cl(int(A))int (cl(A)). The complement of a b-open set is said to be bclosed [3]. The intersection of all b-closed sets of X containing A is called the b-closure of A and is denoted by bCl(A). The union of all b-open sets of X contained in A is called b-interior of A and is denoted by bInt(A). The family of all b-open (resp. -open, semi-open, preopen, -open, b-closed, preclosed) subsets of a space X is denoted by bO(X)(resp. O(X), SO(X), PO(X), O(X), bC(X), PC(X)) and the collection of all b-open subsets of X containing a fixed point x is denoted by bO(X,x). The sets SO(X, x), O(X, x), PO(X, x), O(X, x) are defined analogously.

1.Introduction
Andrijevic [3] introduced a new class of generalized open sets in a topological space, the so-called b-open sets. This type of sets was discussed by Ekici and Caldas [11] under the name of -open sets. The class of b-open sets is contained in the class of semi-preopen sets and contains all semi-open sets and preopen sets. The class of b-open sets generates the same topology as the class of preopen sets. Since the advent of these notions, several research paper with interesting results in different respects came to existence [1-3-6-11-13-18-19-20]). Levine [15] introduced the concept of generalized closed sets in topological space and a class of topological spaces called T spaces. Extensive research on generalizing closedness was done in recent years as the notions of a generalized closed, generalized semi-closed, generalized closed, generalized semi-pre-open closed sets were investigated in [2-7-15-16-17].The finite union of regular open sets is said to be -open. The complement of a -open set is said to be closed. The aim of this paper is to study the notion of contra-gb-continuous functions, and its various characterizations are given in this paper. In Section 3, we study basic properties of approximately-gbcontinuous functions. In Section 4, some properties of almost contra- gb- continuous functions are discussed.

Lemma 2.2 [3]: Let A be a subset of a space X. Then (1) bCl(A)=sCl(A) Cl(Int(A))]; pCl(A) = A[Int(Cl(A))

(2) bInt(A) = sInt(A) pInt(A) = A [Int(Cl(A)) Cl(Int(A))];

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D.Sreeja and C.Janaki

Definition 2.3: A subset A of a space (X, ) is called 1) a generalized b-closed (briefly gb-closed)[14] if bcl(A) U whenever A U and U is open. 2) g-closed [10] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U is -open. 3) gb closed [22] if bcl(A) U whenever A U and U is -open in (X, ). By GBC() we mean the family of all gb- closed subsets of the space(X, ). Definition 2.4: A function f: (X, ) (Y, ) is called 1) - irresolute [5] if f-1(V) is - closed in (X, ) for every -closed set V of (Y,); 2) b-irresolute: [11] if for each b-open set V in Y,f1 (V) is b-open in X; 3) b-continuous: [11] if for each open set V in Y,f1 (V) is b-open in X. 4) gb- continuous [22] if every f-1(V) is gb- closed in (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y,). 5) gb- irresolute [22] if f-1(V) is gb- closed in(X, ) for every gbr-closed set V in (Y, ). Definition 2.5[22]: A topological space X is a gbspace if every gb- closed set is closed. Definition2.6 [22]: A space (X, ) is called a gbT1/2 space if every gb- closed set is b-closed. Definition2.7: A function f:(X,) (Y,) is called (i) contra continuous[9] if f-1(V) is closed in X for each open set V of Y. (ii) contra-b-continuous [20] if f-1(V) is b-closed in X for each open set V of Y. (iii) contra-g-continuous [12] if f-1(V) is g-closed in X for each open set V of Y. (iv) contra-g-continuous [4] if f-1(V) is g-closed in X for each open set V of Y. Definition 2.8: A space X is said to be (i) strongly-S-closed [9] if every closed cover of X has a finite sub-cover. (ii) mildly compact [21] if every clopen cover of X has a finite sub-cover. (iii) strongly-S-Lindelof [9] if every closed cover of X has a countable sub-cover.

(ii) Every contra-b-continuous function is contragb- continuous. (iii) Every contra-g-continuous function is contragb-continuous. (iv) Every contra-g-continuous function is contragb-continuous. Remark 3.3: Converse of the above statements is not true as shown in the following example. Example3.4 (i) Let X = {a,b,c}, = {,X,{a}}, = {,X,{b},{c},{b,c}}.Then the identity function f: (X, ) (X,) is contra- gb- continuous but not contra continuous. (ii) Let X = {a,b,c,d}, = {,X,{a},{b},{a,b}}, = {,X,{b,c}}.Then the identity function f: (X,) (X,) is contra- gb- continuous but not contra -bcontinuous. (iii)Let X={a,b,c,d},= {,X,{a},{d},{a,d},{c,d}{a,c,d}}, ={,X,{c}}.Then the identity function f: (X,) (X,) is contra- gb- continuous but not contra gcontinuous. (iv) ) Let X = {a,b,c,d,e}, = {,X,{a,b},{c,d},{a,b,c,d}}, ={,X,{a}}.Then the identity function f: (X,) (X,) is contra- gbcontinuous but not contra g- continuous. Definition 3.5: A space (X,) is called (i) gb-locally indiscrete if every gb-open set is closed. (ii) a Tgb-space if every gb-closed set is g-closed. Theorem3.6 (i) If a function f :(X,) (Y,) is gb-continuous and (X,) is gb-locally indiscrete, then f is contra-continuous. (ii) If a function f :(X,) (Y,) is contra-gbcontinuous and (X,) is gb-T1/2 space, then f is contra-b-continuous. (iii) If a function f :( X, ) (Y, ) is contra-gbcontinuous and (X,) is gb- space, then f is contracontinuous. (iv) If a function f :( X, ) (Y, ) is contra-gbcontinuous and (X,) is Tgb - space, then f is contrag-continuous. Proof :(i)Let V be open in (Y,).By assumption, f-1 V) is gb-open in X. Since X is locally indiscrete, f1 (V) is closed in X. Hence f is contra-continuous. (ii) Let V be open in (Y, ). By assumption, f-1(V) is gb-closed in X. Since X is gb-T1/2 space, f-1(V) is b-closed in X. Hence f is contra-b-continuous. (iii) Let V be open in (Y, ). By assumption,f-1(V) is gb-closed in X. Since X is gb-space, f-1(V) is closed in X. Hence f is contra-continuous. (iv) Let V be open in (Y,). By assumption, f-1(V) is gb-closed in X. Since X is Tgb-space, f-1(V) is gclosed in X. Hence f is contra-g-continuous.

3. Contra-gb-continuous functions:
Definition 3.1: A function f:(X, )(Y,) is called contra-gb-continuous if f-1(V) is gb-closed in (X, ) for each open set V of (Y, ). Theorem 3.2:(i) Every contra continuous function is contra- gb- continuous.

Copyright 2011, Statperson Publications, International Journal of Statistika And Mathematika, E-ISSN: 2249-8605, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2011

International Journal of Statistika and Mathematika, E-ISSN: 2249-8605, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2011 pp 46-51

Theorem 3.7: Let AYX. (i) If Y is open in X, then A GBC(X) implies A GBC(Y). (ii)If Y is regular open and gb-closed in X, then A GBC(Y) implies AGBC(X) Theorem 3.8: Suppose GBO(X, ) is closed under arbitrary union. Then the following are equivalent for a function f : ( X, ) (Y, ): (i) f is contra-gb-continuous. (ii) For every closed subset F of Y, f-1(F) GBO(X) (iii) For each xX and each F C(Y,f(x)),there exists U GBO(X,x) such that f(U)F. Proof: (i) (ii) and (ii) (iii) is obvious. (iii) (ii): Let F be any closed set of Y and xf1

contra -gb-continuous, by theorem 3.8, there exists U GBO (X, x) such that f(U) cl(W)V. Hence f is gb-continuous.

4. Approximately -gb-continuous functions

Definition4.1: A map f: XY is said to be approximately- gb-continuous (ap- gb-continuous) if bcl (F) f -1(U) whenever U is an open subset of Y and F is a gb-closed subset of X such that Ff 1 (U). Definition4.2: A map f: XY is said to be approximately-gb-closed (briefly ap- gb-closed) if f (F) bint(V) whenever V is a gb-open subset of Y, F is a closed subset of X and f(F) V. Definition4.3: A map f: XY is said to be approximately -gb-open (briefly ap-gb-open if bcl (F) f(U) whenever U is an open subset of X, F is a gb-closed subset of Y and F f(U). Definition4.4: A map f: XY is said to be contragb-closed (resp.contra gb-open) if f (U) is gbopen (resp gb-closed) in Y for each closed (resp. open) set U of X. Theorem4.5: Let f: XY be a function, then (1) If f is contra -b- continuous, then f is an ap- gbcontinuous. (2) If f is contra- b-closed, then f is ap- gb-closed. (3) If f is contra -b-open, then f is ap- gb -open. Proof: (1) Let F f -1 (U) where U is a open subset in Y and F is a gb-closed subset of X. Then bcl(F) bcl (f-1(U)).Since f is contra-b- continuous, bcl(F) bcl (f-1(U))= f continuous.
-1

(F).Then f(x)F and there exists U x GBO(X)

-1

such that f(U x)F. Therefore we obtain f (F) ={ U x:x f-1(F)} and f-1(F) is gb-open. Theorem 3.9: Suppose GBO(X,) is closed under arbitrary intersections. If a function f: (X,) (Y,) is contra-gb-continuous and U is open in X, then f / U: (U,)(Y,) is contra-gb-continuous. Proof: Let V be closed in Y. Since f: (X,) (Y,) is contra- gb-continuous, f-1(V) is gb-open in (X,). (f/ U)-1(V) = f-1(V) U is gb-open in X. By theorem 3.7 (i) (f/U)-1(V) is gb-open in U. Theorem 3.10: Suppose GBO(X,) is closed under arbitrary unions. Let f :(X, ) (Y,) be a function and {Ui : iI} be a cover of X such that Ui GBC(X) and regular open for each iI. If f / Ui : (Ui, /Ui)(Y,) is contra-gb-continuous for each iI, then f is contra-gb-continuous. Proof: Suppose that F is any closed set of Y. We have f-1(F)= {f-1(F) Ui :iI} ={(f/Ui)-1(F): iI}. Since f/Ui is contra-gb-continuous for each iI, it follows (f/Ui)-1(F) GBO (Ui). By theorem 3.7 (ii), it follows that f-1(F) GBO(X). Therefore f is contra- gb-continuous. Theorem 3.11: Suppose GBO(X, ) is closed under arbitrary unions. If f :( X, ) (Y,) is contra-gbcontinuous and Y is regular open, then f is gbcontinuous. Proof: Let x be an arbitrary point of X and V an open set of Y containing f(x).Y is regular implies that there exists an open set W in Y containing f(x) such that cl (W) V. Since f is

(U).This implies f is ap- gb-

(2) Let f (F) V, where F is a closed subset of X and V is a gb-open subset of Y. Therefore f (F) = bint(f(F))bint (V).Thus f is ap- gb-closed. (3) Let Ff(U) where F is gb-closed subset of Y and U is an open subset of X. Since f is contra -bopen,f(U) is b-closed in Y for each open set U of X. bcl(F)bcl(f(U)=f(U).Thus f is ap- gb -open. Theorem 4.6: Let f: (X, ) (Y, ) be a map. (1) If the open and b-closed sets of (X, ) coincide, then f is a ap- gb-continuous if and only if f is contra -b-continuous. (2) If the open and b-closed sets of (Y, ) coincide, then f is ap- gb-closed if and only if f is contra - bclosed.
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D.Sreeja and C.Janaki

(3) If the open and b-closed sets of (Y, ) coincide, then f is ap- gb-open if and only if f is contra-bopen. Proof: (1) Assume f is ap- gb-continuous. Let A be an arbitrary subset of (X, ) such that A U, where U is -open in X. Then bcl (A) bcl (U) = U .Therefore all subsets of (X, ) are gb-closed (hence all are gb-open). So for any open set V in (Y, ), we have f -1(V) is gb-closed in (X, ). Since f is apgb-continuous, bcl(f -1(V)) f -1(V).Therefore f 1 (V)) is b-closed in (X, ) and f is contra-bcontinuous. Converse is obvious from theorem 4.5. (2) Assume f is ap-gb-closed.As in (1), we get that all subsets of (Y, ) are gb-open. Therefore for any closed subset F of (X,),f(F) is gb-open in Y.Since f is ap- gb-closed, f(F) bint f(F).Hence f(F) is bopen and thus f is contra b-closed. Converse is obvious from theorem 4.5. (3) Assume f is ap-gb-open. As in (1) all subsets of Y are gb-closed. Therefore for any open subset F of (X, ), f(F) is gb-closed in (Y, ).Since f is apgb-open, bcl(F)f(F).Hence f(F) is b-closed and thus f is contra b-open. Converse is obvious from theorem 4.5. Theorem 4.7: If a map f: XY is ap-gbcontinuous and b-closed map, then the image of each gb-closed set in X is gb-closed set in Y. Proof: Let F be a gb-closed subset of X. Let f(F) V where V is an open subset of Y. Then F f-1 (V) holds. Since f is ap-gb- continuous, bcl(F) f1

Definition4.10: A space X is said to be gb-Lindelof if every cover of X by gb-open sets has a countable sub cover. Theorem 4.11: Let f: XY and g: YZ be two maps such that gof: XZ. (i) If g is gb-continuous and f is contra -gbirresolute, then gof is contra gb- continuous. (ii) If g is gb-irresolute and f is contra-gb irresolute, then gof is contra-gb- irresolute. Proof :(i) Let V be closed set in Z. Then g-1(V) is gb-closed in Y. Since f is contra -gb- irresolute,f1 -1 (g (V)) is gb-open in X. Hence gof is contra gbcontinuous. (ii)Let V be gb-closed in Z. Then g-1(V) is gbclosed in Y. Since f is contra -gb- irresolute, f-1(g1 (V)) is gb-open in X. Hence gof is contra gbirresolute. Theorem 4.12: Let f: XY and g: YZ be two maps such that (gof): XZ. (i)If f is closed and g is ap-gb- closed, then (gof) is ap-gb- closed. (ii) If f is ap-gb- closed and g is gb-open and g-1 preserves gb-open sets, then (gof) is ap-gb- closed. (iii) If f is ap-gb-continuous and g is continuous, then gof is ap-gb-continuous Proof :(i) Suppose B is an arbitrary closed subset in X and A is a gb- open subset of Z for which (gof) (B) A . Then f(B) is closed in Y because f is closed. Since g is ap-gb -closed, g (f(B)) bint (A) .This implies (gof) is ap- gb-closed. (ii) Suppose B is an arbitrary closed subset of X and A is a gb-open subset of Z for which (gof) (B) A.Hence f(B) g-1 (A).Then f(B) bint (g-1 (A)) because g-1 (A) is gb-open and f is ap-gb-closed. Hence (gof) (B) = g(f(B)) g[bint (g-1 (A)] bint (g g-1 (A) bint (A).This implies that (gof) is ap-gbclosed. (iii)Suppose F is an arbitrary gb-closed subset of X and U is open in Z for which F (gof) -1 (U).Then g -1 (U) is open in Y ,because g is continuous. Since f is ap-gb- continuous, then we have bcl (F) f-1 (g-1 (U) )= (gof)-1( U).This shows that gof is ap- gb-continuous.

(V).Thus

f(bcl(F)

V.Therefore

we

have

bcl(f(F)) bcl(f(bcl(F))=f(bcl(V))V.Hence f(F) is gb-closed set in Y. Theorem 4.8: If f: XY is a -continuous and bclosed function, then f (A) is gb-closed in Y for every gb-closed set A of X. Proof: Let A be gb-closed set in X. Let f (A) V, where V is a -open set in Y. Since f is continuous, f (V) is -open in X and A f
-1 -1

(V).Then we have bcl(A) f-1 (V) and so f(bcl(A) ) V. Since f is b-closed, f (bcl (A)) is b-closed in Y. Hence bcl(f(A)) bclf(bcl(A)) = f(bcl(A)) V.This shows that f(A) is gb closed in Y. Definition 4.9: A map f: XY is said to be contragb-irresolute if f-1(V) is gb- closed in X for each V GBO(Y).

5. Almost Contra- gb-Continuous Functions

Definition 5.1: A function f :( X, ) (Y,) is said to be almost contra- gb- continuous if f-1(V) GBC(X,) for each VRO(Y,).

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International Journal of Statistika and Mathematika, E-ISSN: 2249-8605, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2011 pp 46-51

Theorem 5.2: Suppose GBO(X,) is closed under arbitrary unions.Then the following statements are equivalent for a function f: (X, ) (Y,). (i) f is almost contra- gb- continuous. (ii) f (F) GBO(X,) for every F RC(Y,).
-1

f-1(int(cl(G))GBC(X,).This
1

implies

f-

(V)GBC(X,)

(ii) (vi) is similar as (i)(v). Theorem 5.3: If f :(X , ) (Y,) is an almost contra- gb- continuous function and A is a open subset of X, then the restriction f/A:AY is almost contra- gb- continuous. Proof: Let F RC(Y). Since f
-1

(iii) For each xX and each regular closed set F in Y containing f(x), there exists a gb-open set U in X containing x such that f(U)F. (iv)For each xX, and each regular open set V in Y not containing f(x),there exists a gb-closed set K in X not containing x such that f-1(V)K. (v) f (int(cl(G)))GBC(X,) for every open subset G of Y.
-1

is almost contra-

gb- continuous, f (F) GBO(X).Since A is open, it follows that (f/A)-1(F)= A f-1(F) GBO(A).Therefore f/A is an almost contra- gbcontinuous. Theorem 5.4: Let f: (X, ) (Y, ) be an almost contra-gb-continuous surjection. Then the following statements hold. (i)If X is GB-closed, then Y is nearly compact. (ii)If X is GB-Lindelof,then Y is nearly Lindelof. (iii)If X is countably-GB-closed,then Y is nearly countably compact. (iv)If X is GBO-compact,then Y is S-closed. (v)If X is GB-Lindelof,then Y is S- Lindelof. (vi)If X is countable GB-compact, then Y is countably S-closed compact. Proof: (i) Let {Vb :bI} be regular open cover of Y. Then f is almost contra-gb-continuous implies {f -1 (Vb ):bI} is a gb-closed cover of X. Since X is GB-closed,there exists a finite subset I0 of I such that X= {f
-1

(vi) f-1(int(cl(F)))GBO(X,) for every closed subset F of Y. Proof :(i)(ii).Let FRC(Y,).Then Y-FRO(Y,) by assumption. Hence f-1((Y-F)=X-f-1(F) GBC(X,).This implies f-1(F) GBO(X,). (ii) (i).Let VRO(Y,).Then by assumption (YV) RC(Y,). Hence
-1

f-1((Y-F)

=X-f-1(F)

GBO(X,).This implies f (F) GBC(X,). (ii)(iii).Let F be any regular closed set in Y containing f(x).f-1(F)GBO(X,) and xf-1(F) (by(ii)). Take U= f-1(F).Then f(U)F. (iii) (ii) Let FRC(Y,) and xf-1(F).From (iii), there exists a gb-open set Ux in X containing x such that Ux f-1(F). We have f-1(F) = {Ux: xf1 (F)}.Then f-1(F) is gb-open. (iii)(iv) Let V be any regular open set in Y containing f(x).Then Y-V is a regular closed set containing f(x).By (iii), there exists a gb-open set U in X containing x such that f(U) Y-V. Hence U f1

(Vb ):bI0}.Then we have

Y= {Vb :bI0}.Hence Y is nearly compact. Proof of (ii) and (iii) is similar to that of (i). (iv)Let {Vb :bI} be regular closed cover of Y. Then f is almost contra-gb-conntinuous implies {f (Vb ):bI} is a gb-open cover of X.By assumption, there exists a finite subset I0 of I such
1

(Y-V) X- f-1(V).Then
-1

f-1(V) X-U.Take K=X-U. We obtain a gb-closed set in X not containing x such that f (V) K. (iv) (iii). Let F be regular closed set in Y containing f(x).Then Y-F is regular open set in Y containing f(x).By (iv), there exists a gb-closed set K in X not containing x such that f-1(Y-F) K. Then X- f-1(F) K implies X-K f-1(F).Hence f (X-K) F. Take U=X-K.Then U is a gb-open set U in X containing x such that f(U)F. (i)(v). Let G be a open subset of Y. Since int(cl(G)) is regular open, then by (i),f-1 (int(cl(G))GBC(X,). (v)(i).Let VRO(Y,).Then V is open in Y. By (v),

that X= {f

-1

(Vb ):bI0}.Then we have Y= {Vb

:bI0}.Hence Y is nearly compact. Proof of (v) and (vi) is similar to that of (iv). Theorem 5.5: If f: (X, ) (Y, ) is almost contragb-continuous and almost gb-continuous surjection.Then (i)If X is mildly gb-compact, then Y is nearly compact. (ii)If X is mildly countably -gb-compact, then Y is nearly countably compact. (iii) If X is mildly gb-Lindelof,, then Y is nearly Lindelof. Proof: (i) Let VRO(Y).Since f is almost contragb-continuous and almost gb-continuous, f-1 (V) is gb-closed and gb-open in X respectively. Then f-1
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D.Sreeja and C.Janaki

(V) is gb-clopen in X. Let {Vb :bI} be any regular open cover of Y. Then {f -1 (Vb ):bI} is gb-clopen in X.Since X is mildly gb-compact, there exists a finite subset I0 of I such that X= {f
-1

[9]

[10] [11] [12] [13]

(Vb):bI0}.Since X is surjective, we obtain

Y={Vb :bI0}.Hence Y is nearly compact. Proof of (ii) and (iii) is similar to that of (i).

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