Technical Manual 1

Design of Monopole Bases

By Daniel Horn, P.E.
Copyright 2004 C-Concepts, Inc.
Contents
Introduction 1
Organization .............................................................................................................. 1
Historical Perspective ............................................................................................... 2
AISC Method For Building Columns ..................................................................... 7
Flexible Base Plate ........................................................................................ 8
Example 1.1 ................................................................................................... 9
Stiff Plate Approach ................................................................................... 12
Example 1.2 ................................................................................................. 14
Example 1.3 ................................................................................................. 17

Grouted Base Plates 19

Process Equipment Design Method...................................................................... 19
Example 2.1 ................................................................................................. 26
Lutz Modification .................................................................................................... 29
Example 2.2 ................................................................................................. 31
Complete Square Base Plate – Load On Diagonal .............................................. 33
Modification for Clipped Corners............................................................ 36
Example 2.3 ................................................................................................. 38
Example 2.4 ................................................................................................. 43
Complete Square Base Plate – Load Parallel ....................................................... 47
Example 2.4 ................................................................................................. 50
Complete Circular Base Plate Method ................................................................. 54
Example 2.5 ................................................................................................. 58

Ungrouted Base Plates 63

Determining Bolt Forces ......................................................................................... 63
Example 3.1 ................................................................................................. 64
Example 3.2 ................................................................................................. 66
Example 3.3 ................................................................................................. 68

Determining Plate Stresses 71

Introduction.............................................................................................................. 71
Effective Width Based Upon Plate Theory .......................................................... 71
Process Equipment Methods ................................................................................. 72
Example 4.1 ................................................................................................. 74
Base Plates With Gussets........................................................................... 77
Alternate Method 1 ................................................................................................. 79

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Contents • iii

 Alternate Method 2 ................................................................................................. 79
Alternate Method 3 ................................................................................................. 79
Method of Slices....................................................................................................... 80
Example 4.2 ................................................................................................. 83
Alternate Method 1 – Square Base Plates............................................................. 87
Alternate Method 2 – Circular Base Plates .......................................................... 87
Boulos Method (New York Dept. of Transportation) ........................................ 87
Diagonal Loading Case.............................................................................. 90
Parallel Loading Case ................................................................................ 91
Owens Method (New York Dept. of Transportation) ........................................ 94
ASCE Manual 72 (Proposed 2003 Revision) ........................................................ 95
Example 4.3 ................................................................................................. 96

Anchor Bolts 99
Material Grades ....................................................................................................... 99
Anchorage .............................................................................................................. 101
Example 4.1 ............................................................................................... 103

Recommendations 105
Determining Base Plate Forces ............................................................................ 105
Grouted Base Plates ................................................................................. 105
Ungrouted Base Plates............................................................................. 105
Determining Base Plate Stresses.......................................................................... 105
Construction Details.............................................................................................. 107

Bibliography 108
References............................................................................................................... 108

Glossary of Terms 111

Index 113

iv • Contents Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases

Introduction

Organization

The following chapters will cover the following topics:

1. An historical perspective including the AISC approach to base plate design for building columns.
2. Classical methods for determining bolt forces and concrete stresses for grouted base plates.
3. Classical methods for determining bolt forces for ungrouted base plates.
4. Evaluation of various methods currently being used to determine base plate bending stresses for
plain and stiffened plates

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 1

Historical Perspective
Monopoles have become increasingly popular for use in the telecommunication industry. The
advantages include architectural attractiveness and a minimal use of land. Poles are of two general
types, tapered polygonal poles and stepped pipe poles.
The tapered polygonal pole shown in Fig. 1-1, is custom manufactured to exact diameters required
for the design. Each section is joined using telescoping lap joints.

Fig. 1- 1

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 2

Pipe poles are made from large diameter pipe sections and joined by external or internal flange
connections as shown in Fig. 1-2.

Fig. 1- 2

While some poles may be directly buried into the earth, the most common method of attaching the
pole to the foundation is with a base plate.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 3

Base plates can be square with clustered anchor bolts as shown in Fig. 1-3 when overturning
moments are relatively light.

Fig. 1- 3

The clear space below the leveling nut is not limited by the TIA-222 Standard; however, the ASCE
Manual(1) suggests limiting the distance to two bolt diameters. AASHTO(2) limits this distance to
one bolt diameter. AASHTO also recommends that the minimum base plate thickness be equal to
the bolt diameter.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 4

Base plates can also be polygonal or circular to accommodate a larger number of bolts. The plate
may need to have gusset plates (stiffeners) in order to transfer forces due to axial and bending
moment to the pole. A typical example is shown in Fig. 1-4.

Fig. 1- 4

Poles have been used in the power transmision field since the 1960’s. Prior to that, poles were used
almost exclusively for flags(3,4) and for highway structures(2). In recent years, poles have become
popular for both electric transmission towers and for telecommunication structures.
There is currently no industry standard for the design of pole base plates. Some state highway
departments (New York) have developed their own methods, but no national standard exists. As
such, the designer is left to arrive at appropriate methods based upon classical structural
mechanics. While some testing has been done on smaller pole base plates used in highway
construction (usually poles between 10 and 20 inches in diameter), no testing has been done on
larger diameter pole base plates such as used in the telecommunication industry (poles 36 to 72
inches in diameter). Therefore, such design techniques may or may not be appropriate. Recent finite
element studies(5,6,7) have indicated that current design practices used by pole manufacturers may
be under-designed by 20 to 30%.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 5

Although monopole failures are a relatively rare occurrence, a number of recent pole failures (see
Fig. 1-5) have increased interest in manufacturer’s design and manufacturing techniques.

Fig. 1- 5

The purpose of this report is to make available the various design techniques currently being used
in the industry in the hope that more reliable methods of design may be developed in the future.
To begin, let us examine the traditional methods that have been developed for designing building
columns subject to axial loads and moment.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 6

AISC Method For Building Columns
Moment resisting base plates for building columns are covered in neither the AISC Specification
nor the Manual of Steel Construction. Engineers must therefore refer to textbooks or technical
papers for design methods although not all texts cover this topic.
Working stress methods for analyzing moment resistant base plate can be found in engineering
texts(8,9,10,11,12). DeWolf(13) and Thambiratnam(14) compared methods of designing building columns
to test data.
The AISC method for designing axially loaded base plates defines the critical section as being at .95
times the depth of the structural members for shapes of rectangular cross-section such as wide
flanges and tubes. The critical section for pipe is defined at a location equal to .80 times the
diameter of the pipe.
Two different approaches have been taken to determine the distribution of forces on the base plate,
a flexible plate approach and a stiff plate approach.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 7

Flexible Base Plate
Relatively flexible base plates are incapable of maintaining a linear strain distribution and the
assumption is made that the compression force is centered beneath the compression flange of the
column.

T fc
C
A/3

N'
N

Fig. 1- 6 Flexible base plate force distribution

The following basic equations (B=plate width) define the static forces as shown in Fig 1-6.
fcAB
T +P = C =
2
PD
M−
T= 2
D
f+
2
2 (T + P )
fc =
AB

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 8

Example 1.1
Design a base plate for an axial load of 60 kips and a moment of 480 in-kips. Fy for the plate and
anchor bolts is 36 ksi and f’c is 3 ksi. The structural member is an 8-inch wide flange and the base
plate is 14x14. The bolts are 1.5” from the edge.

60 k

480 in-k

5.5"

8"

T fc
C
A/3

N'=12.5"
N=14"

Fig. 1- 7

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 9

 A2
Fp = .35fc′ = .70fc′ = 2.1 ksi
Ap

60× 8
480 −
T= 2 = 25.26 kips = 12.63 kips
8 bolt
5.5 +
2
14 − 8
A = 3× =9
2
C = T + P = 25.26 + 60 = 85.26
2 (85.26)
fc = = 1.35 ksi ≤ 2.1 ksi o.k.
9×14
The thickness of the plate is determined by checking both the compression and tension sides. The
critical section is at
14 − 0.95× 8
b= = 3.2 in
2
9 − 3.2
fcpl = 1.35 = 0.87 ksi
9
0.87 × 3.22 (1.35 − 0.87 ) 3.2
2
in−kip
M pl = + = 6.09 in
2 3
2
M W × t pl
S reqd = = , W = 1"
Fb 6
6M
t pl =
Fb
Fb = .75Fy
6×6.09
t pl = = 1.16 in
.75× 36

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 10

The critical width on the tension side is defined by AISC as shown in Fig 1-8.

14"

b=3.2"
beff

14"

45°

1.5"
8"
1.5"

Fig 1-8

M pl = 12.63×(3.2 − 1.5) = 21.47 in − kips

3.2 − 1.5 = 1.7 > 1.5 use 1.5
beff = 1.5 + (3.2 − 1.5) = 3.2 in
6×21.47
t pl = = 1.22 in ≥ 1.16
3.2×.75× 36
Therefore the tension side controls.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 11

Stiff Plate Approach
Thicker, stiffer, base plates are capable of approaching a linear strain distribution and the base plate
is assumed to behave in a manner similar to reinforced concrete columns(8).

T fc

N'
N

Fig 1- 9 Stiff base plate force distribution

The following basic equations define the static forces as shown in Fig 1-9.
fcAB
P+T = C =
2
where B=width of the base plate.
M
e=
P
N A 
 − −e
T = −P  2 3 

N A
 − +f
 2 3 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 12

 TA
fc =
N 
A s n  − A + f 
2 
TA2 B
P+T =
N 
2A s n  − A + f 
2 
Defining
 N
K1 = 3 e − 
 2
6nA s
K2 = (f + e)
B
N 
K 3 = −K 2  + f 
2 
A 3 + K1A 2 + K 2A + K 3 = 0

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 13

Example 1.2
Design the same plate of Example 1.1 using the stiff approach and assuming 1 ¼” diameter bolts.

A2
Fp = .35fc′ = .70fc′ = 2.1 ksi
Ap

480
e= = 8 in
60
29000
n= = 9. 3
57 3000
A s = 2×.969 = 1.94
 14 
K1 = 3 8 −  = 3
 2
6×9.3×1.94
K2 = (5.5 + 8) = 104
14
14 
K 3 = −104  + 5.5 = −1300
2 

Solving for A by trial,

A = 7.3 in
 7.3 
 7− −8 
T = −60  3  = 20.5 kips = 10.25 kips

 7 − 7.3 + 5.5  bolt
 3 

20.5×7.3
fc = = 1.6 ksi ≤ 2.1 ksi
9.3×1.94 (7 − 7.3 + 5.5)

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 14

The thickness of the plate is determined by checking both the compression and tension sides. The
critical section is at

14 − 0.95× 8
b= = 3.2 in
2
7.3 − 3.2
fcpl = 1.6 = 0.90 ksi
7.3
0.90× 3.22 (1.6 − 0.90) 3.2
2
−
M pl = + = 7 in inkip
2 3
6×7
t pl = = 1.25 in
.75× 36

The critical width on the tension side is defined by AISC as shown in Fig 1-10.

14"

b=3.2"
beff

14"

45°

1.5"
8"
1.5"

Fig 1-10

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 15

 M pl = 10.25×(3.2 − 1.5) = 17.43 in − kips
3.2 − 1.5 = 1.7 > 1.5 in side clearanace use 1.5 in
beff = 1.5 + (3.2 − 1.5) = 3.2 in
6×17.43
t pl = = 1.10 in ≤ 1.25 in
3.2×.75× 36

Therefore the compression side controls.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 16

Example 1.3
Re-design Example 1.2 for an 8” pipe column. A pipe would have the critical section defined as

14"

b=3.2"

45°
beff

14"

.8xDiameter
1.5"

1.5"

Fig 1-11

The analysis for bolt forces and concrete stress are identical to the wide flange base plate, however
the distance to the critical section is now
14 − 0.80× 8
b= = 3.8 in
2
7.3 − 3.8
fcpl = 1.6 = 0.77 ksi
7.3
0.77 × 3.82 (1.6 − 0.77 ) 3.8
2
−
M pl = + = 9.55 in inkip
2 3
6×9.55
t pl = = 1.46 in
.75× 36

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 17

Checking the tension side

M pl = 10.25×(3.8 − 1.5) = 23.58 in − kips

3.8 − 1.5 = 2.3 > 1.5 in side clearance use 1.5 in
beff = 1.5 + 2.3 = 3.8 in
6×23.58
t pl = = 1.17 in ≤ 1.46 in
3.8 ×.75× 36

Therefore the compression side controls.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Introduction • 18

Grouted Base Plates

Process Equipment Design Method

Procedures for designing circular base plates with large openings (approaching the inner diameter
of the shell) have been used for over 75 years. The most common use has been for chimneys and
stacks used in the process equipment field. The method most often used was based upon the work
of Taylor, Thompson, and Smulski(15).. The following description of the method is taken from
Brownell and Young(16), Troitsky(17), Megyesy(18), and Bednard(19). The method was developed for
circular base plates; however the method can be conservatively used for polygonal plates and
square base plates by using the diameter across the flats of the plate. The method is based upon
reinforced concrete column theory using the Working Stress Design Method (WSD). Note that all
of the grouted base plate techniques that follow assume that the eccentricity is sufficiently large
enough to produce tension on a portion of the base plate.

f
s
nf
c

(d-kd) kd

Fig. 2- 1

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 19

Defining the modular ratio as
Es
n=
Ec
Fig. 2-1 is a sketch representing the loading condition for the anchor bolts of the monopole base
plate. The method assumes that the bolt circle is in the center of the bearing plate, which is typically
the case when the shell of the pole runs through the base plate. The wind load and the dead weight
load of the pole result in a tensile load on the upwind anchor bolts and a compressive load on the
downwind anchor bolts. Denoting fc as the compressive stress in the concrete, the induced
compressive stress in the steel bolts is given by

fs = nfc
Considering the stress to be directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, a straight
line may be drawn from fs to nfc as shown in Fig. 2-1. The neutral axis is located at a distance kd
from the downwind side of the bearing plate and at a distance (d – kd) from the upwind side. This
assumption is valid only if the base plate can be considered rigid.
By similar triangles
fs nf
= c
(d − kd) kd
therefore
nfc 1
k= =
nfc + fs 1 + fs
( )
nfc
The area of bolts can be expressed in terms of an equivalent ring of steel of thickness t having the
same total cross-sectional area of steel as shown in Fig. 2-2. This assumption would only be valid if
there are a sufficient number of bolts uniformly spaced around the bolt circle. Polygonal plates can
be assumed to be a circular ring equal to the flat diameter of the polygon.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 20

 ts

δθ tc

α
Ft Fc

Neutral axis
d/2
r=

kd
Ft
l1 l2
jd

zd Fc

Fig. 2- 2

The location of the neutral axis from Fig. 2-2 can be defined in terms of the angle α.
d 2 − kd
cos α = = 1 − 2k
d2
And
α = cos−1 (1 − 2k )

A differential element of the steel ring is measured by dθ. The area of this element is
dA s = t s rdθ

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 21

where
r=d 2
The distance from the neutral axis to this differential element is
r(cos α + cos θ )
Denoting the maximum steel stress as fs, the stress in the element is
r (cos α + cos θ)
fs′ = fs
r (1 + cos α )
The force in the element is therefore
(cos α + cos θ)
dFt = dA s fs′ = fs t s r
(1 + cos α )
The total tensile force is therefore
π π (cos α + cos θ)
Ft = 2∫ dFt = 2fs t s r ∫ dθ
α α (1 + cos α )
 2 
= fs t s r  ((π−α ) cos α + sin α )
 (1 + cos α ) 
= fs t s rC t
where
 2 
C t =  ((π−α ) cos α + sin α )
 (1 + cos α ) 
The c.g. of the tensile force, l1, can be located by first determining the moment on the tension side
and then dividing by Ft. The moment of the differential element is
dM t = dFt r ( cos α + cos θ)
 (cos α + cos θ ) 
= fs t s r  r (cos α + cos θ) dθ
 1 + cos α 
 (cos α + cos θ )2 
= fs t s r   dθ

 (1 + cos α ) 
Integrating
2
π (cos α + cos θ)
∫
2
M t = 2fs t s r dθ
α (1 + cos α )
 (π−α ) cos2 α + 23 (sin α cos α ) + 21 (π−α )
= 2fs t s r2  
 1 + cos α 
 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 22

Dividing

Mt  (π−α ) cos2 α + 23 (sin α cos α ) + 21 (π−α ) 

l1 = = r  

Ft  (π−α ) cos α + sin α 
The values of α, Ct and l1 are constants for a given value of k.
Values for the compression area follow a similar formulation. The width of the compression ring is
defined as t c = bpl − t s . The differential element for a compression ring of thickness tc is

dA c = t c rdθ
The distance from the neutral axis to this element is
r (cos θ − cos α )
The maximum distance from the neutral axis is
r (1 − cos α )
The element stress is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis
r (cos θ − cos α )
fc′ = fc
r (1 − cos α )
The compressive stress in the steel is
(cos θ − cos α )
fsc′ = nfc
(1 − cos α )
The force is determined by multiplying by the element areas
 cos θ − cos α 
dFc = fc′dA c = fc t c r   dθ
 1 − cos α 
 cos θ − cos α 
dFsc = nfsc′ dA s = nfc t s r   dθ
 1 − cos α 
The total is therefore
 cos θ − cos α 
dFctot = (t c + nt s ) rfc   dθ
 1 − cos α 
Integrating
αcos θ − cos α
Fc = (t c + nt s ) rfc 2 ∫ dθ
0 1 − cos α
 2 (sin α −α cos α ) 
Fc = (t c + nt s ) rfc  
 1 − cos α 

Fc = (t c + nt s ) rfc C c
Conversely

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 23

 Fc
fc =
(t c + nt s ) rC c

Where
 sin α −α cos α 
Cc = 2  
 1 − cos α 
The c.g. of the compressive force, l2, can be located by first determining the moment on the
compression side and then dividing by Fc. The moment of the differential element is
dM c = dFc r (cos θ − cos α )
2
(cos θ − cos α )
= (t c + nt s ) r fc 2
dθ
(1 − cos α )
Integrating
2
α (cos θ − cos α )
M c = (t c + nt s ) fc r 2 ∫
2
dθ
1 − cos α
0

 2 3 1 
2  cos α − 2 (sin α cos α ) + 2 α 
= (t c + nt s ) fc r 2
 1 − cos α 
 
Dividing

Mc  α cos2 α − 23 (sin α cos α ) + 21 α 

l2 = =r 
Fc  sin α −α cos α 
 
The total distance between the forces Ft and Fc is equal to l1+l2. Defining the dimensionless ratio j as
l1 + l 2
j=
d
 (π−α ) cos2 α + 21 (π−α ) + 23 sin α cos α  1 2 
1  2 α − 2 sin α cos α +α cos α 
3
1  
=2  +
(π−α ) cos α + sin α 2
 sin α −α cos α 
 
The distance from the neutral axis to the centerline of the pole is
d
cosα
2
and the distance zd is equal to
d
zd = l 2 + cos α
2
The quantity, z is therefore
  1 α − 23 sinα cos α +α cos2 α 
z = 12  cos α +  2 

  sin α −α cos α 
 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 24

The values of Cc, l2, j and z are constants for a given value of k.
The two equilibrium conditions that must be met are
M wind − Pzd − Ft jd = 0
M wind − Pzd
Ft =
jd
Ft + P − Fc = 0
Fc = Ft + P
Substituting
M − Pzd 
fs = 2π  wind
 C jdA 
 t s 
F
= t
t s rC t
kdfs
fc =
n (d − kd)
The peak bearing stress, at the outer edge of the base plate is
 2kd + bpl 
fcmax = fc  
 2kd 

Where bpl is the width of the bearing plate.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 25

Example 2.1
Analyze a grouted base plate for a 55” diameter pole that runs through the base plate. The bolt
circle is 64” with (20) 2-1/4” bolts. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780
in-kips). The thickness of the base plate is 2-1/4”. The outer diameter of the base plate is 73”. The
concrete has a strength of 3000 psi.
Es 29000
n= = = 9.29
E c 57 3000

A s = 20 (3.25) = 65 in 2
64
r= = 32 in
2
65
ts = = .323 in
64π

73 − 55
tc = − .323 = 8.677
2

Assuming a trial value of k of 0.30…

α = cos−1 (1 − 2k ) = cos−1 (.4) = 1.1593 rad
 (sin (1.1593) − 1.1593 cos (1.1593))
C c = 2   = 1.5093

 1 − cos (1 .1593 ) 
2 (π− 1.1593) cos (1.1593) + sin (1.1593) = 2.442
Ct =
1 + cos (1.1593)  

  1 1.1593 − 3 sin (1.1593) cos (1.1593) + 1.1593 cos (1.1593)2 

z = 12  cos (1.1593) +  2 2  = .4376

  sin (1.1593) − 1.1593 cos (1.1593) 

 (π− 1.1593) cos2 (1.1593) + 21 (π− 1.1593) + 23 sin (1.1593) cos (1.1593) 
j = 
1
2
+

 (π− 1 . 1593 ) cos (1 .1593 ) + sin (1 .1593 ) 
 1 1.1593 − 23 sin (1.1593) cos (1.1593) + 1.1593 cos (1.1593) 
2
1 2  = .781
2  
 sin (1 .1593 ) − 1 .1593 cos (1 .1593 ) 

42780 − 46×.4376×64
Ft = = 830 kips
.781×64

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 26

 Fc = 830 + 46 = 876 kips
830
fs = = 32.88 ksi
.323× 32×2.442
876
fc = = 1.55 ksi
(8.677 + 9.29×.323) 32×1.5093
1
k calc = = .305
32.88
1+
9.29×1.55
Calculate a new value for k,
.3 + .305
k= = .3025
2
The next loop
α = 1.165
C c = 1.516
C t = 2.4366
z = .437
j = .781
Ft = 829.8
Fc = 875.8
fs = 32.92
fc = 1.546
k calc = .303

Which is sufficiently accurate to proceed to final calculations

Pbolt = fsA bolt = 32.92× 3.25 = 107 kips
 73 − 55 
1.546×2×.3025×64 +  
 2 
fcmax = = 1.78 ksi ≤ .7 × 3×1.33 = 2.8 ksi o.k.
2×.3025×64

The maximum bending moment in the plate is actually due to a trapezoidal stress distribution,
however most process equipment designers use the average stress at the bolt circle for ease of
computation. The stress on the compression side is

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 27

 fc l2 1.546×92 in − kip
M max = = = 62.6
2 2 in
6M 6×62.6
fmax = 2 = = 74.2 ksi ≥ .75× 36×1.33 = 36 ksi n.g.
bt 1×2.252

The stress on the tension side is

64 − 55
M max = Pa = 107 × = 481.5 in − kip
2
6× 481.5
fmax = = 66 ksi ≥ .75× 36×1.33 = 36 ksi n.g.
55π 2
2.25
20

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 28

Lutz Modification
One of the major assumptions in the Process Equipment Method is that the center of pressure is
coincident with the steel bolt ring. Should the compression ring extend inside the pole and the bolt
circle is not centered on the outstanding leg of the base plate or, based upon the relative stiffness of
the base plate, it is deemed that the center of compression will be at or near the pole diameter, then
the results will be in error.
Lutz(20) extended the theory to account for the fact that the compression ring may have a different
diameter than the steel tension ring.

ts

α1
δθ

α
tc
θ
Ft Fc
rc=
Dc
/2
d/2
r= ro
Neutral axis

(d-Dc)/2

kd
Ft
jd

zd Fc

Fig. 2- 3

Lutz observed that a simple correction using two values of k would yield the correct result.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 29

 1 − rc r r
kt = +k c
2 r
" jd" = ( j − 21 ) d + rc

M wind − Pzd
Ft =
( j − 12 ) d + rc
Fc
fc =
 
t + nt r  r C
 rc 
c s c c

 
1 1 + r 
 r 
2
c
k=
1+ ( f nf )
s
c

The peak bearing stress, at the outer edge of the base plate, with radius ro , is

 2kd + ro − rc 
fcmax = fc  
 2kd 
The value C c is calculated using k while the values for C t , z and j are then calculated using the
value of k t . Note that when rc = r then k t = k and the results are identical to the Process
Equipment Method.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 30

Example 2.2
Analyze a grouted base plate with an inner diameter of 48” and an outer diameter of 73”. The bolt
circle is 64” with (20) 2-1/4” bolts. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780
in-kips). The thickness of the base plate is 2-1/4”. The concrete has a strength of 3000 psi.

Es 29000
n= = = 9.29
E c 57 3000

A s = 20 (3.25) = 65 in 2
64
r= = 32 in
2
(73 + 48) 2
rc = = 30.25 in
2

65
ts = = .323 in
64π

73 − 48
tc = − .323 = 12.177
2

Assuming a trial value of k of 0.2773…

α = cos−1 (1 − 2×.2773) = 1.109 rad
 (sin (1.109) − 1.109 cos (1.109)) 
C c = 2   = 1.447

 1 − cos (1 .109 ) 
1 − 30.25 32 30.25
kt = + .2773 = .2895
2 32
α1 = cos−1 (1 − 2×.2895) = 1.1362 rad
2 (π− 1.1362) cos (1.1362) + sin (1.1362) = 2.4482
Ct =
1 + cos (1.1362)  

  1 1.1362 − 3 sin (1.1362) cos (1.1362) + 1.1362 cos (1.1362)2 

 
z =  cos (1.1362) +  2
1 2  = .4399


2
 
 sin (1. 1362 ) − 1. 1362 cos (1. 1362 )

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 31

  (π− 1.1362) cos2 (1.1362) + 21 (π− 1.1362) + 23 sin (1.1362) cos (1.1362) 
j = 21  +

 (π− 1 . 1362 ) cos (1 .1362 ) + sin (1 .1362 ) 
 1 1.1362 − 23 sin (1.1362) cos (1.1362) + 1.1362 cos2 (1.1362) 
1 2  = .7807
2  
 sin (1 . 1362 ) − 1 . 1362 cos (1 .1362 ) 
42780 − 46×.4399×64
Ft = = 860.42 kips
(.7807 − .5) 64 + 30.25
Fc = 860.42 + 46 = 906.42 kips
860.42
fs = = 33.97 ksi
.323× 32×2.4482
906.42
fc = = 1.349 ksi
 
12.177 + 9.29×.323 32  30.25×1.447
 30.25 
 
1 + 32 
1
 30.25 
2
k calc = = .277
33.77
1+
9.29×1.349
Which is sufficiently accurate to proceed to final calculations
Pbolt = fsA bolt = 33.97 × 3.25 = 110.4 kips
1.349×2×.2773× 32 + 36.5 − 30.25
fcmax = = 1.70 ksi
2×.2773× 32

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 32

Complete Square Base Plate – Load On Diagonal

The Process Equipment Method assumes that the bolts can be idealized as a ring of steel and that
the compression area can be idealized as a ring with the center of pressure at the center of the ring.
Often base plates are encountered that have as few as four bolts. These cases can result in
significant errors when calculating pressures and bolt forces. Base plates that extend inside the pole
will also have a triangular stress distribution that may differ from the assumed ring theory.
Horn(21), developed a method for square base plates with a circular opening which takes into
account individual bolt locations. Circular or polygonal plates can be analyzed using the Complete
Circular Base Plate Method discussed in the next section.

q
B e=M/P
y

n.a.

di

Fig. 2- 4

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 33

The method is valid when there is net tension on the section, a condition that occurs when
B4 πd4i
−
e> 12 64
 2 πd2i 
.707 B B − 
 4 
The method will make use of transformed areas of the bolts. Bolts that are in the tension zone will
have their areas transformed by
A bolt = nA b
Bolts within the compression zone will have their areas transformed by
A bolt = (n −1) A b
The method will calculate moment of inertia of the areas and the moment areas about the “e” line .
The moment of inertia divided by the moment area will then be the location of the neutral axis. The
process iterates on the value of q until it is determined to a sufficient degree of accuracy.
Defining
di
ri =
2
y = .707 B − e + q
29000
n=
57 fc′
Py max
fc =
qA T − Q T

A T = A1 + A2 + A c + ∑ comp (n − 1) A b + ∑ tens nA b

The area of the triangular wedge is defined as

y ×2 y
A1 = = y2
2
Should the neutral axis (n.a.) fall below the diagonal of the plate, two wedge areas will have to be
subtracted
y2 = y − .707 B
A2 = 0 if y2 ≤ 0
= −2y22 if y2 > 0
Should the neutral axis fall below the top of the circular opening, the area of the semi-circle must be
deducted

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 34

 l = ri − e + q
y 0 = max (ri − l, − ri )
ri2π y 
Ac = − + y 0 ri2 − y20 + ri2 sin −1  0  , l > 0
2  r 
i

The moment area is defined as

Q T = Q1 + Q2 + Q c + Q bolts
 y
Q1 = A1 q − 
 3
 y 
Q2 = A 2 q − 2 
 3
y1c = 0 , if l < 0
1.5
−2 (ri2 − y20 )
=
3A c

Q c = A c (e − y1c )
j= ntens j= ncomp
Q bolts = ∑ nA b (e − y j ) + ∑ (n − 1)A b (e − y j )
j=1 j=1

The moment of inertia of the areas is defined as

I T = I1 + I2 + I c + I bolts
 y2  y  
2

I1 = A1  +  q −  
 18  3  
 y2  y  
2

I2 = A2  2 + q − 2  
 18  3  

  
−1  y 0  
 2 3 r 4
sin  
 πr 4 y 0 (r2
−y ) ri2 y 0 ri2 − y20 i  r  
I c = −  i + i 
i 0 2
− −  − A c y1
2
c + A c ( e − y1 c )
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
 A2bolt 2
I bolts = ∑  + A bolt (e − y j ) 
 4π 

IT
q=
QT

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 35

Modification for Clipped Corners
When the corners of a square base plate are clipped as shown in Fig. 2-5, there are “negative” areas
that must be removed from the analysis.

q
B e=M/P
y

n.a.

di

Fig. 2- 5

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 36

The previous equations may be used with the addition of the following terms
A 3 = −c2
2c
l3 = q − y +
3
Q3 = A 3l 3
 c2 
I 3 = A 3  + l 23 
18 
y 4 = 0 if y ≤ .707 B − c
= min ( y − .707 B + c, 2c)

A 4 = −y24
2y
l4 = e − c + 4
3
Q4 = A4l4
 y2 
I 4 = A 4  4 + l24 
 18 
y5 = 0 if y ≤ .707 B
= min ( y − .707 B, c)

A 5 = y25
y5
l5 = e +
3
Q5 = A5l 5
 y25 
I5 = A 5  + l25 
 18 
A T = A1 + A2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5 + A c + ∑ comp (n − 1) A b + ∑ tens nA b
Q T = Q1 + Q2 + Q 3 + Q 4 + Q 5 + Q c + Q bolts
I T = I1 + I2 + I 3 + I 4 + I5 + I c + I bolts
P ( y − c)
fc =
qA t − Q t

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 37

Example 2.3
Analyze the bolt forces on a grouted square base plate loaded on the diagonal and a bolt circle of
64” and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The plate is 68” square and the inside of the base plate has
a diameter of 58”. The plate is 2.25” thick, A36 plate. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is
3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips). The concrete strength is f’c=3000 psi.
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

q
68" e=930"
y

n.a.

58"

Fig 2- 6

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 38

The actual process requires iterating on q until a calculated value of q agrees to the fifth decimal
place with the previous cycle. The final iteration of q yields q=911.33267.

Calculate the bolt values as follows

8.0575°

4.5"

32 31.68

4.485

Fig. 2-7

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 
29000
n= =9
57 3000

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 39

 Bar # ybolt n Abolt nAbolt Qbolt Ibolt
1 0 9 3.25 29.25 27202.5 25298393
2 0 9 3.25 29.25 27202.5 25298393
3 32 8 3.25 26 23348 20966558
4 -32 9 3.25 29.25 28138.5 27069305
5 4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27071.31 25054975
6 4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27071.31 25054975
7 -4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27333.69 25542988
8 -4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27333.69 25542988
9 31.684 8 3.25 26 23356.22 20981316
10 31.684 8 3.25 26 23356.22 20981316
11 -31.684 9 3.25 29.25 28129.26 27051524
12 -31.684 9 3.25 29.25 28129.26 27051524
Totals 341.25 317672 295894256

Calculating the plate areas

y = .707 ×68 − 930 + 911.33267 = 29.41
2
A1 = (29.41) = 864.85
y2 = max (0 , 29.41 − .707 ×68) = 0
A2 = 0
Calculating the deduction for the area of the hole
58
ri == 29
2
l = 29 − 930 + 911.33267 = 10.33
y 0 = max (ri − l, − ri ) = 18.67
292 π 18.67 
Ac = − + 18.67 292 − 18.672 + 292 sin −1   = −318.61
2  29 
A T = 864.86 + 0 + 341.25 − 318.61 = 887.49
Calculating the moment areas
 29.41
Q1 = 864.85 911.33267 −  = 779690
 3 
Q2 = 0
1.5
−2 (292 − 18.672 )
y1c = = 22.87
3 (−318.61)

Q c = −318.61(930 − 22.87 ) = −289020

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 40

 Q T = 779690 + 0 − 289020 + 317672 = 808342
Calculating the moments of inertia
 29.412  29.41  
2

I1 = 864.85  + 911.33267 −   = 702954883
 18  3  
I2 = 0
 18.67  

(292 −18.672 )
3
294 sin −1   
 π294 18.67 2
29 18.67 29 − 18.67 2 2
 29 
Ic = −  + − − …
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
2
−(−318.61)22.872 + (−318.61)(930 − 22.87 )
I c = −262180695
I T = 702954883 + 0 − 262180695 + 295894256 = 736668444
I 736668444
q calc = T = = 911.33267
QT 808342
Therefore, another iteration is not necessary and we can calculate final concrete and bolt stresses.
Py 46×29.41
fcmax = = = 2.95 ksi
qA T − Q T 911.33267 × 887.49 − 808342
y pole = 911.33267 − 930 + 29 = 10.33
46×10.33
fcpole = = 1.04 ksi
911.33267 × 887.49 − 808342
y bc = 911.33267 − 930 + 32 = 13.33
46×13.33
fbc = = 1.34 ksi
911.33267 × 887.49 − 808342
P (e − y bolt − q)
Pbolt = (nA b )
qA T − Q T
46 (930 − (−32) − 911.33267 )
Pbolt = (9× 3.25)
911.33267 × 887.49 − 808342
Pbolt = 148.7 kips (tension)
46 (930 − 32 − 911.33267 )
Pcompr = (8× 3.25)
911.33267 × 887.49 − 808342
Pcompr = −34.8 kips ( compression )

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 41

Likewise, for all of the bolts,

Bar # ybolt n Pbolt

1 0 9 54.8084
2 0 9 54.8084
3 32 8 -34.79381
4 -32 9 148.76
5 4.485 9 41.6406
6 4.485 9 41.6406
7 -4.485 9 67.9763
8 -4.485 9 67.9763
9 31.684 8 -33.96912
10 31.684 8 -33.96912
11 -31.684 9 147.832
12 -31.684 9 147.832

The maximum plate stress using the maximum pressure over a 4.5” strip is then

2 2
4.5×1.04 (.707 ×68 − 29) 4.5×(2.95 − 1.04)(.707 ×68 − 29)
M max( c) = + + 34.8× 3 = 1998 in − kips
2 3
6×1998
fbmax = = 526 ksi ≥ .75× 36×1.33 = 36 ksi n.g.
4.5×2.252
M max( t ) = 148.8× 3 = 446 in − kips
6× 446
fbmax = = 117.5 ksi ≥ 36 ksi n.g.
4.5×2.252

As can be seen, using the maximum stress over the plate results in an extremely high stress. This
can only be achieved if the plate is extremely stiff. A more reasonable approach would be to modify
the method to discount a portion of the plate similar to if the plate had a “clipped” corner.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 42

Example 2.4
Modify Example 2.3 to discount a portion of the plate. Assuming that the bolt circle is at the mid-
point between the pole and the clipped edge, the amount to be clipped would then be 13 inches
from the top of the plate.

13"

q
68" e=930"
y

35" n.a.

58"

64"

Fig. 2- 7

The previous equations may be modified using the clipped corner adjustments. After iterating, the
new value for q is 915.860.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 43

Calculate the bolt values as follows

Bar # ybolt n Abolt nAbolt Qbolt Ibolt

1 0 9 3.25 29.25 27202.5 25298393
2 0 9 3.25 29.25 27202.5 25298393
3 32 8 3.25 26 23348 20966558
4 -32 9 3.25 29.25 28138.5 27069305
5 4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27071.31 25054975
6 4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27071.31 25054975
7 -4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27333.69 25542988
8 -4.485 9 3.25 29.25 27333.69 25542988
9 31.684 8 3.25 26 23356.22 20981316
10 31.684 8 3.25 26 23356.22 20981316
11 -31.684 9 3.25 29.25 28129.26 27051524
12 -31.684 9 3.25 29.25 28129.26 27051524
Totals 341.25 317672 295894256

Calculating the plate areas

y = .707 ×68 − 930 + 915.86 = 33.94
2
A1 = (33.94) = 1151.64
y2 = max (0 , 33.94 − .707 ×68) = 0
A2 = 0
A 3 = −132 = −169
2×13
l 3 = 915.86 − 33.94 + = 890.59
3
Q 3 = −169× 890.59 = −150509.82
132 
I 3 = −160  + 890.592  = −134044230
 18 
.707 × B − y = .707 ×68 − 33.94 = 14.13 ≥ 13
∴ y4 = 0
Calculating the deduction for the area of the hole
58
ri == 29
2
l = 29 − 930 + 915.86 = 14.86
y 0 = max (ri − l, − ri ) = 14.14
292 π 14.14 
Ac = − + 14.14 292 − 14.142 + 292 sin −1   = −535.68
2  29 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 44

 A T = 1151.64 + 0 − 169 + 341.25 − 534.68 = 789.21
Calculating the moment areas
 33.94 
Q1 = 1151.64 915.86 −  = 1041713
 3 
Q2 = 0
Q 3 = −169× 890.59 = −150509.82
1.5
−2 (292 − 14.142 )
y1c = = 20.24
3 (−534.68)

Q c = −534.68 (930 − 20.25) = −486428

Q T = 1041713 + 0 − 150510 − 486428 + 317672 = 722447
Calculating the moments of inertia
 33.942  33.94  
2

I1 = 1151.64  + 915.86 −   = 702954883

 18  3  
I2 = 0
 132 
I 3 = −169  + 890.592  = −134044230
 18 
 14.14  
 4 14 .14 (292
− 14 .14 2 3
) 2 2 2 294 sin−1   
 π29 29 14.14 29 − 14.14  29 
Ic = −  + − − …
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
2
−(−534.68)20.242 + (−534.68)(930 − 20.24)
I c = −442542378
I T = 942352607 + 0 − 134044230 − 442542378 + 295894257 = 661660255
I 661660255
q calc = T = = 915.86
QT 722447
Therefore, another iteration is not necessary and we can calculate final concrete and bolt stresses.
y max = y − c = 33.94 − 13 = 21.94
Py 46×21.94
fcmax = = = 2.67 ksi
qA T − Q T 915.86×789.21 − 722447
y pole = 915.86 − 930 + 29 = 14.86
46×14.86
fcpole = = 1.90 ksi
915.86×789.21 − 722447

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 45

 P (e − y bolt − q)
Pbolt = (nA b )
qA T − Q T
46 (930 − (−32) − 915.86)
Pbolt = (9×3.25)
915.86×789.21 − 722447
Pbolt = 171.8 kips (tension)
46 (930 − 32 − 915.86)
Pcompr = (8× 3.25)
915.86×789.21 − 722447
Pcompr = −35.96 kips ( compression )
Likewise, for all of the bolts,

Bar # ybolt n Pbolt

1 0 9 -52.6568
2 0 9 -52.6568
3 32 8 59.11848
4 -32 9 -171.822
5 4.485 9 -35.9551
6 4.485 9 -35.9551
7 -4.485 9 -69.3585
8 -4.485 9 -69.3585
9 31.684 8 58.07247
10 31.684 8 58.07247
11 -31.684 9 -170.645
12 -31.684 9 -170.645

The maximum plate stress using the maximum pressure over a 4.5” strip is then
2 2
4.5×1.90 (35 − 29) 4.5×(2.67 − 1.90)(35 − 29)
M max( c) = + + 35.96× 3 = 303.4 in − kips
2 3
6× 303.4
fbmax = = 79.9 ksi ≥ .75× 36×1.33 = 36 ksi n.g.
4.5×2.252
M max(t ) = 171.8× 3 = 515 in − kips
6×515
fbmax = = 135.6 ksi ≥ 36 ksi n.g.
4.5×2.252

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 46

Complete Square Base Plate – Load Parallel
The Process Equipment Method assumes that the bolts can be idealized as a ring of steel and that
the compression area can be idealized as a ring with the center of pressure at the center of the ring.
Often base plates are encountered that have as few as four bolts. These cases can result in
significant error when calculating pressures and bolt forces. Base plates that extend inside the pole
will also have a triangular stress distribution that may differ from the assumed ring theory.
Horn(21), developed a method for square base plates with a circular opening which takes into
account individual bolt locations. Square plates with clipped corners or polygonal plates can be
analyzed using the Complete Circular Base Plate Method discussed in the next section.

q
e=M/P
y

di

Fig. 2-8

The method is valid when there is net tension on the section, a condition that occurs when

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 47

 B4 πdi4
−
e > 12 64 2
B  2 πdi 
B − 
2  4 

The method will make use of transformed areas of the bolts. Bolts that are in the tension zone will
have their areas transformed by
A bolt = nA b
Bolts within the compression zone will have their areas transformed by
A bolt = (n −1) A b
The method will calculate moment of inertia of the areas and the moment areas about the “e” line.
The moment of inertia divided by the moment area will then be the location of the neutral axis. The
process iterates on the value of q until it is determined to a sufficient degree of accuracy.
Defining
di
ri =
2
y = . 5B − e + q
29000
n=
57 fc′
Py max
fc =
qA T − Q T

A T = A1 + A c + ∑ comp (n − 1) A b + ∑ tens nA b

The area of the rectangle is defined as

A1 = yB
Should the neutral axis fall below the top of the circular opening, the area of the semi-circle must be
deducted
l = ri − e + q
y 0 = max (ri − l, − ri )
ri2π y 
Ac = − + y 0 ri2 − y20 + ri2 sin −1  0  , l > 0
2  ri 

The moment area is defined as

Q T = Q1 + Q c + Q bolts

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 48

  y
Q1 = A1 q − 
 2
y1c = 0 , if l < 0
1.5
−2 (ri2 − y20 )
=
3A c

Q c = A c (e − y1c )
j= ntens j= ncomp
Q bolts = ∑ nA b (e − y j ) + ∑ (n − 1)A b (e − y j )
j=1 j=1

The moment of inertia of the areas is defined as

I T = I1 + I c + I bolts
2
By 3  y
I1 = + A1 q − 
12  3

  
−1  y 0  
 2 3 r 4
sin   
 πr 4 y 0 (r2
−y ) ri2 y 0 ri2 − y20 i
 ri  
I c = −  i +
i 0 2
− −  − A c y12c + A c (e − y1c )
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
 A2 2
I bolts = ∑  bolt + A bolt (e − y j ) 
 4π 

IT
q=
QT

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 49

Example 2.4
Analyze the bolt forces on a grouted square base plate loaded parallel to the edge and a bolt circle
of 64” and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The plate is 68” square and the inside of the base plate
has a diameter of 58”. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips). The
concrete strength is f’c=3000 psi.
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

68"

q
930"
y

58"

Fig.2-9

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 50

The actual process requires iterating on q until a calculated value of q agrees to the fifth decimal
place with the value from the previous cycle. The final iteration of q yields q=911.6964.

Calculate the bolt values as follows

25.58"
22.63"
19.23"

Fig. 2-10

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 
29000
n= =9
57 3000

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 51

 Bar # ybolt n Abolt nAbolt Qbolt Ibolt
1 25.58 8 3.25 26 23514.92 21267418
2 25.58 8 3.25 26 23514.92 21267418
3 -25.58 9 3.25 29.25 27950.72 26709212
4 -25.58 9 3.25 29.25 27950.72 26709212
5 22.63 8 3.25 26 23591.62 21406382
6 22.63 8 3.25 26 23591.62 21406382
7 -22.63 9 3.25 29.25 27864.43 26544558
8 -22.63 9 3.25 29.25 27864.43 26544558
9 19.23 8 3.25 26 23680.02 21567106
10 19.23 8 3.25 26 23680.02 21567106
11 -19.23 9 3.25 29.25 27764.98 26355418
12 -19.23 9 3.25 29.25 27764.98 26355418
Totals 331.5 308733 287,700,186

Calculating the plate areas

y = .5×68 − 930 + 911.6964 = 15.70
A1 = 68×15.70 = 1067.36
Calculating the deduction for the area of the hole
58
ri = = 29
2
l = 29 − 930 + 911.6964 = 10.7
y 0 = max (ri − l, − ri ) = 18.3
2
29 π  18.3 
Ac = − + 18.3 292 − 18.32 + 292 sin−1   = −334.88
2  29 
A T = 1067.34 + 331.5 − 334.88 = 1063.98
Calculating the moment areas
 15.70 
Q1 = 1067.36 911.6964 −  = 964727
 2 
1.5
−2 (292 − 18.32 )
y1c = = 22.66
3 (−334.88)

Q c = −334.88 (930 − 22.66) = −303848

Q T = 962727 − 303848 + 308733 = 969612
Calculating the moments of inertia

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 52

 2
68 ×15.7 3  15.7 
I1 = + 1067.36 911.6964 −  = 871988746
12  2 
 18.3  
 4 18.3 (292
− 18.32 3
) 2 2 2 294 sin−1   
 π29 29 18.3 29 − 18.3  29 
Ic = −  + − − …
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
2
−(−334.88)22.662 + (−334.88)(930 − 22.66)
I c = −275697158
I T = 871988756 − 275697158 + 287700186 = 883991774
I 883991774
q calc = T = = 911.6964
QT 969612
Therefore, another iteration is not necessary and we can calculate final concrete and bolt stresses.
Py 46×15.7
fcmax = = = 1.75 ksi
qA T − Q T 911.6964 ×1063.98 − 969612

P (e − y bolt − q)
Pbolt = (nA b )
qA T − Q T
46 (930 − (−25.58) − 911.6964)
Pbolt = (9× 3.25)
911.6964×1063.98 − 969612
Pbolt = 143.1 kips
Likewise, the other bolt forces are

Bar # ybolt n Pbolt

1 25.58 8 -21.08987
2 25.58 8 -21.08987
3 -25.58 9 143.091
4 -25.58 9 143.091
5 22.63 8 -12.53961
6 22.63 8 -12.53961
7 -22.63 9 133.472
8 -22.63 9 133.472
9 19.23 8 -2.685071
10 19.23 8 -2.685071
11 -19.23 9 122.386
12 -19.23 9 122.386

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 53

Complete Circular Base Plate Method
The Process Equipment Method assumes that the bolts can be idealized as a ring of steel and that
the compression area can be idealized as a ring with the center of pressure at the center of the ring.
This assumption was valid for larger diameter pole with a relatively large number of bolts. Often
base plates are encountered that have as few as four bolts. These cases can result in significant error
when calculating pressures and bolt forces. Base plates that extend inside the pole will also have a
triangular stress distribution that may differ from the assumed ring theory.
Horn(21), developed a method for circular or polygonal base plates with a circular opening which
takes into account individual bolt locations. Square plates using the Complete Base Plate Method
were discussed in the last two sections.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 54

 q
y
e=M/P

di

B
Fig.2-11

The method is valid when there is net tension on the section, a condition that occurs when

(B4 − di4 )
e>
8B (B2 − d2i )

The method will make use of transformed areas of the bolts. Bolts that are in the tension zone will
have their areas transformed by
A bolt = nA b
Bolts within the compression zone will have their areas transformed by
A bolt = (n −1) A b

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 55

The method will calculate moment of inertia of the areas and the moment areas about the “e” line.
The moment of inertia divided by the moment area will then be the location of the neutral axis. The
process iterates on the value of q until it is determined to a sufficient degree of accuracy.
Defining
di
ri =
2
y = . 5B − e + q
29000
n=
57 fc′
Py max
fc =
qA T − Q T

A T = A1 + A c + ∑ comp (n − 1) A b + ∑ tens nA b

The area of the outer circle is defined as

B
r=
2
l0 = r − e + q
y0 = r − l 0
r2π y 
A1 = − y 0 r2 − y20 − r2 sin−1  0 
2  r 

Should the neutral axis fall below the top of the circular opening, the area of the semi-circle must be
deducted
l = ri − e + q
y c = max (ri − l, − ri )
ri2π y 
Ac = − + y c ri2 − y2c + ri2 sin−1  c  , l > 0
2  r 
i

The moment area is defined as

Q T = Q1 + Q c + Q bolts
1.5
2 (r2 − y20 )
y1 =
3A c

Q1 = A1 (e − y1 )

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 56

 y1c = 0 , if l < 0
1.5
−2 (ri2 − y2c )
=
3A c

Q c = A c (e − y1c )
j= ntens j= ncomp
Q bolts = ∑ nA b (e − y j ) + ∑ (n − 1)A b (e − y j )
j=1 j=1

The moment of inertia of the areas is defined as

I T = I1 + I c + I bolts

  y 
 4 y 3
r2 sin −1  0  
 πr 0 (r2 − y20 ) 2
r y0 r −y2 2
 r  2
 − A1 y12 + A1 (e − y1 )
0
I1 =  + − −
 8 2 4 4 
 
 

  
−1  y c  
 2 3 r 4
sin   

 πr 4 y c (ri2 − y )
c ri2 y c ri2 − y2c i
 ri   2
Ic = −  i + − −  − A c y12c + A c (e − y1c )
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
 A2 2
I bolts = ∑  bolt + A bolt (e − y j ) 
 4π 

IT
q=
QT

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 57

Example 2.5
Re-analyze Example 2.2 using the Complete Method.
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

q
y
e=M/P

48"

64"
73"
Fig. 2-12

The actual process requires iterating on q until a calculated value of q agrees to the fourth decimal
place with the value from the previous cycle. The final iteration of q yields q=916.18446.

Es 29000
n= = = 9.29
E c 57 3000

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 58

Calculate the bolt values as follows
360
θ= = 18°
20
y bolt = r × sin ( j×θ)

Bar # ybolt n Abolt nAbolt Qbolt Ibolt

1 0.000 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28079.03 26113565.79
2 9.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 27780.47 25561196.78
3 18.809 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24549.76 22369575.05
4 25.889 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24359.02 22023329.44
5 30.434 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24236.56 21802449.64
6 32.000 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24194.37 21726597.54
7 30.434 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24236.56 21802449.64
8 25.889 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24359.02 22023329.44
9 18.809 8.29 3.25 26.9425 24549.76 22369575.05
10 9.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 27780.47 25561196.78
11 0.000 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28079.03 26113565.79
12 -9.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28377.58 26671839.45
13 -18.809 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28646.92 27180531.35
14 -25.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28860.66 27587651.45
15 -30.434 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28997.90 27850633.93
16 -32.000 9.29 3.25 30.1925 29045.19 27941540.51
17 -30.434 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28997.90 27850633.93
18 -25.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28860.66 27587651.45
19 -18.809 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28646.92 27180531.35
20 -9.889 9.29 3.25 30.1925 28377.58 26671839.45
Totals 581.1 541015.35 503989684

The area of the outer circle is calculated as

73
r= = 36.5
2
y = l 0 = 36.5 − 930 + 916.18446 = 22.68
y 0 = 36.5 − 22.68 = 13.82
36.52 π  13.82 
A1 = − 13.82 36.52 − 13.822 − 36.52 sin−1   = 1108.79
2  36.5 
The inner circle is next calculated
l = 24 − 930 + 916.18446 = 10.18
y c = max (24 − 10.18 , − 24) = 13.82
242 π 13.82 
Ac = − + 13.82 242 − 13.822 + 242 sin −1   = −280.34
2  24 

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 59

 A T = 1108.79 + 581.1 − 280.34 = 1409.55
Calculating the moment areas
1.5
2 (36.52 − 13.822 )
y1 = = 23.18
3 (1108.79)

Q1 = 1108.79 (930 − 23.18) = 1005464

1.5
−2 (242 − 13.822 )
yc = = 17.97
3 (−280.34)

Q c = −280.34 (930 − 17.97 ) = −255674

Q T = 1005464 + 541015 − 255674 = 1290806
Calculating the moments of inertia
 13.82  

(36.52 −13.822 )
3
36.54 sin−1   
 π36.54 13.82 2
36.5 13.82 36.5 − 13.82 2 2
 36.5 
I1 =  + − − …
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
2
−(1108.79)23.182 + (1108.79)(930 − 23.18)
I1 = 911810020
 −1  13.82 

 2 3 24 4
sin   
 π24 4 13.82 (24 − 13.82 )
2 2 2
24 13.82 24 − 13.822
 24  
Ic = −  + − − …
 8 2 4 4 
 
 
2
−(−280.34)17.972 + (−280.34)(930 − 17.97 )
I c = −233183299
I T = 911810020 + 503898968 − 233183299 = 1182616405
I 1182616405
q calc = T = = 916.18446
QT 1290806
Therefore, another iteration is not necessary and we can calculate final concrete and bolt stresses.
Py 46×22.68
fcmax = = = 1.73 ksi
qA T − Q T 916.18446×1409.55 − 1290806
64
y bc = − 930 + 916.18446 = 18.18
2
Py 46×18.18
fbc = = = 1.39
qA t − Q t 916.18446×1409.55 − 1290806

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 60

 P (e − y bolt − q)
Pbolt = (nA b )
qA T − Q T
46 (930 − (−32) − 916.18446)
Pbolt = (9×3.25)
916.18446×1409.55 − 1290806
Pbolt = −105.6 kips
The values from the Lutz Modification Example 2.2 compare as follows: 1.70 ksi vs. 1.73 ksi, 1.349
ksi vs. 1.39 ksi, and 110.4 kips vs. 105.6 kips.
Likewise, the other bolt forces may be calculated

Bar # ybolt n Pbolt

1 0.000 9.29 -31.85
2 9.889 9.29 -9.05
3 18.809 8.29 10.27
4 25.889 8.29 24.84
5 30.434 8.29 34.19
6 32.000 8.29 37.41
7 30.434 8.29 34.19
8 25.889 8.29 24.84
9 18.809 8.29 10.27
10 9.889 9.29 -9.05
11 0.000 9.29 -31.85
12 -9.889 9.29 -54.65
13 -18.809 9.29 -75.22
14 -25.889 9.29 -91.54
15 -30.434 9.29 -102.02
16 -32.000 9.29 -105.63
17 -30.434 9.29 -102.02
18 -25.889 9.29 -91.54
19 -18.809 9.29 -75.22
20 -9.889 9.29 -54.65

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 61

The maximum plate stress with a pole diameter of 58”, using 50 ksi grade plate, is then
π×58
beff = = 9.11
20
58
y= − 930 + 916.18446 = 15.18
2
46×15.18
fpole = = 1.16
916.18446×1409.55 − 1290806
2 2
 73 − 58   73 − 58 
9.11×1.16   9. 11× (1. 73 − 1. 16 )  
 2   2 
M max = + +…
2 3
64 − 58
37.41× = 506.8 in − kips
2
6×506.8
fmax = = 65.93 ksi ≥ .75×50×1.33 = 50 ksi n.g.
9.11×2.252
64 − 58
M max = 105.6× = 316.8 in − kips
2
6× 316.8
fmax = = 41.2 ksi ≤ 50 ksi o.k.
9.11×2.252

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Grouted Base Plates • 62

Ungrouted Base Plates

Determining Bolt Forces

Most monopoles built today do not have grouted base plates. Grouting of the plate can lead to
corrosion problems if means are not provided to allow for drainage of condensation that can
develop within the pole. Once grouted, the pole can no longer be adjusted for any out-of-plumb
condition since the leveling nuts will be encased within the grout. Some manufacturers have
specific warranty disclaimers if the pole is grouted.
The determination of bolt forces in ungrouted base plates is straightforward. The bolt group should
be symmetrical about both axes and the bolts should be the same size. Square base plates usually
have the bolt clustered in four groups located along the diagonals of the plate.
The maximum bolt force is determined by
P My max
Fmax = +
n I
Where n is the number of bolts and ymax and I are calculated as illustrated in the following
examples.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 63

Example 3.1
Analyze the bolt forces on a polygonal base plate with a bolt circle of 64” and (20) 2-1/4” bolts. The
vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips).

32 30.43
25.89

18.8

9.88

Fig 3- 1

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 64

 n = 20
y max = 32
20
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ ))
2

360
θ= = 18°
20
2 2
I = 2× 322 + 2× 02 + 4 ×(32 sin (18)) + 4 ×(32 sin (36)) +
2
2
4 ×(32 sin (54)) + 4 ×(32 sin (72))
I = 10240
46 42780× 32
Fmax = ± = +135.99 kips, − 131.39 kips
20 10240

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 65

Example 3.2
Analyze the bolt forces on a square base plate loaded on the diagonal and a bolt circle of 64” and
(12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-
kips).

8.0575°

4.5"

32 31.68

4.485

Fig. 3- 2

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 66

 n = 12
y max = 32
12
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ))
2

1
2 2
I = 2× 322 + 2× 02 + 4×(32 sin (8.0575)) + 4×(32 sin (81.9425))
I = 6144
46 42780× 32
Fmax = ± = +226.6 kips, − 219.0 kips
12 6144

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 67

Example 3.3
Analyze the bolt forces on a square base plate loaded parallel to the edge and a bolt circle of 64”
and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The vertical load is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft
(42780 in-kips).

25.58"
22.63"
19.23"

Fig. 3- 3

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 68

 n = 12
y max = 25.58
12
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ ))
2

1
2 2 2
I = 4×(32 sin (45 − 8.0575)) + 4×(32 sin (45)) + 4×(32 sin (45 + 8.0575))
I = 6144
46 42780×25.58
Fmax = ± = +182 kips, − 174.3 kips
12 6144
As can be seen from these two examples, the maximum bolt force is always determined from the
loading along the diagonal for a square base plate.

Determining Bolt Shear

Shearing stresses in the pole are a maximum at the equator of the pole. A flexible base plate will
therefore have shearing forces distributed primarily to the two side regions at the equator. The
shear resisted by the bolts will then be
2V
Fv =
n
When the base plate is solid (without a central hole), the plate would be sufficiently rigid to equally
distribute the shear to all of the bolts.
V
Fv =
n

Bending Stresses In Bolts

Bolts in ungrouted base plates may be subjected to bending stresses when the clear distance below
the leveling nut is excessive. The TIA Standard has no requirement for this condition. However,
AASHTO requires bending to be considered whenever the clear distance is greater than one bolt
diameter. The ASCE Manual 72 recommends that bending be considered whenever the distance is
greater than two bolt diameters. The bolt is considered to be bent in reverse curvature. The bending
stress would then be

16cFv
fb =
πd3b

where c is the clear distance (see Fig. 3-4). When threads extend well into the clear space, the root
diameter of the threaded portion should be used for db.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 69

 c db

Fig 3- 4

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Ungrouted Base Plates • 70

Determining Plate Stresses

Introduction
The methods of determining bolt forces and concrete stresses presented in the previous chapters are
commonly used by all designers. The methods for determining the base plate bending stresses,
however, are not so uniformly accepted.

Effective Width Based Upon Plate Theory

Traditionally, most methods have used the peak bolt force or maximum concrete stress in
determining a cantilever moment on an effective width of plate at the pole to determine the plate
stress by simple beam theory. The moment would be equal to the
M = F ×d
where F is the force and d is the distance from the force to the face of the pole. The stress in the
plate would then be
6M
f=
Beff t2
To determine if this is realistic, consider a circular ring, guided at the pole but free to displace
vertically, and simply supported continuously at the anchor bolt circle. Roarke(25) Table 24.1b states
that the maximum moment in the ring will be
L9
M = wa
C8
1 
2
 b
C 8 = 1 + υ + (1 − υ)  

2  a

ro 1 + υ a 1 − υ   ro  
2

L9 =  ln + 1 −   
a  2 ro 4   a  

where “a” is the radius of the outside of the ring and “b” is the radius of the inside of the ring
(outside radius of the pole). Poisson’s ratio can be taken as 0.30 for steel. The unit load, “w” is taken

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 71

as one and the position of the load, “ro”, is taken as “b” to simulate the load coming from the pole.
Note that this condition is for an axial load without moment, but it will give us some indication for
the correct value of effective width.

Monopole Examples
a 24 32 36
b 15 27.5 30
b/a .625 .86 .833
C8 .787 .908 .893
L9 .2576 .124 .143
M 7.85 11.94 5.77
d=a-b 9 4.367 6
Beff=d/M 1.15 1.03 1.04

Although this may be a crude comparison, it leads us to conclude that the classical method of using
a circumferential strip for determining plate stress should be reasonably accurate for plates that
have a uniform spacing of anchor bolts in a circular pattern.

Process Equipment Methods

A base plate without stiffeners is assumed to behave as a cantilever beam. The allowable bending
stress (AISC) would be limited to .75Fy, while industrial engineers designing stacks usually limit
the stress to .6Fy.
The maximum bending moment in grouted base plates on the compression side is calculated per
unit circumferential length (b=1 in) in the base plate as
OD − D
d=
2
f d2
M press = c
2
where we use fc as the average uniform pressure on the cantilevered plate, OC is the outside
diameter of the plate and D is the pole diameter across the flats.
The maximum bending stress is therefore
6M press 3fcd2
fb = =
t2 t2
where t is the thickness of the plate.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 72

When using any of the Complete Methods, the moment would be a combination of the concrete
pressure and the contribution of the bolts in compression. Both the compression and tension sides
of the base plate should be checked.
The unit maximum bending moment in all base plates on the tension side and ungrouted base
plates on the compression side is
BC − D
d=
2
Tdn
M bolt =
πD
where we use T is the maximum bolt force on the cantilevered plate, BC is the bolt circle diameter,
D is the pole diameter across the flats, and n is the number of bolts. Sometimes a 45 degree angle
limitation is used(13) when there are a limited number of bolts (bolt spacing is greater than twice the
distance to the pole).

45

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 73

Example 4.1
Analyze the bolt forces on an ungrouted square base plate loaded on the diagonal and a bolt circle
of 64” and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The plate is 68” square and the inside of the base plate
has a diameter of 58”. The thickness of the pole is .500” and the plate is 2.25” thick. The vertical load
is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips).
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

68"

29.5"

58"

Fig 4- 1

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 74

Calculate the bolt values as follows

8.0575°

4.5"

32 31.68

4.485

Fig. 4-2

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 75

 n = 12
y max = 32
12
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ))
2

1
2 2
I = 2× 322 + 2× 02 + 4×(32 sin (8.0575)) + 4×(32 sin (81.9425))
I = 6144
46 42780× 32
Pmax = ± = +226.6 kips, − 219.0 kips
12 6144
y1 = 32
P1 = 226.6 kips
y2 = 31.68
 46 42780× 31.68 
P2 =  +  = 224.4 kips
 12 6144 
M = 226.6 (32 − 29.5) + 2 (224.4)(31.68 − 29.5) = 1544.88
If the effective width is limited to a 45 degree angle from the bolts (AISC approach),
beff = 2× 4.485 + 2 (31.68 − 29.5) = 13.33
6×1544.88
fb = = 137.4 ksi
13.33×2.252

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 76

Base Plates With Gussets
When gussets are used to stiffen the base plate, the loading condition on the section of the plate
between the two gussets may be considered to act like a rectangular uniformly loaded plate with
two opposite edges simply supported by the gussets, the third edge joined to the pole, and the
fourth and outer edge free. The following table, taken from Timoshenko(26), tabulates the bending
moments for this case.

x = b  x = b 
 2   2 
M x  M y 
b  y =   y = 0 
0 0 -0.500fcll2
.333 0.0078fcb2 -0.428fcl2
.500 0.0293fcb2 -0.319fcl2
.666 0.0558fcb2 -0.227fcl2
1 0.0972fcb2 -0.119fcl2
1.5 0.123fcb2 -0.124fcb2
2 0.131fcb2 -0.125fcb2
3 0.133fcb2 -0.125fcb2
∞ 0.133fcb2 -0.125fcb2

In this table, b=gusset spacing (x direction) and l=base plate outside radius minus the pole radius
(y-direction).
Note that when l/b=0 (no gussets or gusset spacing is very large), that the equations reduces back
to the cantilever equation. Also, note that when l/b is equal to or less than 1.5, the maximum
bending moment occurs at the junction with the pole because of cantilever action. If l/b is greater
then 1.5, the maximum bending moment occurs at the middle of the free edge. The stress in the
plate is
6M max
fb =
t2bp
The gusset is usually designed to resist the entire shear force as a cantilever beam. Most process
design texts design the gusset by ignoring any contribution of the base plate itself; the gusset acts as
a vertical plate only. Some designers will assume a tee-beam with a portion of the base plate acting
along with the vertical plate gusset.
The gusset will impart a bending stress on the wall of the pole, which can be estimated from the
work of Bijilaard(22).
 
 
M gusset  1 . 32 Z . 031 
fbpole wall =  + 
t2   1.43ah 2  Rt 
 + (4ah 2 )
1
  3

  Rt  
 

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 77

where
1.0
Z= 2
 
 .177 am  m  + 1.0
 Rt  t 

t = thickness of pole wall

a = 2 (t gusset + t )
R = radius of pole wall
h = height of gusset
m = thickness of base plate

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 78

Alternate Method 1
This method is identical to the Process Equipment Method with the following modifications.
D flat + D tip
1. D is taken to be the average diameter of the polygonal pole D = .
2
BC − D − d b
2. d is taken from the edge of the bolt rather than from the bolt circle d = .
2

Alternate Method 2
This method is identical to the Process Equipment Method with following modifications.
D flat + D tip
1. D is taken to be the average diameter of the polygonal pole D = .
2
BC − D − d nut
2. d is taken from the edge of the nut to the fillet weld d = − tw .
2

Alternate Method 3
This method is identical to the Process Equipment Method with following modifications.
D flat + D tip
1. D is taken to be the average diameter of the polygonal pole D = .
2
BC − D − d nut
2. d is taken from the edge of the nut to the fillet weld d = − tw .
2
3. The plate is considered to be bent in double curvature such that the moment is one-half that
of a cantilevered plate. This assumes that the bolt is considered capable of resisting such a
moment. An equivalent procedure would be to adjust the bolt circle, BC, to a point midway
between the bolt and the average diameter of the pole.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 79

Method of Slices
The method evolved from the AISC method (see Introduction), which takes a slicing plane across
the entire width of the base plate. The method ignores the tension side distribution shown in Fig 1-3
and assumes that the effective width resisting bending moment, beff, goes across the entire plate as
shown in Fig. 4-3. Should a slice occur near a bolt hole, the width of the hole(s) is deducted from the
effective plate width.

beff
B

1
2
3
4

n.a.
y

Fig 4- 3

The method requires that a number of slicing planes be taken between the bolt circle and the
neutral axis. The net moment at any slice is then the sum of the moments due to the forces outside
of the cutting plane minus the moment due to stresses in the pole when the slice occurs within the

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 80

diameter of the pole. Most designers who use this method usually only take a slice at the face of the
monopole, a point that may or may not be the most critical slice.
At any location from the center of a square plate for loading on the diameter, y
y=.707 B
beff y=d/2
= 1.414B − 2 y
2
d  d 
= 1.414B − 2y − 2  − y d −  − y
y=d/2
beff y=n.a.
2  2 
M = ∑ Pbolt ×( y bolt − y) + ∫ fi ×( y − y i ) , y < y i
6M
fb =
beff t2
Parallel loading usually does not control in this method since the bolts are usually below the y
location of the face of the pole.
At any location from the center of a square plate for loading parallel, y
y=B/2
beff y=d /2
=B
2
d  d 
= B − 2  − y d −  − y
y=d/2
beff y=n.a.
2  2 
M = ∑ Pbolt ×( y bolt − y) + ∫ fi ×( y − y i ) , y < y i
6M
fb =
beff t2
At any location from the center of a polygonal or circular plate, y

2
B   
beff
y=B/2
= 2  − y B −  B − y
y=d /2
 2   2 
2 2
B  B  d   
beff
y=d/2
= 2  − y B −  − y − 2  − y d −  d − y
y=n.a.
2  2   2   2 
M = ∑ Pbolt ×( y bolt − y) + ∫ fi ×( y − y i ) , y < y i
6M
fb =
beff t2
The moment due to the pole shell stresses be calculated as follows
d
r=
2
 y
α = cos−1  
r

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 81

 2
2Ptr2 α 2Mtr2 α (cos θ − cos α )
M pole =
A ∫0 ( cos θ − cos α ) dθ +
S ∫0 1 − cos α
dθ

2Mtr2  α cos α − 23 (sin α cos α ) + 12 α 

2
2Ptr2
= (sin α −α cos α ) +
A S  sin α −α cos α 


Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 82

Example 4.2
Analyze the bolt forces on an ungrouted square base plate loaded on the diagonal and a bolt circle
of 64” and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The plate is 68” square and the inside of the base plate
has a diameter of 58”. The thickness of the pole is .500” and the plate is 2.25” thick. The vertical load
is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips).
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

68"

1
2

29.5"
23.2"

58"

Fig 4- 4

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 83

Slice 1 occurs at the outside face of the pole. Slice 2 is at .8 times the diameter of the pole (AISC
critical location).

Calculate the bolt values as follows

8.0575°

4.5"

32 31.68

4.485

Fig.4-5

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 84

 n = 12
y max = 32
12
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ))
2

1
2 2
I = 2× 322 + 2× 02 + 4×(32 sin (8.0575)) + 4×(32 sin (81.9425))
I = 6144
46 42780× 32
Pmax = ± = +226.6 kips, − 219.0 kips
12 6144
46×6144
y n.a. = = .55 "
12× 42780
y1a = 32
P1a = 226.6 kips
y1b = 31.68
 46 42780× 31.68 
P1b =  +  = 224.4 kips
 12 6144 
beff 1 = 1.414 ×68 − 2×29.5 = 37.152
M1 = 226.6 (32 − 29.5) + 2 (224.4)(31.68 − 29.5) = 1544.88
6×1544.88
f1 = = 49.28 ksi
37.152×2.252
This compares to 130.8 ksi using the Process Equipment Method.
Next, calculating the stress on slice 2
y2 = .80d = 23.2
 23.2 
α = cos−1   = .665
 29.5 
π (592 − 582 )
A= = 91.88 in 2
4
π (59 − 58 4 )
4

I= = 39311 in 4
64
39311
S= = 1333
29.5
2
beff = 1.414 ×68 − 2×23.2 − 2 (29.5 − 23.2) 59 − (29.5 − 23.2) = 13.3

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 85

 2× 46×.5×29.52
M pole = (sin (.665) − .665 cos (.665)) + …
91.88
2× 42780×.5×29.52  .665 cos (.665) − 23 (sin (.665) cos (.665)) + 21 .665 
2

1333  sin (.665) − .665 cos (.665) 

 
M pole = 41 + 4495 = 4535

M 2 = 226.6 (32 − 23.2) + 2 (224.4)(31.68 − 23.2) − 4535 = 1265

6×1265
f2 = = 112.73 ksi
13.3×2.252

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 86

Alternate Method 1 – Square Base Plates
This alternate uses one slice at the face of the pole and limits the value of beff to no greater than the
diameter of the pole.

Alternate Method 2 – Circular Base Plates

This alternate uses one slice at the face of the pole and uses 90% of beff.

Boulos Method (New York Dept. of Transportation)

As can be seen from Examples 4.1 and 4.2, there is a wide discrepancy between stresses calculated
by the Process Equipment Method (used by industrial engineers for stacks) and those calculated by
the Method of Slices (used by a number of pole manufacturers), especially if the slice location is
limited to the face of the pole.
A research project was undertaken in 1993 at the New York State Department of Transportation
Engineering Research and Development Bureau and sponsored by the Federal Highway
Administration(5). The project performed full-scale testing and finite element analysis of traffic
signal poles (square poles with four anchor bolts) to evaluate their structural adequacy. Results of
testing and analysis of four poles indicated that they were structurally inadequate. The support
base plate and anchor bolts were found to be deficient components, but the pole’s post was
adequately designed. FEA models of the signal poles that verified the test results were then used to
evaluate a representative sample of poles from three major suppliers. Results showed that plates
designed by the manufacturers’ current (1993) methods of design were not adequate to carry the
design loads. The report proposed a new design method for the base plate. This method is only
applicable to square base plates. Since the testing was done on smaller ungrouted base plates
commonly used for traffic poles having only four bolts, the method may not be totally applicable to
larger diameter pole used for telecommunication purposes; however, it will provide educational
background into the problem of determining stresses in base plates.
Boulos et al determined that both the parallel load and diagonal load cases resulted in three critical
zones of stress. The diagonal case had a single zone at the narrowest part of the plate (45 degrees to
the diagonal). The parallel case had two zones, each one at the narrowest part of the plate (0
degrees and 90 degrees).

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 87

 Fig. 4- 6

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 88

 Fig. 4- 7

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 89

Diagonal Loading Case
The method proposed by Boulos et al calculates the maximum bending stress as
BC − DB
d=
2
6M × d
fb =
α (1.414L − DB)× BC × T 2
Where M/BC is the bolt force, BC is the bolt circle diameter, L is the width of the plate and DB is
the diameter of the pole. Upon careful examination of this equation, it can be seen that this is
identical to the method of slices with a correction term for the effective width, α.
 BC DB  DB 
2 
4.304 − 0.02021 − 4.304 + 4.503   −…
T L  L 
α =   /Cα
 L − .707 BC BC 
0.9750 − 1.686 
 L − DB L 
Cα = 1.097
Typically, the value of α is .45 ≤ α ≤ .75 .

Fig. 4- 8

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 90

Parallel Loading Case
Bending Stress
The maximum bending stress was found to occur midway between the bolts as the point of
maximum pole stress pushes down analogous to a triangular load at midspan spanning between
the two bolts. In fact, Boulos constructed a mathematical model which assumed that the plate
spanned between the two bolts with fixed ends. The loading was then assumed to be a triangular
load acting between the bolts.
 DB 1 − DB  
4

3M  1 1 − L ′  
L ′  
fb =  − +
2
 DB  4 3 12 
βt (L − DB)
2
  
 L ′   
L ′ = max (.707 BC, D)
  DB 
2 
157.6 − 21.85 L − .33 BC − 259.3 DB − 48.13 LT
+ 194.6  + … 
 
 L  
β =  DB T L DB L − DB
 /C β
 T DB 
127.4 − 21.65 
 BC BC 
C β = 1.080
Typically, the value of β is 0.5 ≤ β ≤ 1.5 .

Fig. 4- 9

Torsional Shear Stress at Midpoint of Side

The side of the plate has one bolt in compression and the other in tension. This results in a torsional
stress that is calculated as

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 91

 M
fv =
2 ( γC ′bT 2 )
b = min (.707BC, DB)

b/t C’
1.0 0.208
1.2 0.219
1.5 0.231
2.0 0.246
2.5 0.258
3.0 0.267
4.0 0.282
5.0 0.291
10.0 0.312
∞ 0.333

 2 
210 − 66.9 BC − .1719 BC − DB − 714.8 DB + 358.3  DB  −…
 
 L  
γ =  DB T L
 /C γ
 L − .707 BC BC − DB BC 
48.16 − 288.2 + 381 
 L − DB 1.414B − DB L 
C γ = 1.094
Typically, the value for γ is 1.3 ≤ γ ≤ 2.3 .

Fig. 4- 10

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 92

The method is valid for square base plates within the following ranges
BC
8.0 ≤ ≤ 16.5
T
DB
0.5 ≤ ≤ 0.75
L
BC
0.95 ≤ ≤ 1.05
L
These ranges are usually exceeded for telecommunication poles and the corresponding values will
be < 0, thus suggesting that the lower bounds should be used. Therefore, it may be prudent to
impose an upper limit on the effective width equal to .40 of the full slice width at the face of the
pole for poles with four bolts. However it is reasonable to assume that, as the number of bolts
increases, the effective width would increase above this value.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 93

Owens Method (New York Dept. of Transportation)
Owens(6,7) et. al., extended the Boulos method to accommodate grouted base plates. He
incorporated yet another check using yield line theory.

Fig. 4- 11

The research confirmed the Boulos findings that base plates previously designed by manufacturers
were deficient.
The stress at the yield line is calculated as follows
M by = T × rby
t2 .707 t2  a
S x = b′′ × = b′ − 

6 6 4
M by
fby =
Sx
Comparing to the Method of Slices, the effective width is
beff = b′′ = .823B − .707d
Which is about 40-45% of the full diagonal width at the face of the pole for common
telecommunication poles.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 94

ASCE Manual 72 (Proposed 2003 Revision)
ASCE Manual 72(27) contains a base plate design section which uses the Method of Slices with the
45 degree limitation discussed in the Process Equipment section. The ASCE method checks two
bend lines on each facet of the polygon, a line parallel to the pole face and another line tangential to
the corner of the polygon. The bend line for a circular pole is tangent to the pole. See Fig. 4-11.

Beff

c2
c1

Parallel to bend line

45

r
ne
cor
tol
ntia
ge
Tan

Fig. 4- 11

The bending moment on the bend line is then the sum of the bolt forces outside of the bend line
times the distance of the bolt from the bend line (c1 and c2 in Fig. 4-11). The tangential to corner
situation is only applicable to power line transmission poles where the forces are primarily parallel
and perpendicular to the transmission lines. Telecommunication poles can be oriented at any

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 95

possible angle to the wind and therefore the pole would be assumed to be oriented such that the
bolts and the polygonal faces are in the worst possible condition with the resultant moment in only
one direction. The the parallel case would be the worst case scenario for this situation.

Example 4.3
Analyze the bolt forces on an ungrouted square base plate loaded on the diagonal and a bolt circle
of 64” and (12) 2-1/4” bolts spaced at 4.5”. The plate is 68” square and the inside of the base plate
has a diameter of 58”. The thickness of the pole is .500” and the plate is 2.25” thick. The vertical load
is 46 kips and the moment is 3565 kip-ft (42780 in-kips).
M 42780
e= = = 930 in
P 46

13.33"
68"

29.5"

58"

Fig 4- 12

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 96

Calculate the bolt values as follows

8.0575°

4.5"

32 31.68

4.485

Fig.4-5

 4.5 
θ = 360   = 8.0575°
 64π 

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 97

 n = 12
y max = 32
12
I = ∑ y2 = ∑ (r sin (θ))
2

1
2 2
I = 2× 322 + 2× 02 + 4×(32 sin (8.0575)) + 4×(32 sin (81.9425))
I = 6144
46 42780× 32
Pmax = ± = +226.6 kips, − 219.0 kips
12 6144
y1a = 32
P1a = 226.6 kips
y1b = 31.68
 46 42780× 31.68 
P1b =  +  = 224.4 kips
 12 6144 
beff1 = 2× 4.485 + 2×(31.68 − 29.5) = 13.33 in
M1 = 226.6 (32 − 29.5) + 2 (224.4)(31.68 − 29.5) = 1544.88
6×1544.88
f1 = = 137.4 ksi
13.33×2.252
This compares to 49.28 ksi using the Method of Slices (Example 4.2).

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Determining Plate Stresses • 98

Anchor Bolts

Material Grades
Over the years, a wide variety of bolt grades have been used for pole base plates. The most
commonly used grades are listed below.

ASTM Designation Tensile Strength, ksi

A307 60
A325 (SAE Gr 5 similar) 105
A354 Gr BD 150, 140 (over 2 ½”)
A354 Gr BC 125, 115 (over 2 ½”)
A449 90
A490 (SAE Gr 8 similar) 150
A618 Gr 75 (Anchor bolt grade, #18J bars) 100
A687 150
A36 58
A572 Gr 50 65
A572 Gr 42 60
A588 70
F1554 Gr 36 58
F1554 Gr 55 75
F1554 Gr 105 125

The current standard has anchor bolts unified under ASTM F1554 . Only grades 36 and 55 permit
welding.
Hooked anchor bolts have fallen into disfavor as tests have shown that local crushing occurs at the
bend point leading to a reduction in pullout capacity. The standard method detail is to provide a
threaded portion at the bottom of the anchor bolt and attach a nut or nut with washer. When the
grade permits welding, the nut is usually tack-welded to the bolt to insure that the nut does not

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 99

loosen or fall off. High strength grades usually do not permit welding and a second “jam” nut is
often provided.
The number of anchor bolts required is a function of the maximum net uplift on the column and the
allowable tensile load for the grade chosen. Prying forces in anchor bolts are typically neglected.
Fatigue is often ignored in the selection and sizing of anchor bolts. However, in cases of high
seismic/wind situations fatigue may be a consideration. The following table shows some
recommended values for bolt fatigue stresses.

Number of Cyclesa Allowable Tensile Stress, ksi

20,000 to 100,000 40
100,000 to 500,000 25
500,000 to 2,000,000 15
Over 2,000,000 10
aCategories correspond to AISC Appendix K

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 100

Anchorage
Prior to publication of ACI 318-02, anchorage of bolts was based upon approximate methods using
pull-out “cones” as developed in AISC(12) and PCI(24). ACI 318 presented a new method for
determining anchor bolt capacities. Appendix D of ACI 318-02 (ACI 2002) and Appendix B of ACI
349-01 both address the anchoring to concrete of cast-in-place anchors. Adhesive anchors and
grouted anchors are not covered by these appendices. The provisions in both of these appendices
are based upon the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Method.
In the CCD method the concrete cone is considered to be formed at a slope of 1 in 1.5 rather than
the older 45 degree assumption. The cone is considered to have a square shape in plan rather than
the classical round shape to simplify calculations.
Section 15.8.3.3 of ACI 318-02 requires that anchor bolts reach their design strength before
anchorage failure or failure of the surrounding concrete (ductile failure) yet no code section is
provided to state how this is to be accomplished.
Lutz-Fisher(23), outline a procedure to insure this ductility requirement. When an anchor bolt is
designed to lap with reinforcement, the anchor capacity can be taken as φA se Fy since the lap splice
will insure that ductile behavior will occur. A se is the tensile stress area of the anchor bolt and
φ = .9 as given in ACI 318-02 Chapter 9. To insure ducitlity for breakout, there must be sufficient
lap length (with a standard hook on the reinforcing bars if required) to adequately develop the
capacity. The distance “g” as shown in Fig. 5-1 is the distance from the centerline of the anchor bolt
to the centerline of the nearest reinforcing bar. Using a Class B splice, the required embedment (top
of concrete to top of nut) would be
g
h ef = 1.3l d + + top cover
1.5
When the anchor is solely resisted by concrete, as it would be for pullout and side-face blowout,
one needs to have the concrete designed with additional capacity in order to insure ductility of the
(
connection. To achieve this, Lutz proposed that the concrete must reach a capacity of 1.25 φA se Fy )
thereby insuring that the steel would yield prior to concrete rupture.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 101

 Hooked bars if required

1.3ld hef

1
1.5

Potential failure plane

g
Fig. 5- 2 Development of bar for concrete breakout

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 102

Example 4.1
An anchor bolt has a factored (USD) bolt tension of 50 kips. There are 8 anchor bolts and the
anchor bolts are 10 inches from the edge of a 60 inch diameter concrete pier and the bolts are 1-1/4”
F1554 Gr 55. There are 24-#9 Gr 60 reinforcing bars bundled in groups of 2, 3 inches clear from the
edge of the pier and the concrete strength is 3500 psi. The basic development length of a #9 bar with
3 inches clear is 37 inches (straight bar).

9"

10"

60"

3"

Fig 5-2

Check tension capacity of 2-#9 bars

φPcap = .90× nA b × Fy = .90×2×1.0×60 = 108 o.k.
The anchor bolt capacity is

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 103

 φN s = .75×A se × Fut = .75×.969×75 = 54.5 kips

Breakout
Ductility for breakout will be insured by lapping the bolt with the reinforcing bars.
l d = 37 in
1.3l d = 48 in
g 9
h ef ≥ 1.3l d + + cov er = 48 + + 3 = 57 in, say 5 '
1.5 1.5

Pullout
To insure ductility for pull-out and side-face blowout, the concrete strength must be greater than

kips
1.25 (φA se Fy ) = 1.25× 0.9×.969×55 = 60 bolt
Using a nut diameter of 2.1”, the pullout strength is
φN pn = φψ 4 N p = .70 (1.4) A brg (8fc′)
 2.12 − 1.252 
A brg = π   = 2.236
 4 
φN pn = .70×1.4×2.236× 8× 3.5 = 61 kips ≥ 60 o.k.
Often the anchor bolts are held together with a ½” setting plate ring. This would increase the
bearing area but might not be fully effective since the plate would bend during pullout. An
assumption could be made that the bearing would be equivalent to a washer which would have an
outside diameter of two times the bolt diameter.

Side-Face Blowout
The side clearance, c , is 10”. Since c ≤ .4 h ef , side-face blowout must be checked. The side-face
blowout strength is
 s 
φN sbg = .75 1 + o 160c A brg fc′
 6c 
 18.85 
= .75 1 + 160×10 2.236× 3500 = 139.5 kips ≥ 60 o.k.
 6×10 
Normally, side-face blowout would not need to be checked if ties are provided in the region at the
anchor bolt nut location such that the ties would cross the failure plane.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Anchor Bolts • 104

Recommendations

Determining Base Plate Forces

Grouted Base Plates

All of the methods presented yield approximately the same results. However, the Complete
Methods are more accurate when there are a limited number of bolts. The Complete Methods also
have specific methods for square base plates, which can only be approximated as circular using the
Process Equipment or Lutz Methods.
Therefore, the Complete Method should be modified to obtain a more reasonable distribution of
plate stresses considering that the plate is not infinitely rigid. The following two modifications
should be made:
1. The distance from the bolt circle to the outside edge of the plate should be limited to the
distance from the pole face to the bolt circle.
2. The plate hole opening diameter should be taken as no less than the inner diameter of
the pole minus the distance from the pole face to the adjusted outside edge of the plate.

Ungrouted Base Plates

The method of calculating bolt forces using the section modulus of the bolt group is the only
method currently being used.

Determining Base Plate Stresses

The Method of Slices without any adjustment to the effective width was proven inaccurate by the
work of Boulos and Owens. The method should only be used for square base plates whenever the
effective width of plate at the face of the pole is multiplied by an adjustment factor . The factor
would be approximately 0.40 for four bolt base plates and would increase for poles with more than
four bolts.
The Process Equipment Method of considering the plate as a simple cantilever from the center of
the bolt circle to the face of the pole is still the simplest method for circular or polygonal plates and
yields results for square base plates, when using the 45 degree rule, that are comparable to those

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Recommendations • 105

obtained by using the Boulos method when using a lower bound of .40 on effective width. There
was no evidence in the research that would support the assumptions in any of the Alternate
Methods although they may have some validity.
The ASCE Manual 72 (Proposed) Method is identical to the aforementioned Process Equipment
Method using the 45 degree rule.
The Process Equipment Method (45 degree rule)/ASCE Manual 72 Method is therefore
recommended using the parallel bend line and the worst case positioning of pole facets and
bolts.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Recommendations • 106

Construction Details
The majority of poles manufactured today are small diameter poles used for traffic control
purposes. The poles are circular and extend through the plate as shown below.

Typical Fillet Weld

Top Weld Resists - 75-100% of Load
Bottom Weld Resists 25% of Load

gap

Must build out weld to

achieve proper root thickness

This detail subjects the weld to a constant state of stress. Larger diameter polygonal poles may have
manufacturing tolerances such that a “gap” may occur during fit-up. This requires that the fillet
welds be built-up in order to maintain the proper root thickness.
A better detail for larger diameter poles is to extend the plate inside the pole and to use a full
penetration weld as shown below. A covering fillet(s) may be added to prevent water collection at
the base plate.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Recommendations • 107

Bibliography

References
1. Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, Manual 72, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
2. Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals, American
Association of State Highway Transportation Offices (AASHTO).
3. Guide Specifications for Design of Metal Flagpoles, The National Association of Architectural Metal
Manufacturers (NAAMM).
4. Metal Flagpole Manual, The National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM).
5. Research Report 159, Load Testing, Finite Element Analysis, And Design of Steel Traffic-Signal Pole, Boulos, Fu,
and Alampalli, New York State Department of Transportation.
6. Research Report 131, A Simplified Design Procedure For End-Plates and Base-Plates Of Cantilevered Traffic
Structures, Frank Owens, Osman Hag-Elsafi, Sreenivas Alampalli, New York State Department of
Transportation.
7. New Procedure For Design of End Plates and Base Plates of Cantilevered Traffic Support Structures, Osman Hag-
Elsafi, Sreenivas, and Frank Owens, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, October 2001.
8. Design of Welded Structures, Blodgett, Lincoln Arc Welding.
9. Design of Steel Structures, Gaylord and Gaylord.
10. Steel Structures, McGuire.
11. Steel Structures, Design and Behavior, Salmon and Johnson.
12. Steel Design Guide Series 1, Column Base Plates, American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).
13. Column Base Plates with Axial Loads and Moments, DeWolf, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering,
November 1980.
14. Base Plates Under Axial Loads and Moments, Thambiratnam, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, May
1986.
15. Concrete Plain and Reinforced, Taylor, Thompson, and Smulski, 1925.
16. Process Equipment Design, Brownell and Young , 1957.

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Bibliography • 108

17. Tubular Steel Structures, Theory and Design, Troitsky , Lincoln Arc Welding 1990.
18. Pressure Vessel Handbook, Megyesy.
19. Pressure Vessel Handbook, Bednard , 1991.
20. Internal Memorandum, Computerized Structural Design, Dr. Leroy Lutz, 2004.
21. Internal Memorandum, Computerized Structural Design, Daniel Horn, 2004.
22. Design of Plate Structures – Volume 2, Bijilaard, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI).
23. Steel Design Guide Series #7, Industrial Buildings, Roofs to Column Anchorage, Lutz-Fisher, American
Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 2004.
24. Prestressed Concrete Design Handbook, Presressed Concrete Institute (PCI).
25. Formulas for Stress and Strain, Roarke.
26. Theory of Plates and Shells, Timoshenko.
27. ASCE Manual 72, Guide for Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE)

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Bibliography • 109

Glossary of Terms

AASHTO
American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials.

AISC
American Institute of Steel Construction.

AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute.

ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers.

Base Plate
A steel plate that transmit forces from a column to the foundation.

Monopole
A stepped or tapered steel pole. Poles can be round or polygonal (8,12,16, or 18 sides).

NAAMM
National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers.

PCI
Prestressed Concrete Institute.

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Glossary of Terms • 111

 Determining Bolt Forces 66
Determining Bolt Shear 71
Diagonal Loading Case 91

Index E
Effective Width Based Upon Plate Theory 74
Example 1.1 9
Example 1.2 14
Example 1.3 17
Example 2.1 26
Example 2.2 31
Example 2.3 38
Example 2.4 47, 58
A Example 2.5 63
AASHTO 111 Example 3.1 68
AISC 111 Example 3.2 69
AISC Method For Building Columns 7 Example 3.3 69
AISI 111 Example 4.1 79, 104
Alternate Method 1 80 Example 4.2 87
Alternate Method 1 - Square Base Plates 90 Example 4.3 101
Alternate Method 2 83
Alternate Method 2 - Circular Base Plates 91 F
Alternate Method 3 87 Flexible Base Plate 8
Anchorage 104
ASCE 111 G
ASCE Manual 72 (Proposed 2003 Revision) 99
Grouted Base Plates 107
B
H
Base Plate 111
Base Plates With Gussets 79 Historical Perspective 2
Bending Stress 95
Bending Stresses In Bolts 71 I
Boulos Method (New York Dept. of Introduction 72
Transportation) 91
Breakout 105 L

C Lutz Modification 29

Complete Circular Base Plate Method 63 M

Complete Square Base Plate - Load On Diagonal
33 Material Grades 104
Complete Square Base Plate - Load Parallel 50 Method of Slices 87
Modification for Clipped Corners 36
D Monopole 111

Determining Base Plate Forces 105

Determining Base Plate Stresses 108

Technical Manual 1 Design of Monopole Bases Index • 113

N
NAAMM 111

O
Organization 1
Owens Method (New York Dept. of
Transportation) 99

P
Parallel Loading Case 94
PCI 111
Process Equipment Design Method 19
Process Equipment Methods 77
Pullout 105

S
Side-Face Blowout 105
Stiff Plate Approach 12

T
Technical Manual 1-1 43
Technical Manual 1-2 54
Technical Manual 1-3 79
Torsional Shear Stress at Midpoint of Side 96

U
Ungrouted Base Plates 108

Technical Manual 1 – Design of Monopole Bases Index • 114