Structured Cabling system 1.

0 Scope:
This document covers the basics of structured cabling system and also data centre network connectivity.

2.0 Introduction:
Structured cabling system help the networking people to isolate the fault, trouble shoot the networks error, and also for future expansion of the system networks.

3.0 Structured cabling system (SCS):

In any IT building the structured cabling system plays a significance role in networking inside the building and networks connection between their own branches. The structured cabling system stated as system that comprises set of active (Switch or server / passive (cable or face plate) elements, applied with engineering design rules that allow the user to apply voice, data and signals in a manner that maximize the data rates.

4.0 Network elements

The following elements are the network elements: a) Computer (Inbuilt network interface card and Operating system (Win XP / Win 98/ Win 99)

Figure- 1 b) Switch / Hub: It is a core switch, which interconnect the printer & computer.

Figure- 2

c) Server Rack

Figure- 3

d) NAS (Network attach storage)

5.0 Networks elements connectivity

For Local area network, the computer shall comprise of network interface card and operating system. The switch or hub which has many Ethernet (RJ 45) ports, that will support to connect active devices such as printer, modem, Fax machine etc. Below connectivity shows the network element connectivity

LEGENDS: PINK CAT-6 SERVER RACK BLUE PATCH CORD RED PAIR CABLE

SWITCH

BLADE RACK JACK PANEL

FACE PLATE

COMPUTER

STORAGE RACK

6.0 Pre-structured cabling system

The cables are laid in unstructured manner i.e. different system cables are routed in dissimilar way. This leads to complexity in trouble shooting and also for future expansion. The following Figure- 5 is an example for pre-structured cabling system In the below Figure- 5 the system like Telephone system, local area network, Closed circuit television are shown, their connectivity gives an unmanageable for trouble shooting or future expansion.

Figure-5 The Figure-6 indicates the SCS for the Telephone system, local area network, Closed circuit television.

Figure-6

7.0 SCS sub-system:

In the structured cabling system, there are sub-divided to six sub systems 1) Riser backbone 2) Horizontal cable 3) Work area 4) Equipment 5) Administration 6) Campus backbone

7.1 Riser backbone:

It is defined as the cable interlinks the two switches or Hub within the building.

7.2 Horizontal Cable:

It is defined as the cable interlinks the faceplate and jack panel.

7.3 Work area:

The user end is also known as work area.

7.4 Equipment:
The following network equipment is defined as equipment. a) Computer b) Switch/Hub c) Server d) Network attach storage (NAS) / storage rack

7.5 Administration:
It is defined as the computer which has a full control of the domain (e.g. TCE.com).

7.6 Campus backbone:

It is defined as the cable interlinks the two switches or Hub between the campuses.

8.0 Terminology for Networks:

These are the basic fundamental technical terminology used by network persons. 1) Inter-connect 2) Cross connect 3) Telecommunication outlet (TO) 4) Telecommunication closet (TC) 5) Main cross connect (MC) 6) Intermediate cross connect (IC) 7) Equipment room (ER) 8) Entrance facility (EF)

8.1 Inter-connect
The cable inter-connects the core switch/Hub and Jack panel.

8.2 Cross connect

The cable inter-connect the two jack panel

8.3

Telecommunication closet (TC) The Incomer of the face plate is known as TC.

8.4 Telecommunication outlet (TO)

The outlet of the face plate is known as TO.

8.5 Main cross connect (MC)

In the master/main server room, where the cross connection (refer: 8.2) are made.

8.6 Intermediate cross connect (IC)

In the local switch room, where the cross connection (refer: 8.2) are made.

8.7 Equipment room (ER)

The server rack, NAS rack and switch are located in ER.

8.8 Entrance facility (EF)

The room where the service provider terminates is services like telephone trunk line cable, VSNL (wired/wireless) for LAN connectivity for the server room usage.

9.0 Types of cable

In networking the passive elements like cables plays a major role in connectivity of servers, users, etc. Basically two different type of cable is used in networking. They are: 1) Copper cable 2) Fiber optic cable (FOC)

10.0 Copper cable

The Copper cable is sub-divided in to two type. They are: 1) Coaxial 75 ohm 2) 4 pair balance twisted 100 ohm

10.1.1 Coaxial cable: The coaxial cable has a single conductor which works on half duplex method. The half duplex is stated as Transmission of signal from single transmitter end to receiver end without acknowledgement. (E.g. dish cable connected to TV) here the dish is act as transmitter and TV act as a receiver, there will not be acknowledgement from receiver end to dish/transmitter end. It supports a very lower bandwidth. 10.1.2 Four pair balance twisted: The four pair balance twisted cable works under the principal of full duplex method. The full duplex is stated as Transmission of signal with acknowledgement i.e. Transmitter end has one transmitter and receiver, similarly the receiver end also has one transmitter and receiver. Transmission of data in full duplex method is explained as follows. The source end and user end will have a both transmitter and receiver, when the signal transmitted from source end via transmitter, it will be received by the user end via receiver and acknowledgement will be sent from user end via transmitter, it will received by to source end via receiver. It supports a very higher bandwidth. The twisted pair cable distinguished in three types. They are: a) Foiled twisted pair (FTP)

b) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) c) Shielded twisted pair (STP) In the twisted pair cables the types of categories/classes are been classified. Check the below table-1 for frequency ranges of the twisted pair cables. S.NO ISO classes/categories 1) Class C/category 3 2) Class D/category 5 3) Class E/category 6 4) Class EA/category 6A 5) Cat 7 is not defined by TIA Table-1 Characterization category 3 category 5e category 6 Augmented category 6 TIA categories frequency 16 MHZ 100 MHZ 250 MHZ 500 MHZ

11.0 Anatomy of a UTP cable

The Anatomy of UTP cable is as follows: a) Bare copper conductors b) Insulation c) Pairs with unique twist lengths d) Multiple pairs stranded into a core e) Outer jacket over the core

Figure-7

12.0 Balance signaling

When the UTP cable is connected between source end and user end, there will be a interference of noise/signal which will disturb the transfer of the data packet. So to achieve the balanced signal at both ends of the twisted pair the coupler transformer will be connected at the both end of the same.

In figure-8 the coupler transformer produces a voltage of 5V, the polarity such as +2.5V & -2.5V is formed at the transmitter end and same voltage level is obtained at the receiver end, this is called data transfer without loss.

Figure-8

Figure-9 explain about the cancellation of noise signal of 1V is achieved by using coupler transformer. To attain the transmitter voltage of 5V at the receiver end the coupler transformer which is located at the both end of transmitter and receiver end will changes the voltage level according to the interference voltage. During the interference of 1V noise signal, the transmitter end voltage level for one polarity will be (+2.5 V+ 1V =3.5 V) and other terminal will be of (-2.5V + 1V = -1.5V). In this 5V is obtained, even though interference of 1V occur at the both transmitter and receiver end.

Figure-9

13.0 Losses in Four pair twisted cable (UTP)

In networking, the UTP/four pair twisted cable are used to transfer the data. Due to the environment where it is been laid will leads to the loss of data, during transmission. The losses in cable are listed down. They are: 1) Attenuation 2) Delay skew 3) Return loss 4) Near end crosstalk 5) Power-sum crosstalk 6) Alien Crosstalk

13.1 Attenuation
Attenuation is measured in dB (decibels). It is stated as The Transmitter end voltage will be higher level when compared to the receiver end voltage level. It get worsens with increases in length & frequency of the UTP cable.

Figure-10 In figure-10 explain about the loss of data during data transfer from transmitter end to receiver end. To overcome the attenuation the limitation of cable length & frequency level shall be considered during the engineering design.

13.2 Delay skew

It is stated as when the transmitter send a signal at time T1 and receives a signal by a receiver at time T2, instead of receiving at T1 , the time difference between T1 and T2 is said to be delay skew

Figure-11

13.3 Return loss

It is stated as During data transfer from one element (active/passive) to another element (active/passive), some of the data packet will revert from receiving element. In figure-12 explain about the switch/hub which transfers the data packet to jack panel, the jack panel is the passive element will interconnect two cables, during data transfer from one cable end to another cable via Jack panel, some of the data will revert from the jack panel. The return loss cannot be avoided in the system.

Figure-11

13.4 Near cross end

It is stated as Interference between the two pair in a four pair twisted cable. In figure-12 explain the interference of signal form one pair twisted cable to nearby twisted cable. This leads to loss of data during data transfer from transmitter end to receiver end. It can be overcome by making a insulation between the twisted pair cable.

Figure-12

13.5 Power-sum crosstalk

It is stated as Interference between the pair in a four pair twisted cable. In figure-13 explain the interference of the signal from pair 1, pair 2, pair 3 to pair 4 within a unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP). This leads to loss of data during data transfer from transmitter end to receiver end. It can be overcome by making insulation between the twisted pair cable within a UTP cable.

Figure-12

13.6 Alien crosstalk

It is stated as Interference between the elements (UTP cable / RJ 45 terminals). It is the undesired coupling of energy from adjacent channels (cables). It occurs in Cables and connectors & cannot be cancelled by electronics. In figure-13 explain bout the cross between nearby UTP cable and also nearby RJ 45 terminals. This leads to loss of data during data transfer from transmitter end to receiver end. It can be overcome by making insulation between the UTP cables.

Figure-13

14.0 Fiber optic cable (FOC):

In both single and multi mode FOC, one data signal is transferred from source to user end at one time. Let us take A2 is a data signal. If the A2 is transmitted from source to user end by using a single/one transmitter is known as single mode FOC. If the same A2 is transmitted from source to user end by using a more than one transmitter at the source end is known as multi-mode FOC. Generally the fiber optic cable should not bend at perpendicular 90 bend; because the light will get refracted instead of reflection. The frequency of the FOC is depending on switch on/off of the LED transmitter and wavelength is depending on the colour of light ray. The FOC is sub-divided in to two modes. They are 1) Single Mode FOC 2) Multi mode FOC The following are the advantage of fiber optic cable: 1) Lighter Weight 2) Higher Bandwidth 3) Lower Cost 4) Better Signal Quality 5) Easily Upgradeable 6) Easy to install 7) Immunity from EMC

14.1 Single mode FOC

The single mode FOC is widely used for the longer distance, because the data packet is transferred in the FOC in terms of laser beam. In FOC the laser beam travels in a straight line path and also it support larger frequency that create a larger bandwidth, this leads to transfer of data in faster way.

Application for Single mode FOC is only for longer distance because the laser beam media converter (convert a laser beam to copper signal or vice versa) is very costlier. The maximum length covered by a single-mode FOC is 80Km but if the length requirement is more than 80Km, then according to the need the frequency will be increased in the media converter at the both source and user end. The glass core dia of single-mode FOC is 8.3m, because as laser beam is used as ray to travel through a glass core, it required a very less Dia of glass core and the laser beam, travel in a straight line path.

Figure-14

14.2 Multi-mode FOC

The multi mode FOC is widely used for shorter distance, because it is cheaper method to transfer a data when compared to single mode FOC. At Low cost, the data transfer is achieved by using LED media convertor in multi-mode FOC.

Figure-15

14.3 Why Multi-mode fiber cannot used for longer distance

Due to increase in the length of the multi-mode fiber, the time delay between the latest and earliest arriving pulses is formed, this result in the error at the user end.

Figure-16

14.4 Graded index:

The pure glass core is used in OM1 multi-mode FOC for light to travel. In this OM1, the overlap of light and delay skew is been identified and it result in data error. So to avoid an overlap and delay skew, the glass core is manufactured such a way that the glass core is made up of several layer of different glass material from centre of the glass core to the perimeter of glass core. This result makes light to travel, less than critical angle this leads to elimination of delay skew. If the pure glass in the multi-mode FOC support only 32M length, whereas after graded index of the glass core, the same cable will support for 150 M length.

14.5 Critical angle:

It is stated as reflection of the light happens in FOC.

14.6 Types of multi-mode FOC:

S.NO Type of Multi Mode FOC OM1 OM2 Glass medium Dia in Micron(m) 62.5 50 Length in M 32 150 Reason Speed

1) 2)

3)

OM3

50

300

4)

OM4

50

550

Normal multi-mode FOC 50m Dia glass core with graded index Glass medium 50m Dia glass core with 5m graded index glass medium 50m Dia glass core, 5m graded index glass medium and removal of water peak

1 Gbps 1 Gbps

10 /40 Gbps

100 Gbps

Note: Gbps Giga byte per second Table-2

15.0 Working Principal of fiber optic cable:

In figure 16, the ray 1, ray 2. & ray 3 are three different light ray which falls on the glass surface at different angle, as the ray 1& ray 2 angle is greater than critical angle it

is getting refracted in the glass surface. Whereas the ray 3 angle is less than critical angle so it is getting reflected along the glass surface. The same phenomenon is adopted in fiber optic cable, i.e the light rays which has data packet in it has been reflected in the glass medium and the light rays is received at the receiver end.

Figure-17

16.0 Light transmission fundamentals

In both source and user end the media converter is installed to covert the electrical pulse to light pulse and vice versa.

Figure-18

17.0 Losses in FOC

In networking, the FOC inbuilt properties will result in loss of data, during transmission. The losses in cable are listed down. They are: a) Attenuation b) Model dispersion

12.1 Attenuation:
It is stated as the input signal loses is magnitude when it reaches at the output end To overcome the attenuation, the limitation on length of cables shall be taken during engineering design.

Figure-19

12.2 Modal of dispersion:

It is stated as The mode of light traveling down the center of the fiber will travel faster than a mode that must travel a back and forth path

In figure-19 the R1 reaches first when compared to R2 & R3, this result in delay at the output end, which gives the data error. If all the rays (R1, R2, & R3) reach at the same time, the output signal will be in-line with the input signal. To overcome the modal of dispersion the graded index is introduced in the glass core of the FOC.

Figure-20

18.0 Fiber transmission basic condition

Irrespective of mode of FOC, there are the two type of cable in FOC , they are: 1) Os1 cable 2) Os2 cable

18.1 Os1 cable:

In this type of cable, only 800 nm to 1300 nm (nanometer) wavelength is utilized for transfer of data in FOC. Due to the water peak in the glass core the wavelength of the FOC is restricted.

18.2 Os2 cable:

In this type of cable, any range in wavelength are utilized in FOC, this achieved by removing the water peak in the glass core. The Os2 cable is very costlier when compared to Os1 cable.

Figure-21

19.0 Application interface standard

Applications are defined by their speed and distance. Designers have to select from a combination of fiber types and interfaces to optimize the design S.NO Speed Length Active/passive Type Type Range of Application in M equipment of of wavelength Terminology mode source in nm 1 10Mbps 2000 10Base-FL MMF LED 850 Attenuation limited 2 100Mbps 2000 100BASE=FX MMF LED 1300 application 3 100Mbps 2000 FDDI MMF LED 1300 4 622 Mbps 300 ATM MMF LED 850 5 622 Mbps 500 ATM MMF LED 1300 6 622 Mbps 2000 ATM SMF Laser 1310 Bandwidth limited 1000BASE7 1000 Mbps 300 MMF VCSEL 850 multi-mode SX application 1000BASE8 1000 Mbps 550 MMF Laser 1300 LX* 9 1000 Mbps 2000 1000BASE-LX SMF Laser 1310 Note: * = mode conditioning cords required. Mbps mega byte per second. Table-3